Accessibility links
Download, print, build your Martian home in 24 hours
By Fiona Graham
Technology of business reporter, BBC News
These are external links and will open in a new window
Close share panel
Image caption
If you build it: The Contour Crafter could 3D print housing on the surface of the Moon using concrete made from lunar rock
Imagine opening the curtains in the morning and instead of grey skies and rain, looking out at a rust-coloured rocky panorama.
The year is 2045. You have woken up on Mars.Colonising Mars could happen sooner than you think. Elon Musk . Nasa . Then there's the , Big Brother for the slightly suicidal.
Image caption
Dr Behrokh Khoshnevis wants to build customisable houses cheaply - and fast
But before we indulge in Total Recall-esque fantasies, it's important to note that building a Martian settlement is a massively ambitious undertaking."Taking one kilogram of material like brick to the moon or other planets costs between $100,000 to $200,000 [?61,000 to ?122,000]," says Dr Behrokh Khoshnevis of the University of Southern California's Viterbi School of Engineering.
"So thinking about creating lunar bases and Martian bases, you should really come up with ways of building huts with the material that is there."Which is precisely what .Dr Khoshnevis is the man behind a construction technology called Contour Crafting. It involves effectively 3D printing concrete buildings, layer by layer, using a giant robotic printer, in as little as 24 hours.
Image caption
The printer works on prototype lunar project buildings
Image caption
Where the heart is: Is this the shape of Martian or lunar housing of the future?
Beyond a Martian pied a terre, the technology will have more prosaic applications, building homes here on earth.The Contour Crafter can print both straight and wavy lines, with walls designed with an internal cavity system for insulation and extra strength. The building can be printed to incorporate necessary utilities.Dr Khoshnevis says the first uses for this type of construction are likely to be in emerging markets, where there's a high demand for quick, cheap and safe housing, as well as emergency disaster accommodation.In developed countries, adoption could be slower."[It took many years] before [the jet engine] was used ... for commercial airliners. And many years for non-commercial airliners. They wouldn't allow it because of it being dangerous, too dangerous, it produced too much noise and a lot of other concerns. But eventually it took place," he says.The technology has limits - it won't be replacing materials such as glass, steel or wood anytime soon."[But if] you can build cheaper, faster, and better with the cementitious material approach, there will be less demand for wood," says Dr Khoshnevis. "So it is not going to make everything in construction obsolete, but certain kinds of buildings will be definitely built this way and not with the old method."
Image caption
Despite being "printed", the walls built by the Contour Crafter are over three times as strong as an ordinary wall
Image caption
You will be able to choose/design your dream home, download the CAD (computer assisted design) file, and then build it using this robotic printer
Image caption
How the Contour Crafter works
Can't wait for the Contour Crafter to print off your dream house? Not to worry. The Wikihouse project provides free downloadable plans for your very own DIY home - yours for less than ?50,000, and built in a matter of days.
Image caption
Wikihouse co-designer Sarah Gold: "The idea is that anyone can build this"
"Wikihouse is a construction system that is digitally manufactured," says Wikihouse and 00 design studio designer Sarah Gold. "You have essentially a sheet material that's CNC [computer numerical control] cut and milled, brought to site and put together with a peg system. "So you don't need any traditional construction skills to be able to put the mainframes up. We construct the frames, raise them, peg it together and then you start to assemble your insulation membrane."The modular system is open source, and released under a creative commons license.
Image caption
The WikiHouse is open to the public during the London Design Festival, at the Building Centre in the West End
Image caption
The building uses a low-voltage DC lighting and power system, with USB, ethernet and cigarette lighter ports
Image caption
Wikihouse estimates that it is possible to build your own 2 bed/75m2 house for under ?50,000
Wikihouse 4.0 is a two-story dwelling, and apparently the first open-source digitally cut house that is fully inhabitable. A concept house has been built , in cooperation with the Building Centre and construction services company Arup.
Image caption
A DC cigarette lighter port used as a power socket
Arup's involvement includes a smart home system that can be controlled from your phone, low power DC electrics and smart LED lighting. The ventilation system, designed by David Polson of Arup, is constructed from 3D printed parts (made with a printer that Mr Polson printed and built himself) and old beer cans."You get people's imaginations going about what this could be used for, because it's quite disruptive in ... how quickly you can put these structures together, also the cost of them," he says."It's lowering the time and skills needed to put it together. It's lowering the threshold to construction and being able to make things yourself."Co-founder Alastair Parvin says the idea for Wikihouse grew initially from the housing crisis."The first angle was about housing, about asking why a developed, quite wealthy country, has such a bad housing crisis, not just in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality."
Image caption
Wikihouse co-founder Alastair Parvin on the roof of the concept house in London's Store Street
He and his co-founders began to wonder what impact technology like the internet and digital manufacturing could have."This quote we used to love using a lot is John Maynard Keynes, "It is easier to ship recipes than cakes and biscuits.""That's the revolution we've seen across the web over the last few years, the power of YouTube to take us from consumers of films into producers of films, the power of Wikipedia to go from consumers of knowledge to produce knowledge, and all that's happening now with things like 3D printing, the same disruption is moving into the real world."Lewis Blackwell of the Building Centre agrees that until recently the construction industry has escaped this type of upheaval, but that's changing."It's a beginning perhaps of an unpicking of the professional structures in the industry," he says, "It starts to demystify the industry, it maybe ups the expectation of what you want from a professional person because actually you can do more yourself."
Image caption
The house is engineered to slot together without the need for screws
Image caption
The plans are downloaded for use with a CNC machine - you can take them to a CNC centre to have them cut
If speed is not the issue and a more sophisticated design ethic a priority then Paperhouses could be for you.The open source platform is currently registering users, before launching a series of downloadable design sets by top architects. The plans can be customised to taste and are also free. The difference here is that unless you're a professional, you're unlikely to be able to build these yourself.
Image caption
The Folk House is a design by Spora architects - you can customise the blueprints and download them for free from Paperhouses
Image caption
Be the envy of your waterlogged neighbours with this floating house for building on the flood plain by architect Carl Turner, which will be featured on the site in October
The start-up plans to link users with local building contractors."The site will be a forum where initially you can share ideas and in the future you will be able to manipulate models," says Paperhouses's Joana Pacheco."More than customised, which speaks to a modular language, these projects are open to iteration. The ideas are available in a non-proprietary way and sharing is the ultimate goal of the project. "One can share ideas online or share actual built prototypes."The project has met with some opposition."Architects have very strong positions on the issue," says Ms Pacheco."While some embraced the idea in a heartbeat, others felt this project discredited their art and profession."The support for the idea has not been a matter of how old or young the architects are, how large or small their practices are, but rather how receptive they are to the idea that their work is open."Ms Pacheco remains undaunted however."Consider for a second the leap forward that happened with the printing press and later digital media - and imagine the creative explosion that can begin when the actual body of work is interactive and has unlimited memory."
Share this story
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites
Top StoriesEastern Mountain Lion Mystery: Is the Big Cat Back?Major Rivers which Flow North
Rivers That Flow North
THE FACTS:
Unless the land it totally flat, rivers of water run downhill. A large percentage of the planet's river flow&in a southerly direction because the source (usually in the mountains) is to the north of the mouth.&If the source of a river is at a higher elevation than the mouth, that river will run from the source to the mouth. However, if that (higher) source is to the south of the mouth, that river will then flow to the north (downhill).
Below is a partial list of rivers (length listed when known) that do just that. We have not&listed rivers that run to the northwest.
Athabasca Alberta, , 765 miles
Bann , 80 miles
Bighorn Wyoming and Montana, , 336 miles
, 597 miles
Deschutes Oregon, , 250 miles
Eel Northern California, , 78 miles
and , 60 miles
Essequibo , 600 miles
Fox Wisconsin, , 200 miles
Genesee New York, , 144 miles
Jordan Utah, , 45 miles
Lena , 2735 miles
Little Bighorn, Wyoming and Montana, , 80 miles
Magdalena , 1062 miles
Mojave Southern California, , 100 miles
Monongahela , 128 miles
New Virginia and West Virginia, , 255 miles
Niagara Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, , 39 miles
Nile , 4150 miles
Ob , 2289 miles
Oswego New York, , 24 miles
Otter Creek Vermont, , 75 miles
Pend Oreille Washington, , 62 miles
Red Minnesota, North Dakota,
Richelieu Quebec, , 208 miles
Michigan, , 20 miles
Saint Johns Florida, , 275 miles
(into ), 142 miles
Shennandoah Virginia and West Virginia, , 55 miles
Willamette Oregon, , 188 miles
Wallkill New Jersey and New York, , 88 miles
, 2548 miles
Youghiogheny , 151 miles
Other helpful pages on WorldAtlas
Trending on WorldAtlas陈韵劼今世中国最优秀的青年钢琴家之一中央音乐学院钢琴系主科教研室教师（往期运动图）&淮南师范学院|珠江·恺撒堡奖学金颁奖仪式暨陈韵劼音乐会时间： 日 & &所在：淮南师范学院师范&& & && & & 淮南师范学院始建于1958年，2000年3月经国家教育部批准升格为本科学校。学校坐落于国家重要能源城淮南市，学校位于八公山下、淮河之滨，山水相映、风物秀丽，具有浓郁的文化气息，是淮南市政府命名的花园式学校、园林式单元。连续五届被授予“安徽省文明单元称谓”。运动组织机构主办：珠江钢琴团体、淮南师范学院承办：淮南师范学院音乐与舞蹈学院协办：海知音琴行&& & &全国42所院校设立珠江恺撒堡奖学金&珠江钢琴作为全球最大的钢琴制造商，在做好钢琴、为用户提供高品质产物和服务的同时，积极推动音乐人才的发现和培养。近年来，先后和广州都市职业学院相助开办了钢琴制造专业大专班、和南京师 &范大学相助开办了海内首个钢琴制作与调律本科专业；在南京师范大学、星海音乐学院等院校通过设置奖学金、校外教学实习基地等方式加大人才培养支持力度；通过高规格举办两年一届的珠江恺撒堡全国高校音乐教育专业本科生基本功角逐、全国青少年钢琴大赛等运动，为音乐人才提供展示和生长的舞台。今年，为进一步增强与音乐院校的相助交流，配合推动学风建设、艺术实践和人才培养事情，公司加大事情力度，在全国知名音乐院校中广泛开展“珠江恺撒堡奖学金运动”淮南地域老师可以联系海知音琴行领取门票可免费获取音乐会门票（预约挂号）陈韵劼，今世中国最优秀的青年钢琴家之一，中央音乐学院钢琴系主科教研室最年轻的教师。陈韵劼自幼便展露出特殊的音乐天赋，先后结业于美国曼哈顿音乐学院学士学位，茱莉亚音乐学院硕士学位，最后以艺术家文凭结业于克里夫兰音乐学院，现作为中央音乐学院钢琴系近六年来引进的首位教师，任教于中央音乐学院。& &自2011年入校任教以来学生已在意大利舒而恩国际钢琴角逐，意大利伊莫拉国际钢琴角逐，德国爱特林根国际钢琴角逐，上海之春国际钢琴角逐，以及海内星海珠江两大赛事中获前三名。&& &陈韵劼12岁便获得文化部举办的全国钢琴角逐第一名，1994年更是在我国首次举行的国际音乐角逐—首届中国国际钢琴角逐中获得第二名。1999年，陈韵劼赴美开始了长达十余年的演出学习生涯，并先后多次在重大国际钢琴角逐中获奖，其中包罗在欧洲久负盛名规格最高的德国爱特林根国际钢琴大赛，意大利布索尼国际钢琴大赛，西班牙桑坦德国际钢琴大赛和法国玛格丽特.隆国际钢琴角逐，美国认知度最高的赛事基纳.巴考尔国际钢琴角逐，克利夫兰国际钢琴角逐和青年音乐家职业演出选拔赛，韩国最高级此外音乐赛事尹伊桑国际音乐大赛和首尔国际音乐大赛等。& & 陈韵劼的演出足迹跨过美国二十个都市，以及欧洲，中国，韩国等许多都市，他在美国首都华盛顿的肯尼迪艺术中心的独奏音乐会尤其获恰当地媒体的高度评价。2003年陈韵劼进行欧洲9国巡演，获得巨大乐成。& & 2011年在韩国政府举行纪念中韩建交的系列演出中受邀在韩国首尔举行独奏音乐会，并与著名大提琴家郑明和相助演出。&陈韵劼先后与二十多个海内外知名乐团相助演出，2009年他与法国国家交响乐团相助演出李斯特的“死之舞”获得法国音乐界热烈好评。年重要的协奏曲演出包罗与中国青年交响乐团，广州交响乐团，杭州爱乐乐团相助海顿D大调协奏曲，贝多芬第三协奏曲，拉赫玛尼诺夫第四钢琴协奏曲等。& & 陈韵劼受邀担任2012美国克里夫兰国际青少年钢琴角逐，2013年珠江杯全国青少年钢琴角逐，2013中央音乐学院“学院杯”钢琴角逐，2014&年小金钟奖北京选拔赛评委。&& & 陈韵劼先后师从上海音乐学院张隽伟、郑曙星、王羽、尤大淳、林尔耀、邵丹、吴迎教授，美国曼哈顿音乐学院费利浦凯文教授，美国朱丽亚音乐学院卡普林斯基，瑞卡利教授，美国克里夫兰音乐学院波尔弟教授。还曾随傅聪大师在意大利科莫大师班学习。& & 2015年适逢俄罗斯著名作曲家斯克里亚宾逝世一百周年，美国奥柏林音乐学院、美国克利夫兰音乐学院、Shennandoah&大学、克利夫兰音乐学院、波士顿大学、尚南多尔大学、韩国统营音乐节都将邀请陈韵劼演出全套斯克里亚宾奏鸣曲这套宏篇巨作。&青年钢琴家 陈韵劼在法国玛格丽特?隆、以色列鲁宾斯坦、纽约YCA等国际大赛获奖，获玛格丽特?隆莫扎特和肖邦特别奖&登台美国肯尼迪艺术中心，与法国国家交响乐团同台&演出足迹横跨美国二十都市、欧洲9国巡演获得巨大乐成&奥地利国宝级钢琴大师保罗?巴杜拉—斯科达评价他说：“这几周我经历了频频最美妙的时光，你的演奏就是其中一次。”&法国钢琴大师多米尼克?梅尔莱不惜赞美：“你的演奏令人难忘，速度极好，色彩极美，我认为应有尽有，轻盈飘逸，威风凛凛，孔武有力，镇定若素。”&英国著名钢琴教育家，利兹国际大赛首创人范尼?沃特曼的评语是：“你使我们似乎听到了匈牙利扬琴乐声之效果，结构完美，呼吸恰当，具有极美的音色和精彩的结构，装饰音一气呵成。令人眼花缭乱，其中具有浪漫的心情，这是一次了不起的演奏。”日本著名钢琴家，滨松国际大赛首创人中村纮子评价他：“这是一个奇迹。”&我国著名钢琴大师周广仁盛赞他的体现有活力，生动，乐感迷人。越南裔肖邦大赛金奖得主邓泰山赞美他的肖邦演奏音色极具魅力。&华裔钢琴大师傅聪，陈宏宽对他也有很高的评价。&纽约时报:&才气特殊！&辉煌的技巧和感人的韵律让我们渡过了一个难忘的夜晚！&华盛顿邮报：对每个气势派头有很是准确的掌握，个性鲜明，吸引人！&达拉斯晨报：辉煌的技巧和优美的感受瞬间转换！&世界日报：华人的骄傲！&陈韵劼还受邀担任种种钢琴大赛评委，如：美国克利夫兰国际青少年角逐、中央音乐学院“学院杯”角逐、“珠江恺撒堡”全国钢琴大赛等。合肥海知音琴行旗舰店地址：合肥市庐阳区长江中路276号联系电话：6报名电话：8&运动咨询：9&海知音琴行(haizhiyinweixin)
　文章为作者独立看法，不代表文章网立场
haizhiyinweixin热门文章最新文章haizhiyinweixin&&&&违法和不良信息举报电话：183-
举报邮箱：Copyright?2017 文章网}