法语入门_一根时间轴帮你分清法语直陈式常用时态_沪江
分类学习站点
一根时间轴帮你分清法语直陈式常用时态
编辑点评：时态是学法语过程中一大障碍，由于我们的母语中并没有完全相对应的时态系统，所以学起来觉得很复杂很难懂。其实遇到好几种时态混在一起分不清楚的时候，画一根时间轴然后标注出每个时态在时间轴上的位置，这样看起来就清晰多了。
在这篇文章里，我们将通过一根时间轴，来理解和区分法语直陈式的几个常见时态。具体如下图。
我们以现在时（pr&sent）为中心原点，画一根时间轴。现在时（pr&sent）左边表示过去的时间，右边则表示将来的时间。
Le pr&sent
Le pr&sent de d'indicatif 直陈式现在时
主要用来表示当下正发生的动作或事实：Je tape un texte sur mon ordinateur.我在电脑上打字。
也可以表示一个有持续性的动作：Je travaille depuis cet apr&s-midi.我从下午开始都在工作。
一个状态：Il fait sombre.天气阴沉。
一种习惯：Elle se couche chaque jour & midi.她每天下午都睡午觉。
一个公认的事实：La Terre tourne autour du Soleil.地球绕着太阳转。
Le pass& compos& de l'indicatif 直陈式复合过去时
表示一个发生在过去时间里、而且已经完全的动作（所以才叫compos&啊)。
同样，le pass& simple 简单过去时也可以表示这样的动作。
两者区别在于，直陈式复合过去式所指的动作同现在还有联系或者对现在有影响。直陈式简单过去式则没有这一层含义。
而且简单过去时常用在文学作品和非常正式的语境里，日常口语中难见到。
L'imparfait de l'indicatif 直陈式未完成过去时
表示在过去的一个状态，一个持续动作或者连续发生的一系列动作或者事情。
同复合过去时，简单过去时相比，它更强调延续性性。
Hier, & midi, il neigeait.昨天中午，下雪了。
Il parlait avec une dame en robe noir.他和一位穿黑裙的女士交谈。
C'&tait un soir d'&t&, il pleuvait, soudain, le t&l&phone a sonn&.那是一个夏夜，天下着雨，突然，电话铃响了起来。
Le plus-que-parfait de l'indicatif 直陈式愈过去时表示发生在一个过去事件或动作更前面的事情。
所以它经常是跟其他表示过去的时态一起出现，表示先于该过去动作之前就已经发生的动作或者事情。
Le futur proche 直陈式最近将来时，表示一个马上就要发生的动作或者事情，它比简单将来时更加贴近现在。
Je vais aller & la boulangerie en face de la rue.我马上要去街对面的面包店。
Le futur simple de l'indicatif 直陈式简单将来时，表示一个发生在将来的动作，状态或者事情。
J'ira & la Place R&publique demain matin.明天早晨，我要去共和广场。
本内容为沪江法语编辑Myrtille et Litchi原创，转载请注明出处。过去完成时例句
过去完成时例句
范文一：过去完成时...haben/sein .............PII...hatten/waren ........ PII时间从句 ? 一次/多次? 过去/现在---------------------------------?过完
现在〃Ich komme morgen.〃Am zehnten Oktober bin ich in Deutschland.〃Am zehnten Oktober bin ich schon in Deutschland gewesen.一、过去
一次性用als多次性用wenn（immer, jedesmal, oft, meistens） a. 同时: 主从时态一致 Als ich gestern auf der Strasse lief, wurde ich beraubt.b. 相继: 先发生的句子一般使用相对应的完成时。/ 也可主从时态一致，但不适用于书面语。 Als ich einschlief,?bersetzung:1. 昨天我回家的时候，在街上遇见了一个漂亮女孩。Als ich nach Hause kam, begegnete ich einem sch?nen M?dchen.2. 昨天我回家后，就帮妈妈做饭kochen了。helfen .....Inf 3. 我爱上他的时候，他已经结婚了。Als ich mich in ihn verliebe, hat er schon geheiratet.sich in A verlieben
heiraten visich verheiraten mit ....(状态)(Ich habe mich schon 4 Jahre mit ihm verheiratet.)4. 我回来的时候，他已经离开了。weg/fahrenAls ich zurück komme, hat er schon weggefahren.1. immer.2. Jedesmal wenn ich mit ihm redete, stellte er dumme Fragen.3. Immer wenn er mit mir sprach, unterbrach sie uns.4. Jedesmal wenn ich die Aufgabe erfüllt hatte, bekam ich eine Torte als Belohnung.Jedesmal wenn ich die Aufgabe erfüllt hatte, dann bekam ich eine Torte als Belohnung.(奖励)1.以前每当别人批评kritisieren A他的行为Verhalten n的时候他都会生气。 --Früher wurde er immer b?se, wenn man sein Verhalten kritisierte. / Früher wenn man sein Verhalten kritisierte, wurde er immer b?se.2.六岁时，每当我下课放学（von der Schule nach Hause），都能见到你和我妈妈一起在做饭kochen。--Mit 6 Jahren sah ich dich immer mit meiner Mutter kochen, wenn ich von der Schule nach Hause gekommen war. / Wenn ich mit 6 Jahren von der Schule nach Hause gekommen war, sah ich dich immer mit m M kochen.3.那时（damals），每当我开始做作业（began zu tun）的时候，她都已经全做完了。--Damals wenn ich begann, die H zu machen, hatte sie die jedesmal schon fertig geschrieben.二、现在wenn
一次1. Wenn ich mit ihm studiere, st?rt er mich3. Wenn ich morgen mit ihm gesprochen habe, sage ich dir per Email Bescheid.
(Bescheid sagen 告知)?bersetzung:1．每次我出去，孩子就哭起来。hinaus/gehen
auf/weinen--Jedesmal wenn ich hinausgehe, weint das Kind auf.....hinausgegangen bin, .....2. 每次我到ankommen的时候，他已经把所有事情都搞定了。--Jedesmal wenn ich ankomme, hat er alles schon fertig gemacht.3. 每次我睡着了einschlafen他才回来zurückkommen。--Jedesmal wenn ich eingeschlafen bin, kommt er erst zurück.4. 明天我到了就给你电话。--Wenn ich morgen angekommen bin, rufe ich dich an.Wenn ich morgen ankomme, ...5. 我下次das n?chste Mal和你聊的时候，就告诉你一切。--Wenn ich das n?chste Mal mit dir plaudere / rede / spreche, sage ich dir alles.6. 下次我见到他的时候，估计vermutlich他已经通过德福了。--Wenn ich ihn das n?chste Mal sehe, hat er vermutlich DAF schon bestanden.wenn
主从时态一致相继
有先后\时态一致（从句先发生）一次
相继/同时als
相继/同时三、其他引导时间状语从句的连词1．nachdem
主句：现在
从句必须是完成时从句：现完
过完z.B.〃 Nachdem ich morgen die Arbeit beendet habe, gehe ich ins Konzert. 〃 Nachdem wir von Unterricht nach Hause gekommen sind, gehen wir immer Tisch-Tennis spielen.〃 我走进门后，他站了起来。Nachdem ich durch die Tür hineingegangen war, stand er auf.〃 他们总是在我睡着以后看电视。Nachdem ich eingeschlafen bin, sehen sie immer fern.2. bevor/ ehe
在……之前
习惯于主从时态一致〃Bevor er mit dem Studium fertig war, blieb er in Deutschland.〃Ehe ihr die Arbeit schafft, dürft ihr nicht nach Hause gehen.3. w?hrend
主从句一定时态一致〃W?hrend du schl?fst, habe ich mit Kummer 惆怅的 Unterricht.〃W?hrend ich fernsehe, arbeitet er.〃W?hrend ich in Deutschland studierte, arbeitete er in China.更常用于对比从句
……而……却〃W?hrend die Deutschen kleinlich（小气） und hochn?sig（高傲） sind, sind wir Chinesen grosszüzig und bescheiden.〃Die einen sind der Meinung, dass..........., w?hrend die anderen die Ansicht haben, dass........（插入其他）〃 Ich warte mit dem Essen auf dich. 我等你吃饭Ich warte mit dir auf das Essen. 我和你等饭〃 betrachten +A 观察（静态事物） beobachten +A 观察（动态事物）
(sich D)etw. ansehen 观察 zusehen +D 注视(静态)
gucken+A(口语)
〃in der Zeitung 报纸里的内容 / auf der Zeitung 报纸上4. seit / seitdem
从……起，到现在为止当seitdem中的动词是状态动词，主从时态一致，而且常用现在时〃Seitdem ich ihn kenne, raucht er nicht.〃Seitdem er in China ist, spricht er immer besser Chinesisch.当seitdem中的动词是状态动词，seitdem可用seit替代〃Seit ich ihn kennengelernt habe, raucht er nicht.〃Seitdem das neue Semester begonnen hat, studiere ich fleissig.〃Seitdem er eine neue Wohnung bekommen hat, ist er zufrieden.〃Seitdem er eine neue Wohnung hat, ist er zufrieden.〃自从你退出江湖以来，我就一直很倒霉。Seitdem du von der Bühne（f） abgetreten bist, habe ich immer Pech.5. bis
直到……为止Bis er mit dem Studium fertig war, blieb er in Deutschland.Bis ich die Hausaufgabe erledige, bleibe ich zu Hause.我会一直在这里等着，直到你找到我。Ich bleibe immer hier warten, bis du mich findest.直到你们完成工作，你们才能回家。Bis ihr die Arbeit erledigt, dürft ihr nicht nach Hause kommen.防止错误：a. bis从句写后面
b.用bevor写bis从句，然后换成bis6. sobald
主从时态一致Sobald ich dich sehe, will ich mich übergeben.Sobald ich in Bonn ankomme, rufe ich dich an.Sobald ich in Bonn angekommen bin, rufe ich dich an.7. Solange
只要…（从）……就（主）Solange du Fieber hast, musst du im Bett bleiben.四、表示时间的介词
wandernsich verlaufen
sich vergehensich verirrenbrauchen wir Gleich nach seiner Ankunft sage ich dir Bescheid.Seit unserem letzten Treffen ist viel Zeit vergangen.Bis zum Beginn der Party haben wir noch viel Zeit.W?hrend meiner Arbeit darfst du nicht mit mir reden.最高级：1. am adj.-sten ? adv.
Er f?hrt am schnellsten.? 表语 Sie ist am sch?nsten.2. 定冠词/物主代词后+adj.-st...Er ist mein bester Freund.Sie ist die sch?nste Dame.3. adj.-st-ens (->adv.)
在最…的情况下Er bleibt hier l?ngstens 3 Stunden.Ich habe wenigstens 300￡ ausgegeben.4. aufs adj.-st-e ? 以最…的方式Ich begrüsse dich aufs h?flichste. 我以最礼貌的方式向你打招呼。
am h?flichsten. 我向你打招呼最礼貌ein paar 一些
ein Paar 一双原文地址：过去完成时...haben/sein .............PII...hatten/waren ........ PII时间从句 ? 一次/多次? 过去/现在---------------------------------?过完
现在〃Ich komme morgen.〃Am zehnten Oktober bin ich in Deutschland.〃Am zehnten Oktober bin ich schon in Deutschland gewesen.一、过去
一次性用als多次性用wenn（immer, jedesmal, oft, meistens） a. 同时: 主从时态一致 Als ich gestern auf der Strasse lief, wurde ich beraubt.b. 相继: 先发生的句子一般使用相对应的完成时。/ 也可主从时态一致，但不适用于书面语。 Als ich einschlief,?bersetzung:1. 昨天我回家的时候，在街上遇见了一个漂亮女孩。Als ich nach Hause kam, begegnete ich einem sch?nen M?dchen.2. 昨天我回家后，就帮妈妈做饭kochen了。helfen .....Inf 3. 我爱上他的时候，他已经结婚了。Als ich mich in ihn verliebe, hat er schon geheiratet.sich in A verlieben
heiraten visich verheiraten mit ....(状态)(Ich habe mich schon 4 Jahre mit ihm verheiratet.)4. 我回来的时候，他已经离开了。weg/fahrenAls ich zurück komme, hat er schon weggefahren.1. immer.2. Jedesmal wenn ich mit ihm redete, stellte er dumme Fragen.3. Immer wenn er mit mir sprach, unterbrach sie uns.4. Jedesmal wenn ich die Aufgabe erfüllt hatte, bekam ich eine Torte als Belohnung.Jedesmal wenn ich die Aufgabe erfüllt hatte, dann bekam ich eine Torte als Belohnung.(奖励)1.以前每当别人批评kritisieren A他的行为Verhalten n的时候他都会生气。 --Früher wurde er immer b?se, wenn man sein Verhalten kritisierte. / Früher wenn man sein Verhalten kritisierte, wurde er immer b?se.2.六岁时，每当我下课放学（von der Schule nach Hause），都能见到你和我妈妈一起在做饭kochen。--Mit 6 Jahren sah ich dich immer mit meiner Mutter kochen, wenn ich von der Schule nach Hause gekommen war. / Wenn ich mit 6 Jahren von der Schule nach Hause gekommen war, sah ich dich immer mit m M kochen.3.那时（damals），每当我开始做作业（began zu tun）的时候，她都已经全做完了。--Damals wenn ich begann, die H zu machen, hatte sie die jedesmal schon fertig geschrieben.二、现在wenn
一次1. Wenn ich mit ihm studiere, st?rt er mich3. Wenn ich morgen mit ihm gesprochen habe, sage ich dir per Email Bescheid.
(Bescheid sagen 告知)?bersetzung:1．每次我出去，孩子就哭起来。hinaus/gehen
auf/weinen--Jedesmal wenn ich hinausgehe, weint das Kind auf.....hinausgegangen bin, .....2. 每次我到ankommen的时候，他已经把所有事情都搞定了。--Jedesmal wenn ich ankomme, hat er alles schon fertig gemacht.3. 每次我睡着了einschlafen他才回来zurückkommen。--Jedesmal wenn ich eingeschlafen bin, kommt er erst zurück.4. 明天我到了就给你电话。--Wenn ich morgen angekommen bin, rufe ich dich an.Wenn ich morgen ankomme, ...5. 我下次das n?chste Mal和你聊的时候，就告诉你一切。--Wenn ich das n?chste Mal mit dir plaudere / rede / spreche, sage ich dir alles.6. 下次我见到他的时候，估计vermutlich他已经通过德福了。--Wenn ich ihn das n?chste Mal sehe, hat er vermutlich DAF schon bestanden.wenn
主从时态一致相继
有先后\时态一致（从句先发生）一次
相继/同时als
相继/同时三、其他引导时间状语从句的连词1．nachdem
主句：现在
从句必须是完成时从句：现完
过完z.B.〃 Nachdem ich morgen die Arbeit beendet habe, gehe ich ins Konzert. 〃 Nachdem wir von Unterricht nach Hause gekommen sind, gehen wir immer Tisch-Tennis spielen.〃 我走进门后，他站了起来。Nachdem ich durch die Tür hineingegangen war, stand er auf.〃 他们总是在我睡着以后看电视。Nachdem ich eingeschlafen bin, sehen sie immer fern.2. bevor/ ehe
在……之前
习惯于主从时态一致〃Bevor er mit dem Studium fertig war, blieb er in Deutschland.〃Ehe ihr die Arbeit schafft, dürft ihr nicht nach Hause gehen.3. w?hrend
主从句一定时态一致〃W?hrend du schl?fst, habe ich mit Kummer 惆怅的 Unterricht.〃W?hrend ich fernsehe, arbeitet er.〃W?hrend ich in Deutschland studierte, arbeitete er in China.更常用于对比从句
……而……却〃W?hrend die Deutschen kleinlich（小气） und hochn?sig（高傲） sind, sind wir Chinesen grosszüzig und bescheiden.〃Die einen sind der Meinung, dass..........., w?hrend die anderen die Ansicht haben, dass........（插入其他）〃 Ich warte mit dem Essen auf dich. 我等你吃饭Ich warte mit dir auf das Essen. 我和你等饭〃 betrachten +A 观察（静态事物） beobachten +A 观察（动态事物）
(sich D)etw. ansehen 观察 zusehen +D 注视(静态)
gucken+A(口语)
〃in der Zeitung 报纸里的内容 / auf der Zeitung 报纸上4. seit / seitdem
从……起，到现在为止当seitdem中的动词是状态动词，主从时态一致，而且常用现在时〃Seitdem ich ihn kenne, raucht er nicht.〃Seitdem er in China ist, spricht er immer besser Chinesisch.当seitdem中的动词是状态动词，seitdem可用seit替代〃Seit ich ihn kennengelernt habe, raucht er nicht.〃Seitdem das neue Semester begonnen hat, studiere ich fleissig.〃Seitdem er eine neue Wohnung bekommen hat, ist er zufrieden.〃Seitdem er eine neue Wohnung hat, ist er zufrieden.〃自从你退出江湖以来，我就一直很倒霉。Seitdem du von der Bühne（f） abgetreten bist, habe ich immer Pech.5. bis
直到……为止Bis er mit dem Studium fertig war, blieb er in Deutschland.Bis ich die Hausaufgabe erledige, bleibe ich zu Hause.我会一直在这里等着，直到你找到我。Ich bleibe immer hier warten, bis du mich findest.直到你们完成工作，你们才能回家。Bis ihr die Arbeit erledigt, dürft ihr nicht nach Hause kommen.防止错误：a. bis从句写后面
b.用bevor写bis从句，然后换成bis6. sobald
主从时态一致Sobald ich dich sehe, will ich mich übergeben.Sobald ich in Bonn ankomme, rufe ich dich an.Sobald ich in Bonn angekommen bin, rufe ich dich an.7. Solange
只要…（从）……就（主）Solange du Fieber hast, musst du im Bett bleiben.四、表示时间的介词
wandernsich verlaufen
sich vergehensich verirrenbrauchen wir Gleich nach seiner Ankunft sage ich dir Bescheid.Seit unserem letzten Treffen ist viel Zeit vergangen.Bis zum Beginn der Party haben wir noch viel Zeit.W?hrend meiner Arbeit darfst du nicht mit mir reden.最高级：1. am adj.-sten ? adv.
Er f?hrt am schnellsten.? 表语 Sie ist am sch?nsten.2. 定冠词/物主代词后+adj.-st...Er ist mein bester Freund.Sie ist die sch?nste Dame.3. adj.-st-ens (->adv.)
在最…的情况下Er bleibt hier l?ngstens 3 Stunden.Ich habe wenigstens 300￡ ausgegeben.4. aufs adj.-st-e ? 以最…的方式Ich begrüsse dich aufs h?flichste. 我以最礼貌的方式向你打招呼。
am h?flichsten. 我向你打招呼最礼貌ein paar 一些
ein Paar 一双
范文二：【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：He has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来到这所学校，他一直在教我们。 He a million yuan to Wenchuan since the earthquake.（临沂市）A. has given away
B. gave away
C. have given away
D. gives away◎特征词⑴ already（肯定句）yet（否定句和疑问句）never, ever（疑问句）just（谓语动词之前） before（句末）—Hasn’t Betty come yet?—No, and I
for her for nearly 2 hours.（武汉市）A. wait
C. have waited
D. had waited⑵ in the past/last few years（过去几年来）so far＝up to now／till now／by nowthese daysclose---be closed
become---beborrow---keep
begin/start---be onput on---wear
leave---be away（from）buy---have
sleep /fall asleep---be asleepend/finish---be over
catch a cold---have a coldcome back—be back
get up---be upcome/go/arrive/get/reach/move---be in/atjoin the army---be in the army/ be a soldierjoin the Party---be in the Party /be a Party member→My brother has been in the army for two years.→My brother has been a soldier for two years.1. —Bad luck! It’s too late!—It doesn’t matter. The movie
for only a few minutes. You can’t miss it.（潍坊市）A. has begun
B. has been on
D. was on2. —You have
my dictionary for two weeks.1. I haven’t seen you for a long time. How have you been?我很久没见到你了。你好吗？2. I have already told you three times!我已经跟你说了三次了！3. I’ve just heard that you’re married.我刚听说你结婚了。4. She’s gone to work. She’ll be back around five.她去上班了。她大概五点左右回来。5. I’ve never been to Hong Kong.我从来没去过香港。6. I haven’t been abroad so far.我至今还没有出过国。7. This is the best book I’ve ever read.这是我读过的最好的书。8. Have you ever tried Thai food?你吃过泰国菜吗？9. Have you decided on your major yet?你决定读什么专业了吗？10. How long have you been here in China?你在中国多久了？◎过去完成时概念：表示过去的过去其构成是：主语＋用法：by，beforeI hadn’t learned any English before I 我来这儿之前没学过英语。【模拟试题】（答题时间：50分钟）I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空1. So far we_________（learn）ten thousand English words.2. —_______Tom________（return）the library book？ —Yes，he has.—When ________he ________（return）it？ —Half an hour ago.3. —_______ you ever_______（read）the book？—No, I_______（read）it tomorrow.4. Please don’t go out to play football. You________（not finish）your homework yet.5. _______they really________（be）in Beijing for a year？6. —________ you________（borrow）this book before？—Yes，I________（borrow）it last week.7. —I ______ just _______（find）my English book.—Where _______ you________（find）it？II. 单项选择1. Li Hong has ________ the army for 2 years.15. —______ you ______ to the capital?
—No, I ______. I_____ there early next month.A. Have, been, haven’t, am going
B. Had, been, hadn’t, am goingC. Have, gone, haven’t, was going
D. Did, go, didn’t, was going16. —Your sister ______ to London to study English. Is that true?—Yes, she ___
there for two months.A. has been, has been
B. will go, has goneC. gone, will be
D. has gone, has been17. —You haven’t read the book before, have you?
—_______.A. Yes, I haven’t.
B. No, I have.
C. Yes, I do.
D. No, I haven’t.18. —Where is Li Lei?
_ Shanghai.A. has gone to
B. has been to
C. went to
D. goes to_ the book?A. keep
D. giveA. came
C. arrived
D. left（对划线部分提问）5. This factory opened twenty years ago.（改为同义句）IV. 用for 或since填空1. I have stayed at my aunt’s house _________two weeks.2. Jill has been in Ireland three days.3. My aunt has lived in Australia 15 days.4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there_
__ 7 o’clock.5. India has been an independent country 1974.6. The bus is late. We’ve been waiting 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty_______ many years.8. Mike has been ill a long time.9 We have learned five lessons _______the beginning of
this term.【试题答案】I. 1. have learned
2. Has… did…return
3. Have … will read4. haven’t finished
5. Have … been
6. Have … borrowed7. have … have foundII. 1~5 CCBBB11~15 BCCBA21~25 CCDBAIII. 1. How long has he
2. have …bought
ned…for4. How longIV. 1. for
8. for5. has been open
6~10 DCABC
16~20 DDAAB
26~30 ACCDD
范文三：初三英语知识点:过去完成时练习及讲解过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他.②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他.③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他?肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.否定回答：No,主语+had not .④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句had+主语+过去分词+其他)?
基本用法(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如： By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。(5)过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如： He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。(6) 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时;发生在后，用一般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve hisEnglish.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly,,when,,, no sooner,,than,,, It was the first (second, etc)time (that),,等固定句型中。例如： Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。时间状语before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner,,,,than过去完成时-语法判定1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of lastterm.
( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
( 1 )宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.( 2 )状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom.(3)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本,,，未能,,"We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3. 根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each othersince he went to Beijing.过去完成时-语法区别一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，已过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
Ⅰ. Multiple Choices.1.I lost the dictionary I ________.A.have bought B.bought C.had bought D.had been bought2.The train had gone when my brother _______ at the station.A.have arrived B.arrived C.had arrived D.am arriving3. Mary _______ of visiting her grandmother, but the bad weather made her change her mind.A.has thought B.thought C.had thought D.had been thought4.------Did you meet Tom at the airport? ------No，he _______ by the time I______ there.A.got B.arrived C.arrived D.had got5.-------Why didn’t Tom attend the meeting yesterday?-------He __________ Beijing.A.has gone to B.had gone to C.went to D.had been to6.-------I _______ to come to help you. ------But you didn’t come.A.have meant B.had meant C.meant D.will mean7.Finally one of my friends _______ by Beijing University，for which she ___ five time A. had tried B. had tried C. has tried D. tried8.------I have bought you the books you want. ------Oh，good，I _______ afraid you had forgotten.A.was B.am C.had been D.have been9.We _________ four thousand new words by the end of last year.A.had learned B.have learned C.learned D.will have learned10.Helen _______her keys in theoffice so she had to wait until her husband ______home.A.comes B.had come C.came D.would come11. My father _________ to the hospital when I hurried home.A. had gone B. went C. had been taken D. had been sent12. ----- Jim, ________ you _________ your homework?----- Yes, of course, but I ________ it late bed time.A. finished B. had finished C. had finished D. finished13. You ____ football after school. Why not go home and do your homework first?A. always played B. are always playing C. have always played D.have always been playinges14. Ever since Picasso’s painting went on exhibit, there ____ large crowds at the museum every day.A. is B. has been C. have been D. had been15. ---What do you think of my suggestion? --- Sorry. What’s that?I _____ about something else.A. was thinking B. thought C. am thinking D. had thoughtⅡ. Fill in the blanks according to the meanings of the sentences by using tenses of the verbs.1. How many English songs ___________ she __________ (learn) bythe end of last month?、2. Hardly _______ I ______ (get) on the bus when it started to move3. He __________________(read) the book before he was ten years old.4. She said she ___________________ (see) the film before.5. Our English teacher _________________ (teach) English in Guangxi for ten years before he came to No.113 Middle School.6. By the end of last month, they _________________(complete)the bridge .7. No sooner ________ I _______ (go) out than he came to see me.89. The classroom _______________ (clean) before we ___________(get) there yesterday.10. ________ the boy ___________ (finish) his homework before you saw him?11. When we got to the station, the train _____________ already_____________. (leave)12. The book __________ by the end of last month. (finish)13. When I got back to the shop , my bag _________________ (take)away by someone else.14. When I arrived at the cinema, the film _________________ (be)on for ten minutes.15. ---What’s that terrible noise?---The neighbors ______ (prepare) for a party.16. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ______ ( complete) by2006.17. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ______(visit) a museum when the earthquake struck.18. ---Mr. Johnson didn’t turn up at the meeting yesterday morning, did he?
--- No. We __________ (wait) till twelve o’clock. A whole morning was wasted.19. ---Why haven’t you asked her to come here?---She _______ (do) an important experiment when I found her andshe ________ (not, finish) it.答案：Keys:Ⅰ. 1-5 CBCBB 6-10BBAAC 11-15. DDBCAⅡ. 1. had learnt2. had got 3. had read 4. had seen 5. had taught 6. had completed7. had gone8. had gone 9. had been cleaned, got 10. Had finished 11. had left 12. had been finished 13. had been taken 14. had been on 15. are preparing 16. will have been completed 17. was visiting 18. were waiting 19. was doing, hasn’t finished
范文四：过去完成时1. 定义：在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。☆ 2. 构成：had done☆ 3. 常用的时间状语： when + 过去的时间（1）by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.（2）by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3）before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.（4）when 引导的时间状语从句。如：When I got there, the train had left.4. 基本用法：（1
9（2）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。They had finished their homework before I arrived.在我到达之前，他们已经完成了作业。注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（3）过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
他说他很熟悉她。（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。我已归还了我借的书。☆ 5. 延续性动词和瞬间动词 have. ―终止性动词‖。这类动词所表示的动作往如等。for +时间；since+时间；How long,,.。若无这些表示一段时间的短语，则可以直接用瞬间动词。He has caught a cold.
√He has caught a cold for a long time. ×He has had a cold for a long time. √短暂性动词和延续性动词之间的转换：1. died—2. bought—have/has had3. borrowed—have/has kept4. began—have/has been on5. opened-have/has been open6. closed—have/has been closed7. left…--have/has been away from…8. came here—have/has been here9. moved to…--have/has lived in..10. went to…--have/has been in…11. joined…--have/has been in…./have/has been a member of…12. married sb/got married to sb—have/has been married to sb13. finished –have/has been over14. made/became friends—have/has been friends15. began to teach—have/has taught同义句的转换：1. He went to London in 1990. He is still in London now.?2.
I borrowed the book two weeks ago.?It is two weeks since I borrowed the book.= He has been in the League for two years/ since two years ago.4. The film began ten minutes ago.It is ten minutes since the film began.The film has been on for ten minutes/since ten minutes ago.5. It is three days since he left. =He left three days ago.=He has been away from here for three days/since three days ago.6. He came here half an hour ago, and he is still here now.It is half an hour since he came here.He has been here for half an hour./since half an hour ago.7. Mary married Tom ten years ago.It is ten years since Mary married Tom.Mary has been married to Tom for ten years/since ten years ago.8. I began to teach English fourteen years ago.It is fourteen years since I began to teach English.I have taught English for fourteen years/since fourteen years ago.I have been an English teacher for 14 years.9. He moved to Shenzhen two years ago.10. My father went to Shanghai last week.11. Mike joined the army three years ago.12. The film began ten minutes ago.13. He bought the computer four weeks ago.Exercise单项选择1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been
B. where I had gone C. where had I been
D. where had I gone2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?A. did, do
C did, did.
done3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learned
B. was learning
C. had learned
D. learnt4. Dad ________ while he _______ TV.A .fell asleep…watch
B. was falling asleep…watchedC. fell asleep……was watching
D. had fallen asleep…watched5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.A had cooked
C. have cooked
D. was cooked6. She said she __________ the principle alreadyA .has seen
C. will see
D. had seen7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.A. has hidden, from
B. had hidden, from
C. has hidden, with
D. had hidden, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.A.
has completed university
B. has completed the universityB.
had completed an university
D. had completed university9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.A. for
D. at10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, piano
B. had learned, the pianoC. has learned, the piano
D. learns ,piano.11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?A. did, do
B. did, did
C. has, done
D. had done12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has worked
C. had worked
D. will work13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.A. has completed
B. completed
C. will complete
D. had completed14. Ben hates playing _____ violin,
but he likes playing ____ football.A. a…the
B. the… the
C. / …the
D. the…/15. By the time he was 4,
he ______ a lot of German words.A. had learned
B. has learned
C. learned
D. learns16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.A. was left
B. had left
C. has left
D. left17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.A. lived
B. had lived
C. have lived
D. were living18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.A. has arrived
B. was arriving
C. arrived
D. had arrived19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.A . have cleaned
B. had cleaned
C. was cleaned
D. have been cleaned20. Fenny_______ the project in one hour.A. have finished
B. will finish
C. finishes
D. has finished21. The man ________ his coat and went out.A. put on
B. had put on
C. will put on
D. was putting on22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.A. had worked
B. has worked
范文五：过去将来完成时表示从过去某点看将来某时前会已发生的事。* I thought you'd have left by this time. 我想这会儿你已经走了。* I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海伦会告诉她一些情况的。 * I thought he would have finished his homework before Friday. 我认为他会在星期五之前完成他的功课。* She said she'd have finished her exams by then. 她说那时她会已经考完试了。 * If she hadn't married, she就或许会更大。
would probably have achieved more. 如果她没结婚，成
范文六：195 时间从句中的一般过去时与过去完成时A 由when连接的从句一个过去的动作紧接另一动作时：He called her a liar．他骂她撒谎。She smacked his face．她打了他一个耳光。可以用when把这两个一般过去时的句子连接起来。连接的条件是，从意思上可以明显看出后一动作跟随前一动作，二者并不是同时发生的：When he called her a liar she smacked his face．他骂她撒谎时，她打了他一个耳光。两个过去时这样用时，通常存在这样的概念：第一个动作导致第二个动作，而后者是紧接前者发生的：When he opened the window the bird flew out．他一打开窗户鸟就飞出去了。When the play ended the audience went home．剧结束后，观众就回家了。When he died he was given a state funeral．他去世后，为他举行了国葬。过去完成时用于when之后，是为了避免使用两个一般过去时可能给人造成两个动作同时发生的印象：When he had shut the window we opened the door of the cage．他关了窗户之后，我们把笼门打开了。（我们等他关紧了窗户才打开笼门。）When she had sung her song she sat down．她唱完歌之后坐了下来。（如写成 When she sang her song she satdown，可能造成她是坐着唱歌的印象。）When he had seen all the pictures he said he was ready to leave．他看了所有的画之后说他要走了。（在他看完画之后……）试和下句相比较：When he saw all the pictures he expressed amazement that one manshould have painted so many．他看见所有的画时，表示十分惊奇，一个人竟然画了这么多画。（他一看见画就这么说。）过去完成时同样可以与as soon as，the moment，immediately连用。（关于as作为表示时间的连词的用法，参见第332节。）B 过去完成时可以与till／until和before连用，强调一个动作结束或预期将结束，但要注意在till／until＋过去完成时＋一般过去时结构中，表示一般过去时的动作可以位于表示过去完成时的动作之前，而在before＋过去完成时＋一般过去时结构中表示一般过去时的动作总是位于表示过去完成时的动作之前：He refused to go till he had seen all the pictures．他在看完所有的画之后才同意走。He did not wait till we had finished our meal．他没等到我们吃完饭就走了。Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work．没等我们吃完饭，他就命令我们回去干活。Before we had walked ten miles he complained of sore feet．我们还没走出十英里路，他就抱怨脚痛了。也可以在表示时间的从句中和主句中都用过去完成时：It was a very expensive town．Before we had been here a week we hadspent all our money．那是一个物价很贵的地方。我们到这儿还不到一星期，就花光了所有的钱。C 在after之后一般用过去完成时态：After the will had been read there were angry exclamations．遗嘱宣读完之后，激起了一片愤怒的喊声。D 第194节中已经讲过，在过去某一时刻回顾更为过去的动作时，要用过去完成时。如果有两个这样的动作：He had beento school but he had learnt nothing there，so was now illiterate（他上过学但什么也没学到，因此现在还是个文盲），而又想用时间连词把它们连接起来，就可以用when等连词连接两个过去完成时：When he had been at school he had learnt nothing，so he was now illiter－ate．他上学的时候什么也没学到，所以现在还是个文盲。但更常见的情况是，这里时间从句中的动词用一般过去时：When he was at school he had learnt nothing，（译文同上。）类似的例句还有：He had stayed in his father’s firm till his father died．Then he had startedhis own business and was now a very successful man．他在父亲的公司里一直呆到父亲去世。之后他便自己开业，其时已成为一个事业有成的商人。E 表示认识、理解等的动词一般在时间从句中不用过去完成时，除非有时间修饰：When she had known me for a year she invited me to tea．她认识了我一年之后，邀请我吃茶点。When I knew the work of one department thoroughly I was moved to thenext department．在我完全熟悉了一个部门的工作之后，又被调到另一部门。相当于：As soon as I knew…试与下句比较：When I had learnt the work of one department I was moved．我学会一个部门的工作之后，就被调走了。F 带有过去完成时的时间从句可以和条件时态连用，但这主要见于间接引语，例句见下。195 时间从句中的一般过去时与过去完成时A 由when连接的从句一个过去的动作紧接另一动作时：He called her a liar．他骂她撒谎。She smacked his face．她打了他一个耳光。可以用when把这两个一般过去时的句子连接起来。连接的条件是，从意思上可以明显看出后一动作跟随前一动作，二者并不是同时发生的：When he called her a liar she smacked his face．他骂她撒谎时，她打了他一个耳光。两个过去时这样用时，通常存在这样的概念：第一个动作导致第二个动作，而后者是紧接前者发生的：When he opened the window the bird flew out．他一打开窗户鸟就飞出去了。When the play ended the audience went home．剧结束后，观众就回家了。When he died he was given a state funeral．他去世后，为他举行了国葬。过去完成时用于when之后，是为了避免使用两个一般过去时可能给人造成两个动作同时发生的印象：When he had shut the window we opened the door of the cage．他关了窗户之后，我们把笼门打开了。（我们等他关紧了窗户才打开笼门。）When she had sung her song she sat down．她唱完歌之后坐了下来。（如写成 When she sang her song she satdown，可能造成她是坐着唱歌的印象。）When he had seen all the pictures he said he was ready to leave．他看了所有的画之后说他要走了。（在他看完画之后……）试和下句相比较：When he saw all the pictures he expressed amazement that one manshould have painted so many．他看见所有的画时，表示十分惊奇，一个人竟然画了这么多画。（他一看见画就这么说。）过去完成时同样可以与as soon as，the moment，immediately连用。（关于as作为表示时间的连词的用法，参见第332节。）B 过去完成时可以与till／until和before连用，强调一个动作结束或预期将结束，但要注意在till／until＋过去完成时＋一般过去时结构中，表示一般过去时的动作可以位于表示过去完成时的动作之前，而在before＋过去完成时＋一般过去时结构中表示一般过去时的动作总是位于表示过去完成时的动作之前：He refused to go till he had seen all the pictures．他在看完所有的画之后才同意走。He did not wait till we had finished our meal．他没等到我们吃完饭就走了。Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work．没等我们吃完饭，他就命令我们回去干活。Before we had walked ten miles he complained of sore feet．我们还没走出十英里路，他就抱怨脚痛了。也可以在表示时间的从句中和主句中都用过去完成时：It was a very expensive town．Before we had been here a week we hadspent all our money．那是一个物价很贵的地方。我们到这儿还不到一星期，就花光了所有的钱。C 在after之后一般用过去完成时态：After the will had been read there were angry exclamations．遗嘱宣读完之后，激起了一片愤怒的喊声。D 第194节中已经讲过，在过去某一时刻回顾更为过去的动作时，要用过去完成时。如果有两个这样的动作：He had beento school but he had learnt nothing there，so was now illiterate（他上过学但什么也没学到，因此现在还是个文盲），而又想用时间连词把它们连接起来，就可以用when等连词连接两个过去完成时：When he had been at school he had learnt nothing，so he was now illiter－ate．他上学的时候什么也没学到，所以现在还是个文盲。但更常见的情况是，这里时间从句中的动词用一般过去时：When he was at school he had learnt nothing，（译文同上。）类似的例句还有：He had stayed in his father’s firm till his father died．Then he had startedhis own business and was now a very successful man．他在父亲的公司里一直呆到父亲去世。之后他便自己开业，其时已成为一个事业有成的商人。E 表示认识、理解等的动词一般在时间从句中不用过去完成时，除非有时间修饰：When she had known me for a year she invited me to tea．她认识了我一年之后，邀请我吃茶点。When I knew the work of one department thoroughly I was moved to thenext department．在我完全熟悉了一个部门的工作之后，又被调到另一部门。相当于：As soon as I knew…试与下句比较：When I had learnt the work of one department I was moved．我学会一个部门的工作之后，就被调走了。F 带有过去完成时的时间从句可以和条件时态连用，但这主要见于间接引语，例句见下。
范文七：现在完成时一． 构成助动词 have/has + 过去分词例:肯定句 I have worked.
He has worked.否定句 I have not (haven't ) worked.
He has not (hasn't )worked . 疑问句 Have you worked ?
Has he worked ?回答Yes，I have. /
No , I haven't .
Yes, he has./ No, he hasn't.二． 功能及意义1. 但没有具体的过去时间修饰。常由下列副词修饰： ever曾经， never从不， already已经， yet还（未），（yet只用在否定句和疑问句中），
just刚刚， recently，lately近来， so far 迄今为止= until now, up to now， before 以前例：Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？I have never heard of such a man.我从没有听说过那个人。We have just had lunch 我们刚刚吃过午饭I have already returned your money.我已经把钱还给你了。I haven't found my book yet. （否）我还没有找到笔记本Have you done your homework yet?（疑） 你做作业了吗？Have you heard from him recently ? 你最近收到他的来信了吗？So far, no one has made any mistakes yet.迄今为止 还没有人犯错误
I have never traveled by plane before .我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过2 表示一个动作发生在过去，一直持续到现在刚刚结束或者仍在继续。常常与下列时间状语连用：→for + 一段时间I have learned English for 8 years→since + 过去的一个时间点I have learned English since 2001→since + 一段时间+ agoI have learned English since 8 years ago→since + 时态为一般过去时的时间状语从句I have learned English since I was 5 years old→ in the past/last +时间段We have had two English exams in the past two months近两个月来我们进行了2次英语考试Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years 近十年来我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。三 延续性动词与短暂性动词的用法?现在完成时中， 与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词须是延续性动词，非延续性动词不可和一段时间连用。我离开这所学校已经八年了。误 ： I have left this school for eight years（×）他借用我的词典已经两天了误： He has borrowed my dictionary for two days（×）?非延续动词与一段时间连用时，可做相应转化因此?中例句正确形式分别为我离开这所学校已经八年了。正 ： I have been away from this school for eight years（√）他借用我的词典已经两天了正： He has kept my dictionary for two days（√）其它非延续性动词与时间段连用时的变形buy→have
borrow→ keep,fall asleep →be asleep
leave →be awaybegin →be on
die →be dead,join→ be in或be a member of
return→ be backcome/arrive→ be in
get up →be up,marry →be married
catch a cold→ have a cold?在否定句中短暂性动词可与短时间连用I haven't gone to see him for several months（ 我已经好几个月没有去看他了）
I haven't bought anything for two months四 区分? have been to +地点; 表示去过某个地方（已经回来），常与ever, never ,几次，等连用?have gone to +地点: 表示到地方去了（还没回来）?have been in+地点： 表示到了某个地方（多久了），常与 for + 段时间连用比较：He has been to China twice(曾经去过,现在不在中国）He has gone to China 他到中国去了.（他可能已在去中国的路上，或已到中国，总之，现在不在这里）He has been in China for two years(他到中国已经两年了）五 对完成时的提问用 how long.....? 不能用 when... ?六 现在完成时常用句型1 It is the first/second time....that....结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时It is the first time that I have visited the city这是我第一次参观这座城市It is the third time that the boy has been late这是这个男生第三次迟到了2 This is the... that.. 结构，that 从句要用现在完成时This is the best film that I 've (ever) seen这是我看过的最好的电影This is the first time that I've heard him sing这是我第一次听他唱歌3 It is / It has been + 时间段+ since ...It has been/ It's 5 years since we last met.自从上一次我们相遇到现在已经是五年了It's / It has been 3 months since the man died 那人死去3个月了4 一段时间+ 完成时结构+ since 引导的时间状语从句Two years has passed since I came here.七 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in 1998 等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用I have seen the film 我看过这部电影（我了解这部电影的内容）I saw the film last week 我上周看了这部电影（只说明shangxingqi
范文八：现在完成时一． 构成助动词 have/has + 过去分词例:肯定句 I have worked.
He has worked.否定句 I have not (haven't ) worked.
He has not (hasn't )worked . 疑问句 Have you worked ?
Has he worked ?回答Yes，I have. /
No , I haven't .
Yes, he has./ No, he hasn't.二． 功能及意义1. 但没有具体的过去时间修饰。常由下列副词修饰： ever曾经， never从不， already已经， yet还（未），（yet只用在否定句和疑问句中），
just刚刚， recently，lately近来， so far 迄今为止= until now, up to now， before 以前例：Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？I have never heard of such a man.我从没有听说过那个人。We have just had lunch 我们刚刚吃过午饭I have already returned your money.我已经把钱还给你了。I haven't found my book yet. （否）我还没有找到笔记本Have you done your homework yet?（疑） 你做作业了吗？Have you heard from him recently ? 你最近收到他的来信了吗？So far, no one has made any mistakes yet.迄今为止 还没有人犯错误
I have never traveled by plane before .我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过2 表示一个动作发生在过去，一直持续到现在刚刚结束或者仍在继续。常常与下列时间状语连用：→for + 一段时间I have learned English for 8 years→since + 过去的一个时间点I have learned English since 2001→since + 一段时间+ agoI have learned English since 8 years ago→since + 时态为一般过去时的时间状语从句I have learned English since I was 5 years old→ in the past/last +时间段We have had two English exams in the past two months近两个月来我们进行了2次英语考试Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years 近十年来我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。三 延续性动词与短暂性动词的用法?现在完成时中， 与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词须是延续性动词，非延续性动词不可和一段时间连用。我离开这所学校已经八年了。误 ： I have left this school for eight years（×）他借用我的词典已经两天了误： He has borrowed my dictionary for two days（×）?非延续动词与一段时间连用时，可做相应转化因此?中例句正确形式分别为我离开这所学校已经八年了。正 ： I have been away from this school for eight years（√）他借用我的词典已经两天了正： He has kept my dictionary for two days（√）其它非延续性动词与时间段连用时的变形buy→have
borrow→ keep,fall asleep →be asleep
leave →be awaybegin →be on
die →be dead,join→ be in或be a member of
return→ be backcome/arrive→ be in
get up →be up,marry →be married
catch a cold→ have a cold?在否定句中短暂性动词可与段时间连用I haven't gone to see him for several months（ 我已经好几个月没有去看他了）
I haven't bought anything for two months四 区分? have been to +地点; 表示去过某个地方（已经回来），常与ever, never ,几次，等连用?have gone to +地点: 表示到地方去了（还没回来）?have been in+地点： 表示到了某个地方（多久了），常与 for + 段时间连用比较：He has been to China twice(曾经去过,现在不在中国）He has gone to China 他到中国去了.（他可能已在去中国的路上，或已到中国，总之，现在不在这里）He has been in China for two years(他到中国已经两年了）五 对完成时的提问用 how long.....? 不能用 when... ?六 现在完成时常用句型1 It is the first/second time....that....结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时It is the first time that I have visited the city这是我第一次参观这座城市It is the third time that the boy has been late这是这个男生第三次迟到了2 This is the... that.. 结构，that 从句要用现在完成时This is the best film that I 've (ever) seen这是我看过的最好的电影This is the first time that I've heard him sing这是我第一次听他唱歌3 It is / It has been + 时间段+ since ...It has been/ It's 5 years since we last met.自从上一次我们相遇到现在已经是五年了It's / It has been 3 months since the man died 那人死去3个月了4 一段时间+ 完成时结构+ since 引导的时间状语从句Two years has passed since I came here.七 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in 1998 等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用I have seen the film 我看过这部电影（我了解这部电影的内容）I saw the film last week 我上周看了这部电影（只说明shangxingqi
范文九：【实战模拟】一. 用词的适当形式填空1. If Paul comes this evening , he give）many presents , I think .2. Where is Jim ? He go）home . He be）away from here for an hour , perhaps he have）supper with his family at the moment .3. There not be）any Chinese lessons next week . The teachers leave）for Beijing for a meeting .4. The Smiths watch）TV when suddenly the light （go）out yesterday .28. Their teacher must （listen to）（care）29. The lose）child （find）three days ago .30. I’m happy find）my lose）watch . Where
you find）it ?31. Stop （read）. Let’s （have）a rest , Shall we ?32. No one （know）what happen）before it really happens .33. Be quite . The baby （sleep）. Did you （sleep）well last night .34. The American friends be）to quite a few interesting place）since they （come）to China .35. The servant was doing some wash）while the visit）were enjoying （them）.36. Don’t forget fill）the cup with tea . OK . The cup full , fill）of tea now . Some visit）come）soon .37. There are lots of childtidy）the garden . It’s quite a big）one . Would you like help）them ? Sure . I’d love to .【试题答案】1. will be given
2. has gone , has been , is having
3. won’t be , will leave4. were watching , went
5. was told
6. going staying , watching walking7. hardly , hard
8. took , spent9. am
10. playing
11. to meet
13. receives
14. was given15. think
16. are used , drinking
17. lending , to read
19. finishes20. have , had
21. have , seen , did , see
22. was seen
23. have happened24. opening , not open
25. has , been sent , will come / is coming26. collecting
27. haven’t seen , came
arefully29. lost , was found
30. to find , lost , did , find
32. knows , has happened
35. washing , visitors , themselves
37. children , tidying , big , to help40. Give , Smoking , stop43. Has , begun , has been on46. have had , had
49. told50. was built
范文十：【案例背景】与大部分中职学生一样，我班学生英语基础弱。我曾经抱怨学生素质差，教授多遍的简单语法都学不会。反思我们的语法课堂，存在低效甚至无效的教学活动。如果我们改变教学策略，让语法课生动起来，学生像听故事一样对语法课产生兴趣，这样的语法课定会成为有效课堂。教学过去完成时，我做了一次尝试。【案例描述】课堂伊始，呈现今天的教学内容。（ Today we are going to have fun learning Grammar， the past perfect tense and also we’ll have fun listening to some stories.）张老师昨晚的时间去哪儿了？我呈现了我班张老师的一张照片作为导入。学生低声议论着照片并迫不及待地等着下文。我问：Where did Mr. Zhang’s time go last night？Do you want to know？全班学生大声齐答：Yes. 我连续呈现张老师的家庭生活照并配时间安排表，生动展现了张老师“昨晚”的生活，学生兴奋了。这时，呈现目标语法便是水到渠成。（Mrs.Zhang had got supper ready when Mr. Zhang arrived home last night. He had finished supper by the time he went Power Walking...）我把已呈现的例句放入时间轴，学生对这一时态结构和概念有了一个直观形象的理解。习主席的时间去哪儿了？区分一般过去时态与过去完成时态的异同是难点。我呈现了2014习主席访欧日志的照片。（Where did President Xi’s time go from March 22 to April 1？） 问题刚出，就有学生分别用中英文回答了。我重复答案并呈现习主席所出访的欧洲四国的精美图片，继续话题。（ President Xi went to attend an important meeting and then visited the four countries in Europe. ）借助图片，导入例句：President Xi visited Netherlands on March 22.He had finished visiting Netherlands before he went to visit France on March 26. He went to visit Germany on March 28. He had finished visiting Germany by the time he went to Belgium. 因为有真实的情境，学生便不难理解一般过去时与过去完成时的用法区别了。马航去哪儿了？为加强学生对过去完成时典型句型的理解与记忆，我创设了第三个情境。（Where has the MH370 gone？Malaysia’s prime minister announced that maybe the flight had crashed into the Southern Indian Ocean. Hardly had Chinese heard the bad news when they felt pain. If the passengers had known the flight was not safe ， they wouldn’t have taken this flight.）MH370失联的事故让世人为之惋惜，相信这些例句也会被学生牢记在心。贝蒂的奖杯去哪儿了？沉重的故事之后，我设计了轻松的游戏：A famous singer， Betty， won an award. No sooner had she received the trophy then she held a party to celebrate. After dinner she found that the trophy had gone...Chris said his Dalmatian（斑点狗）had given birth to three babies. He went home and saw three puppies with lovely dots（圆点）. Now can you help Detective Lu find the thief？学生积极讨论找答案，但仍一脸的茫然。这时我给出一张斑点狗妈妈和狗宝宝的图片。学生此时恍然大悟：原来斑点狗出生时是没有斑点的。答案已不言而喻了，这时学生已非常开心了。我的奖品会去哪儿呢？反馈练习环节，我准备了四组不同题型的练习题供学生抢答并为获胜者颁发小奖品。练习的正确率出乎意料的高。一堂有效的语法课结束了。【案例反思】一、更新语法教学策略，树立以学生为中心的教学理念语言学习既不是纯粹的知识原理性学习，只要知道了、明白了就可以灵活运用，也不是纯粹的技能技巧学习，一旦操练多次，就可以熟练掌握。本节语法课的教学中我改变了以讲授为主的教学策略，遵循语言学习的规律，以学生为中心，层层深入，循序渐进地设计教学活动，营造了启动学生思维的丰富的教学环境。二、合理补充教学资源，创设情境并实现有效语法教学语法知识的学习离不开语法项目所存在的语言情境，在本节语法课中，我创设了系列情境故事，每一教学环节就是一个情境故事。本课的教学证明语法不是仅凭教师靠教材讲出来的，而是学生积极主动参与学习、体会从而感悟出来的。学生在充分接触和体验的基础上分析和理解语法，然后再去学习语法规则，从而实现有效语法教学。编辑 鲁翠红}