tendyr的翻译是:耳机的l和r是什么意思思

YR是什么意思?_百度知道
YR是什么意思?
呵呵..`大家可以给各种解释...
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blw is for yr info的中文翻译_blw is for yr info下面是你的信息
YR RY 还是人妖
RY是人妖吧YR是野人吧
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从功能目的论看华语古装大片字幕的英译策略
List of Short FormsAV。l。:audio-visual ffanslationAHD:American Heritage Dictionary(4m CCBs:Chinese Costume Blockbusters CCD:The Contemporary Chinese C―E:Chinese-English E―C:English―Chineseed.2000)Dictionary(2002)MWCD:Merriam.Webster’SCollegiateDictionary(11med.2003)OALD:Oxford Advanced Learners’Dictionary(6med.2005)RHWUD:Random House Webster’S Unabridged Dictionary(2加ed.2005)ST:source text SL:source language TT:targettextTL:target language Functionalist Approaches to the C--E Subtitling Strategies of Chinese Costume BlockbustersABSTRACTIn the past few years,China’S film-making industrysuccesshas achieved preliminaryand Chinese movies havein expanding its market into the internationalarenabecome partandparcel in developing China’S cultural undertaking.Among all genresof movies,the emerging Chinese costumeblockbusters(CCBs hereinafter)withtheirexquisite pictures and Oriental charm have won special acclaim amongst the audienceWesternandtheir good subtitling quality has increasingly wheRed the curiosity ofscholars both at homeandabroad.But generally speaking,subtitling studies in Chinafall far short of the accomplishments in thenascentWestern academia,andthey are inastage,C―E subtitling studies in particular.This has posed great challenges foraChina’S movie in its pursuit of growth.Asmatter of fact,subtitling istoacomplexactivity involving many factors in the process.Accordingmoviesthe field of discourse,Canbe classified as feature films/TV series,documentaries,special reports etc.,each of which calls for its own subtitling strategies. Seeing that,the author confines subtitling strategy studiestofourCCBs谢thGermanof this purposefunctionalist approachesasthe theoretical foundation.From the perspectiveaschool,translating andmeans producingtextinatarget setting foratargettarget addressees in target circumstancesandbeforeanytranslationstrategy is applied,the skopos must be identified,i.e.the endjustifies the means.Thistoschool has liberated the focus of translation studies from the STthe TTandput thetranslator’Sloyalty into consideration in thetranslatingprocess.Thisbreakthroughisof theoretical value in guiding pragmatictranslation. translatingstrategies restsAccording the functionalist theory,the preference of witll the definite skopos.SO it is vitaltoprioritize gaining subtitling skopos of CCBs heavily culture?bound words.Besides,simplification is suggested when archmsm isconcemed.Furthermore,thepresent paper findsthat in post-editing stage,thetext-function equivalem translation should be considered in order to achieve theresonancebetween the director’S intention and the audience’S expectation.Finally,thepaper argues that‘‘unobstructiveness’’on the audience’S part shall be the pursuit of subtitlers. Attheconclusion of this thesis,the author finds his own criteria ofjudgingfullsubtitling.Wemustnotcompare the ST and TT toseewhether there isequivalence;instead,the TT,which is usually reducedandadapted,must be put intothe filmiccontexttotest theeffectonthe audience.●A knowledge of particularity of subtitling benefits its practice,andCanafacilitatenation isthe‘‘going global’’process of China’S movie industry.‘‘What’S unique foralso precious for theworld.”Meanwhile,astudies.know-howof subtitling is conducive tothe expansion oftranslationKEYWORDS:CCBs;functionalistapproaches;skopos of subtitling;subtitling strategies 略业的核心,代 中国电影产业 装大片以其精 美的画面和富有东方神韵的文化色彩深受广大西方观众的青睐,其高质量的字幕 翻译也日益受到国内外学者的关注。但与西方相比,国内字幕翻译的理论研究还 不成熟,相关学术著作不是甚多,中文字幕的英译策略研究更是寥寥无几,这不 利于中国的电影更好地走向世界。事实上,字幕翻译是一项复杂的、涉及很多因 素的活动;按语篇范围(field ofdiscourse)电影可分为故事片/电视剧、记录片、 科教片、宣传片等等,不同语篇所要求的翻译策略也不尽相同。 有感与此,笔者在选材上限定了在西方票房收入及字幕翻译质量俱佳的4 部中文古装大片作为研究对象,以德国功能主义翻译目的论为理论根基展开对其 英译的策略探讨。功能派认为,翻译是一项有目的的跨文化交际行为,在翻译前 必须有一个明确的翻译目的(Skopos),并以此作为决定翻译策略的指挥棒,即“目 的决定手段”。在某种层面,该理论把翻译研究的中心视角从源文本转移到目标 文本上来,同时把译者的忠诚因素带入翻译活动中,对实用文体翻译具有理论指 导价值,可谓对翻译学研究的一大突破和贡献。 按照该理论,不同的翻译策略是由于不同的目的所致。在探讨古装大片字 幕翻译的策略前,首先要解决的是寻究其翻译的目的。作者受启于该学派的理论 阐释,提出了该类影片字幕翻译的目的推导模式,并付诸这4部大片的具体分析 中。基于此,作者水到渠成得出了字幕翻译的几个准则(rule),也就是功能目 的论中的次要目的(sub.skopos)。在分析的最后,作者得出结论:古装大片字幕 翻译的目的(skopos)是在有限的时空范围内要以观众对字幕的迅速理解和文化 认同为中心,突出信息性。 明确目的后,作者就展开对古装大片字幕翻译具体策略的探究。在语言上, 提出要缩减为主(修剪,缩减式释意、省),但也不能忽视在必要时扩张性的显 性译意和对等转移;在文化上,作者以语块移动法(chunking)分析电影中文化 负载词的翻译策略;对古汉语的翻译主张采取简化策略;此外,作者按照功能目 的论对文本分类的阐释,认为在译后编辑中,首先要检查语篇的等效翻译,以期 实现导演目的和观众期待的共鸣。在策略探讨结束时,作者进一步提出,观众在 欣赏电影时,字幕的“无障碍’’效果是字幕翻译工作者应追求的境界。 在最后的结论中作者创新性提出,字幕翻译质量的好坏不能只看原文脚本和 译文脚本的对等程度,而应更多地把字幕放到电影语境中去评价翻译的效果。 了解中国古装大片字幕英译的特殊性,有利于更好地指导实践,帮助中国 的电影更快地走向世界,“越是民族的,就越是世界的";同时也有利于拓展翻译 理论的研究领域。关键词:中国古装大片;功能目的论;字幕翻译目的;字幕翻译策略
CoNTENTSChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Research Background and..3Objective..31.1.1 Research Background………………………………………………………………………………….3 1.1.2 ResearchObjective……………………………………………………………………………………..451.2 Research Significance1.2.1 Theoretical Significance………………………………………………………………………………5 1.2.2 PracticalSignificance………………………………………………………………………………….5Methodology6 61.3 Research Data and1.4 Thesis OrganizationChapter 2 Literature Review………….………………2.1 Subtitling82.1.1 Definition of Subtitling………………………………………………………………………………..8 2.1.2 Types of Subtitling………………………………………………………………………………………82.2 Practice and Studies 2.2.1 Practice 2.2.2 PracticeonSubtitling:Past and PresentandStudies in the West……………………………………………………………………9and Studies in China……………………………………………………………………..1:;16as2.3 Summary and ElicitationChapter 3 Functionalist ApproachesTheoretical Framework...….……17173.1 The Emergence of Functionalist Approaches to Translation 3.2 The Perspective of TextTypology Typology……………………………………………………203.2.1 Reiss’S text typology………………………………………………………………………………….1 83.2.2 Nord’S Dichotomy towards Text3.3 The Perspective of Translational Actions……….3.4 The Perspective of Skopos…………3.4.1 Basic Rules under Skopos Theory………………………………………………………………..24 3.4.1.1 Skopos Rule……………………………………………………………………………………:!zl3.4.1.2 Coherence Rule……………………………………………………………………………….25’ 3.4.1.3 Fidelity Rule…………………………………………………………………………………..:163.4.2 Adequacy VS.Equivalency………………………………………………………………………….26 3.4.3 The Status ofSource Text 3.4.4andTarget Text…………………………………………………….26Translation Brief……………………………………………………………………………………….2727 283.5 The Perspective of Function plus Loyalty………3.6Summaryand Proposed AnalyticalModefor the Present Study3.6.I Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………….283.6.2 Proposed AnalyticalMode for thePresent Study…………………………………………..28Chapter 4 Analysis of Subtitling Skopos:Preparing for Subtitling Strategies…..304.1 Analysis of Extra―subtitHng Factors……..…………304.1.1 Subtitling Brief for CCBs…………………………………………………………………………..30 4.1。2 Subtitling asanInterpersonal and IntentionalTranslating Process…………………。.3 14.1.2.1 The Movie Sponsors………………………………………………………………………..3 1 4.1.2.2 The Director舔the Initiator………………………………………………………………324.1.2.3 The Westem AudiencefitSthe TT Receivers…………………………………………34 4.1.2.4 Subtitler:the Loyal Identity………………………………………………………………36 4.2 Analysis of Intra.subtitling factors……………………………………………………………………。384.2.1 Basic Features of ST………………………………………………………………………………….384.2.1.1 Dialogicality……………………………………………………………………………………384.2.2.2 Personalization………………………………………………………………………………。38 4.2.2.3 Blending ofArchalsm and Modem Colloquialism……………………………….384.2.2 Diagonal translation…………………………………………………………………………………..394.2.3 Constrained Translation……………………………………………………………………………..39 4.2.3.1 Temporal Constraint…………………………………………………………………………404.2.3.2 Spatial Constraint…………………………………………………………………………….41 4.3 Identifying Skopos for Subtitling CCBs………………………………………………………………41Chapter 5 Analysis of Subtitling Strategies for CCBs……………………………….……?435.I Purposeful Strategies for Subtitling CCBs:Linguistic View………………………………”43 5.1.1 Reduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………43 5.1.1.1 Clipping…………………………………………………………………………………………445.1.1.2 Condensed Paraphrasing…………………………………………………………………..46 5.1.1.3 Deletion………………………………………………………………………………………….495.1.2 Semantic Explicitation……………………………………………………………………………….50 5.1.3 5.2Transfer……………………………………………………………………………………………………53Strategies for Culturemes:Cultural View…………………………………………54 Chunking of Heavily culture.bound Words…………………………………………………。55Purposeful5.2.15.2.1.1Chunking up……………………………………………………………………………………555.2.1.2 Chunking down……………………………………………………………………………….575.2.1.3 Chunking Sideways…………………………………………………………………………595.2.3 Other Strategies to Deal with Heavily Culture-bound words…………………………一60 5.2.3.1 Retention………………………………………………………………………………………..60 5.2.3.2 Omission………………………………………………………………………………………..625.2.2 Simplified Paraphrasing ofArchaism…………………………………………………………..63 ?5.3 Purposeful Strategies in Post-editing……..…………………………………………………………..65 5.3.1 Text Functionalism:A First Step in Post Editing……………………………………………655.3.25.4Other CrucialSteps in Post-editing………………………………………………………………68Unobtrusiveness:Quality Subtitling…………………………………………………………………??69Chapter 6 Conclusion......….…………...………………………………....………………..….…….706.1Main Findings…………………………………………………………………………………………………..706.2 Limitations of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………….7l 6.3 Inspirations for Further Studies…………………………………………………………………………72Bibliography.………..………….…………..…………………….………….…………..……..….……..732 Chapter 1Introduction1.1 Research Background and0bj ective1.1.1 Research BackgroundAsaformofmasscommunication,moviesareincreasingly playingaconstructive role in the integration of different cultures.They bear the characteristics of rapid diffusion and broad themes social ranksacrossand enjoywide popularity amongst differentthe world.To most people,movies have become parthave theandparcel oftheir spare-timeentertainment.Never beforeculturalcommunicationsbetween Chinaandthe outside world reached suchanintimate stage during the pastfew years.Take the year 2007.China’S total box office of foreign-imported movies hitarecord high ofRMB1.526 billion yuanl and that of Chinese movies abroadRMB2.020 billion yuan2,a verygratifyingresult.Throughmovies,manyChinese havecometoknowWesternvaluesandby the same token,a number of westerners arebecoming more and more fascinated about traditional Chinese culture,the inKungfuartsparticular.Themysterious Orient has been graduallyunveiledtothem.Itcanbepredicted that the movie industryup―surging globalizationera.willcontinue to grow by leapsandbounds in theUnder these superb conditions,therehaveoccurred two extremes.On theonehand,moreandmore Chinese movies,motivated the favorable state policies,arenoflooding into the intemational movie market witllreview of their subtitlingproblems.The resultwithoutis expectableandquiteafew of movies have met theirWaterloobig profit toonespeakof.Therearemanyoncausesbehind,poor subtitling emergesadefinitely being1of the key contributors;3theonehand,therenewSee China Film Yearbook 2008,p257 See China Film Yearbook 2008,p445 See China Film Yearbook 2008,p448 323 genre ofmovies…Chinesecostume blockbusters(CCBs,hereinafie0,whichsetarebig-investment swordplay filmsactressesin fantasticalancient Chinawhere theactorsandwear China’S traditional costumes and chivalrousknight―errantonprotagonistsfightfor yi(righteousness).These movies are usually shotathe Sino-foreign far onlyacooperation basis withgood fame for their quality subtfflingaandSOsmallnumber of CCBs have taken uplion’S share inChinese films’total box-officeObviously,good subtitling itself isaneffective marketing strategy.However,domestic bias against subtitling has long hindered it from improvement.In China’Stranslatingacademia,subtitling has been regardedonasatoo petty skilltobe studiedwhile much more attention has been focusedthetranslationof literary works suchas novels,poems,drama etc,which seemsnottobeanentrenched tradition.If this trend isaltered,it will be tough for various genres of Chinese movies to“go abroad”.It ishi曲timewe looked into the subtitles of CCBs extolled by the Westernsecretaudience and explored theof their successful subtitlingorSOas to providereferences when movies of thisgenreother kinds areto besubtitled.1.1.2 Research0bjectiveof improvingC-EWiththegoalsubtitlingandenhancingcross―culturecommunication between Chinaexplore,inaandthe outside world,this thesis makesanattempttodescriptive way,the effective C―E subtitling strategies for CCBs from theperspective ofGermannmctionaliSt skopos approaches.Hopefully,this thesisCanprovide references in the should―be―flourishing C―E subtitling studies.After all,modem translationstudies are exploiting moreoneandmore fields that deserve equalput it,‘‘subtitlingattention,subtitling beingshould not be consideredof them.JustasAliHajmohammandiasecond rate,debased form of translation.,_’44http://accurapid.com/journal/30subtitling.htm4 1.2 Research Significance1.2.1 Theoretical SignificanceFirst and foremost,this researchCanbroaden the scope of translation studies intoChina.Until now,little attention has been paid Domestic scholars in this field,likerank it under thethecategorization of subtitling.toQian Shaochangand Ma Zhengqi,are proneumbrella term ofliterarytranslation.Thefact that subtitling involvestrans?-andmulti--semiotic factors and is mainly constrained by time and space revealsbe given in the subtitling process,besidesthat technical considerations mustmanyother differences from classical literatures exist.The paper insists that subtitling be labeledas aform of audio?visualtranslation(AVT,hereinafter)just as Western Cansubtitling be establishedscholars do in this realm.Only in this way independent discipline for further development. Additionally,subtitling there have been approachesas anCanhelp testthe applicability of translation theory.Sofar,manyapproachesto translation:linguistic approaches,culturalandfunctionalist approachesetc.Thelast seem tohave come to the fore inguiding pragmatic texts.So far the perspectives of this school have been applied toguidetranslationconcerning laws,tourism,news,or●evenliterature inthe strictsense.Applying the functionalist approaches doubt,a brave attempt.tosubtitling CCBs into English is,without1.2.2 Practical SignificanceThis research is designedtoprovide references for thestandardization ofsubtitling Chinese movies into English.At present,subtitling in China is far fromsatisfactory by andlarge with frequentoccurrenceof poortranslations.Thiscannotpromote sound development of China’S movie industry.In the long run,theasuccessofmovie liesnotonly initsdomestic box office,but also in itsshare in the5 international market.High quality subtitling control mechanisms high.quality audio-visual products andcanensurethe export ofaccelerate the“going global”pace?1.3 Research Data andMethodologyenjoyedwide―acclaim in theAs mentioned above,CCBs haveWesternworld.aThis paper collects 4 typical CCBs in DVDs for data high box office in theanalysis,allof which have hitWesternfilmic arenaand enj oy anoverall good reputation forquality subtitling.They are:●Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon(2000)Publisher:Beij ing TVArt Center Audiovisual Press●Hero(2004,in the US)Publisher:Guangdong Audiovisual Press ●The Night Banquet(2006)Publisher:Guangdong Audiovisual Press●RedCI/ff(20081Beiying Record Com.,LTD.onPublisher:BeijingThis research isessential viewsascarried outa孕e;e硬P÷iY拿approach with Germanfunctionalistthe theoretical foundation.The author will put forwardasaskoposanalyticalsubtitlingmodepre.translationonnecessity for it will influence thechoiceofstrategies.Basedthe combination of qualitative and quantitative methods,the strategies the author proposes will be illustrated by real examples from the movies?Hopefully,these strategiesCCBs inCanbejustifiablyadoptedtofacilitate subtitling process ofthe nearfuture.1.4 Thesis OrganizationTherearesix chapters in this thesis.aChapter 1 providesbird’S view of the whole thesis,clarifying the research collectionbackground,objective,significance,dataasandresearch methodology as wellthesis organization.6 Chapter 2 is followed by abroad,withallaliterature review,focusingonthe definition and type of subtitlingatoverview of its practice and research development bothhomeandasuggestion of applying functionalist approaches is dedicated to theto subtitling.Chapter 3theoretical foundation,explaining Germanmode proposedtofunctionalist approaches withan analyticalidentify subtitlingChapter 4 puts the mode into practice to deduce the subtitling skopos in CCBs. Chapter 5 isthecoreof this thesis,focusingonthe exploration of subtitlingstrategies for CCBs under the identified skopos.Chapter 6 moves to the conclusion of this thesis、Ⅳitll brief discussion findings,limitationsonmainanddirections for further studies.7 Obviously,subtitling CCBs in this thesis means putting the movies’spoken Chinese into the form of written English.2.1.2 Types of SubtitlingTechnically speaking,therearemainly two types of subtitling:open and closed.screenThe open subtitling comes together with the type of subtitling includes cinema subtitlesandcannot bechanged.Thisandinterlingual television subtitles.The publicformerareeitheraphysical part of thefilm(as in films forfestivalviewing)orlatteraretransmitted separately(for transmittedterrestriallyexampleatscreenings)andtheandbroadcastaspart of the TV picture.8 The closed subtitling is optional and is usually transmitted by teletext.This typemainly includes home DVDS,selected by the individual viewer uniton aremote―controlandgenerated byadecoder in the television set.Another from is interlingualtelevision subtitles transmitted by satellite,allowing different speech communities toreceive different versions of the same program simultaneously.Thereareother forms of subtitling viewed from different perspectives,suchorasreal time subtitling,bilingual subtitling,pivot subtitling all of which arenotsubtitling for the blind etc.,discussed here.The presentpaper is only confined to closedinterlingual subtitling studies.2.2 Practice and StudiesonSubtitling:Past and PresentEver since the first movie was puton screen onDecember 28tll 1 885 by Lumi6rebrothers,subtitling has becomeoriginated in theanefficient aid for movie comprehension.SubtitlingWestand is usually studied together with dubbing under the broaderscreenterm of AVT which is also namedontranslationormultimedia translation(MMT)some occasions.●2.2.1 Praetice and Studies in theWestThe origin of subtitles is called‘‘intertiles’’as devices to convey the dialog of theactors tothe audience.They wereUnclefirstseenin 1 903as epic,descriptive titles in Edwin1 927 made theS.Porter’STom§Cabin.The arrival of sound movies intointertilessoonphased out,but the attemptshoot several versions of the same film inof actors was immediatelyadifferent languages via using differentexorbitantteamsfoundto beand Wasdropped,thus dubbing,as1 929cost-saving and effective form of US production companiesaaudiovisual language transfer Was born.Bythe maj oralready had fully equipped dubbing studios in Europe withpermanentandstaff ofevenactors(Ivarsson and Carroll:1 0).However,subtitling asaless complicatedcheaper9 thejournal Babel(1 960)heraldedthe first AVT studies in Europe,but theyaretoosuperficial in research depth. Subtitling studies saw its real start―up in 1 974 when Cay Dollerup issued“On Subtitles in Television Programs”in the variouserrors apaperjournalof Babel.The paper analyzesDanish subtitles.Hisin rendering English TV programs intomajorcontribution lies in his proposal of learning English with the help of subtitles.In 1 976,Istvan Fodor published his English works--Film Dubbing Phonetic,Semiotic,Esthet&and Psychological Aspects,approaching scenariotranslation frommulti―perspective angles.He first put forward the synchronization of pronunciation, film character and meaning,which is sometimes hard to achieve(1 976:82).It said that his contribution laid the foundation ofAVT theory.●CanbeIn1 982.Titf.ord publishedanarticle“Subtitling―ConstrainedTranslation”.Hethought that the problems surrounding movie translation practice‘‘derive essentially from the constraints imposedonthetranslatorby the medium itself.”Mayoral Asensio,toKelly and Gallardo made the concept ofc.o.n.s.t.r.a.i.n.e.d.t.r.an..s.1.at..i.o.n.applicable of translation practices in 1 988. In 1 987,under the auspices of the ConferencecongressonamyriadEuropeanBroadcastingUnion(EBU),a thefirst ofaDubbing and Subtitling took place in Stockholm.It was heldoneverthesubj ect andactedasatrigger to the explosionconferencesandpublicationson黼弋.One of themajorachievements Wasproposal of non-binding guidelines to facilitate the exchange,purchase and sales oftelevisionprogramsto be subtitled.1n Two years later,Belgium scholar Delabastia offers signs and channels that make upaadetailed study of the various whenmovie and haveto be taken into accountdubbing and subtitling.In his search for the norms that underlie translation behavior,thefocus of hisas astudy is primarily cultural,but withoutrenouncingtheanalysisoftranslationprocess.a1 990s witnessedtrue evolutionin AVT、^,itll French virtually retreating out of the dominant position in mediathe academic exchanges andEnglish graspingIn 1 99 1,Overcoming Language Barriers in Television by Luyken analyses thedifferenttranslationmodes appliedtothe linguistictransferof audiovisual products,although the emphasis is underlined in the subtitle of the book:“dubbingandsubtitling for the European audience”.The approach is markedly professional,and for the first time,statistics about the volume of audience preferences are compiled inA year lateL the first bookever atranslated programs,laborcostsandsystematic way. deal exclusively、析matosubtitling―Subtitlingforhistory of thetheMedia,cameout inEnglish by Ivarsson.He offersvery detailedtechnical aspects of subtitling hard-of-hearing.In1 998,aand anrevisedoverview of subtitling for the deaf secondeditionandtheWas publishedwithincorporation of the latest technical developments、析m concise:Subtitling.atitle much more sober●andGambier ishimselftooneof the leadingandproductive figures in AVT.He has committedthe classification of the various AVT modes,the skills of would.bethe reception of AVT.As president of two been oftenseensubtitlersandinternational associationsonAVT(FIT-Media and ESIST),he hasthis field.He has editedain most of the conferences inlarge number ofcollective volumes:(1995),(1996),(1998)、and(2001). Inthe1993,Tomaszkiewicz published heroperations thatdoctoral thesis in French.It focusedonlinguisticunderlie theout apractice of subtitling from French intoPolish.In this thesis,she carriesdetailedanalysisof the two strategies that in heropimon characterize the subtitling of films:elimination11andcondensation. Methodology fo,theInvestigationof Normsusein Audiovisual Translation.His main of very up??to―-date translation conceptscontribution lies in the fact that he makes and applies themtothe fieldof AVT.His work‘‘AudiovisualTranslationat the Dawnofthe Digital Age:Prospects In 2002,Cees and Subtitling inandPotentials”has aroused wide attention.M.Koolstrapublishedanarticle The ProsandCons of DubbingallEuropean JournalofCommunication.This article providesoninventoryof the prosand COnsof these two methodsthe basis of three questions:12 ]Through which methodcallinformation best be transferred?Whatarethe aestheticadvantages and disadvantages of each ’incidentally’by usingonemethod?Whichskills do viewers acquireof the two adaptation methods?In 2004,Lukasz Bogucki wrote in The Journalof SpecializedTranslationanarticle“TheConstraintofRelevanceinSubtitling”,discussingconstraintsofsubtitling within the framework of Relevancethe process of subtitlingareTheory.Theconstraints that operate inasthreefold;firstly,technical limitationsimposed bysubtitling companies,secondly,abstract constraints as operative inanykind oftranslation,andfinally,the meta-constraint of relevance.allIn 2008,a new voice occurred in U.K.Dionysis Kapsaskis issuedarticle papernamed“Translationand Film:on theDefamilarizingaEffect ofSubtitles”.Theoverargued that interlingual subtitles havedefamiliarizing effectboth‘‘dominant’’and‘'peripheral”audiences.Subtitles give rise to perceptions of foreignness which have to do、) ̄ritlllinguistic and andcultural difference as well as、Ⅳith the semiotic the audiovisual dimensions.However,theextentdifference between the verbaleditorialofmanipulation they normallyundergo is such that their potential for enhancingawareness of the foreign is drastically restricted.2.2.2 Practice and Studies in ChinaIn China,there isabigspan betweenAVT practiceandstudies.On theonehand,it hasstudiesenjoyedonafairly long tradition of AVT practice;on the other,theacademicAVT are rather late witll achievements far from beingsatisfactory.After 1 9 1 0,foreign silent movies with subtitlesbegantofind their way to China.toDemand for AVT first appeared.At that time the prevailing practice Wassynopsis translation orally and misinterpretationgiveaWas frequent.Thefirst Chinese introducing the method of subtitling is_Cheng Shuren during1 920s whendemandfor subtitling occurredwiththe increased importation of foreignmovies.But his research Can be only dubbed as‘'thresholdintroduction”,andsoon subtitling was replaced byEarphone(译意风)in1 939 whenoneinterpreter actedasvarious characters in the movie and sometimesjustparaphrased the plot.This is the lip-synch and poorminiature of dubbing inChina.Problems usually involvedtranslation.From 1 940sSince 1to 1 970s,subtitlingwas lethargic duetodominanceof dubbing.978,Chinahas witnessed fast development in its movie industry、) ̄rithmoreandmore films introduced from abroad.At the end of 1 990s,the popularity ofthecrazeintemet andmarketfor English learning boosted the subtitled moviesto occupy theand manylocal TV stationsbeganastosubtitle imported movies themselves.Besides,private subtitling websites suchbegun to catch on,but subtitlingEden Garden,YY Studio,Hanstyle haveof these websites are dealing with E-C is in“chaos”!unfortunately,mostanddueto lack ofefficient supervision,online subtitlingAfter Chinese director Ang Lee won Oscar award for his subtitled movieCrouching Tiger andHidden Dragon in200 1,there emerged in Chinaanew moviehave wongenre---CCBs,which have targeted directly at the Western audience good box office recordandabroad.TheWilliedirectors usually invite Brent,Linda JalvinWesternsinologistsorexperienced subtitlers such asto getandGeoffrey C.Sledgeetc.involved in the movie making process. Academically,domestic AVT studies in realsensebegan inlate 1 990swithbitsandpieces of articles appearing in In 1afew domestic j oumals.scholar with 30-plus years experience in AVT,997,Ma Zhengqi,a productiveissuedanarticle“On the Basic Principles of AVT,’.In 2005.hepublished hisinfluential book Scenario Translation&Dubbing.He believes that AVTcategorized into literaryCanbetranslation and andspecial attention should begiven to theaesthetic value in movie dubbingIn 1 998,theresubtitling.occurredanarticle tilted“A PreliminaryStudyofScreenTranslation”byZhang Chunbo,who had thescreentranslatedalmost 300 moviesandTV plays.The paper first distinguishesthe featuresofscreentransition andliterary translationandexploreslanguage;thenit further discusses the E―C subtitling.nature,principles andskills in AVT.The focus,however,ison In2000,QianTVShaochang,an experienced subtitler famousafor subtitlingallAmericanseries-一Growing Pains,issuedpaperinChineseTranslationJournal---"AudiovisualTranslationQAnanalyzedImportant Area in the Field ofofscreenTranslationStudies.”(2000:33).Hethe 5 featureslanguage,namely audibility,nocomprehensiveness,instantaneousness,intelligibilityput forwardsevenandfootnotes.Meanwhile,hepieces of adviceonAVTandbelieved that expressiveness is themost important in this type of translation.In200 1,Li Yunxing,professor fromTianji】aNormal University,publishedallarticle titled“Subtitling Strategies”.Heanalyzedthe functionand andstylistic features ofspace.He then putsubtitles and concluded that subtitling is constrained by timeforward the deduction strategy with convincing examples.This is considered the f|rSt academically-pioneering paper conceming C―E subtitling inInatrue sense.2007,FangZixun issuedservesapaper on“Subtitlingand TranslationTeaching”, forbelieving thatsubtitlingasanefficientand hi曲lyinteresting tooltranslation teaching.ItCanimprove students’language proficiency;cultivate theirawareness of cultural difference Inandtheanatureof translation.on2008.ZhangLinlieta1.issuedpaper、析m the name“A ReviewDomestictoFilmTranslationStudiesoverthe Past Decade”.She collects all the articles relatingAVT in CNKI and tabulates her findings as follows:●Year1997219981999020002001200220032004 2 4%20059200619Total46Qunt.RatiO23243 7%4%4%0%7%4%9%20%41%100%F蟾.1Tabulation of China’s AVT Papers in CNKI as of 2006She points out that there are only 46 articles relating to AVT which come fromaaltogether,many ofnarrow group of scholarsand that manyof the articles are toosimilar.Among these articles,1 3 pieces explore subtitling strategies by combiningtranslation theories,andwith theculturalrest5 are related to Eugene Nida’S functional equivalence theory suchborrowing other theoriesetc.Onlyoneas Norm theory,SusanBassnett’S viewontranslationarticle isassociated witll the Germanfunctionalist approach5.One thing worth noting is that there subtitling.areonly 3 papers addressing C―E2.3 Summary and ElicitationResearch into AVT especially into subtitling is fairly active in Europe due to itsmulti―lingual communities.It has been carriedout variousaspects.In the digital andinformation age,subtitling is gaining more and more momentum inlightof itseasyare-manipulation,low―cost and fast―diffusion.Many dubbing-entrenched countriesnow turning to subtitling.Forexample,Francehas declared that all the English TVprogramsandmovies will have to be subtitled as of 20 1 2.From the above weactive practicecanremarkablyseethat China’S AVT Can be characterized byandlethargic theoretical output.Lack of effective subtitling guidelinesandstrategies has partly contributed to China’S poor audio-visual productsandthisneeds to bealtered urgently.Luckily,the emergence of some CCBs、析th theirsubtitlingwidely-applaudedqualityprovidesgoodresourcesfortapping C-Esubtitling.The author has found that the subtitlers behind these movies are all motivated in choosing strategiesisnoandthat in terms of its theoreticaljustification,therebetter theory otherthantheGermanfunctionalist approaches,SO enlightened by’this idea,the author carries out the research which is explained in the followingchapters.Hopefully,thisstrategies.thesisCanprovide references in theorizing C-E subtitling5See“Purposes of Audio-visual Translation”by Yang Lu-ping in CNKI16 Chapter3FunctionalistApproachesasTheoreticalFramework3.1 The Emergence of Functionalist Approaches to TranslationThe 1 970s and 1 980s sawamove away from the static linguistic typologies oftranslation and the emergence and flourishing of functionalist and communicativeapproaches amongWesternscholars.In 1 972,the Third International Congress ofApplied Linguistics was held in Copenhagen,during which James Holms,in his seminar paper,entitled“The Name Studies”classified twoan AmericanNature ofscholar,andTranslationbranchesaoftranslationstudies with sub-fields(see Fig.2).outThis has been regarded as fenceto seek agreat attempt tojumpof the conventional linguisticnew translation theory in its own right.In continuedtoGermany,however,thelinguistic-oriented“science’’of translationthehold its position strongly;but attackequivalence-based theories havegradually come underandanewapplication―oriented perspective emerged that draws inspiration fromcommunicativetheory,actiontheory,textlinguisticsandtexttheoryaswellasfrom movements inliterary studies towards reception theories.//、\乍.ure| Thecrettcal.――,――、、\、Translat/on StudiesApplied――\.PartialDesorlptive,――、℃、、.Funorion Aids lationoene仡1Yrodu吐ProcessCtaticasmMediumRe盘rl吐酣AreaResift ctedRank Re立rtetedText-Type Re s打il=tedTheRe盘rictedProblemRe如吐edFig.2 Holmes’Map of Translation Studies(Toury,1995:10) This approach is called functionalist school which is pioneered by Katharina Reiss.She inherited BOhler’S ideas which view thecommunicative purpose/skoposor Katharina Reiss absorbed BiLhler’S ideasset upontext types put forward in 1 93 0s andher own text typology in three kinds:of content inaa)the informative type…the communicationinformation,knowledge,opinionsetc.plain way such as facts,b)theat theexpressive t),pe―-tbecommunicationof artisticallyorganizedcontent targetedreader.It reflects the sender’S attitude toward theobjects andphenomena of theworld emotionallyandevaluatively.c)theoperativetotype―thecommunication ofcontent埘thaapersuasive character.Itis designedappeals to the readerto respond inparticular way,persuading,dissuading,requesting,andcajoling him. Reiss links the three functionsto the text typesorto theircorresponding language‘dimensions’andarecommunicative situations in which theyused.These three linksCanbeseenin the following table:informative Express.ⅣeText TypeOperativeLanguage functionInformative(representing objects andExpressive(expressingsender’SAppellative(makinganfactsattitude)appealto textreceiver)Language dimensionLogicalAestheticDialogue/conversationTeat FocusContent-focusedForm-focusedAppellative-focusedTT shouldTransmit referentiaicontentTransmit aesthetic formElicit-desired responseTranslation method‘plainprose’explicitation嬲required‘identifyingmethod’adopt‘adaptive’equivalentperspective ofST authoreffectFig.3 Reiss’s Text Typology(Munday,2000:74) In addition,Reiss definesafourth category,audio-visual text,which is actuallythe mixture of the above three functions.Filmsareandvisualandspoken advertisements,of this type and supplement the other these functions、析thetc.visualimagesandmusicChristianeNord has polished the model of texttexttypology ofReiss,andgives her owntranslation―orientedappellativefunctiona)thereferentialb)expressive c)name for。thed)phatic.Actually,the‘referential’is just anotherthe phatic function,in Reiss’view belongsvalue iszero‘informative’,andtheactualthe‘informaitve’wherecommunicationprocessinformationand the message is theitself(Nord,1 997,38).Nord’S division,however,ispurely phatic expressionsoreasier for textanalysis.Exceptaforutterances,texts arerarely mon}

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