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3秒自动关闭窗口英语字母及其组合的常见发音
我的图书馆
英语字母及其组合的常见发音
英语字母及其组合的常见发音
26个字母发音规律
a /ei/ name& cake&& table
/&/ apple cat& map& am
/α: /& want& dance
/o/& what& watch
b /b/ book big&& bag box
c /k/ cat cake cup clock car
/s/& face nice pencil books
d /d/ desk doll dog dad
e /i:/ he she meet me
/e/ elephant egg bed pen
f /f/ fine friend fly foot fan
g /ɡ/ gun glass glad glove&&&&&
&/dз /& age& orange
h /h/& hat he house hand
i /ai / fine bike& five& ice
/i/ is sit miss pig picture
j / dз / jeep jam jacket jar
k /k/ kite cake black thank
l /l/ leg left ruler flag lamp
/l/ apple bowl tell old
m/m/ am map my mouth milk
n /n/ no know new hand
o /?u / old home nose coke
/o/ dog not clock　box
/Λ / son month mother love
&p /p/ map jeep pig pen apple
q& /kw / quite quilt quick
r /r/ red radio brother racket
s /s/ sit miss this smile books
/z/ nose those rose rulers
t /t/ it sit not that table little
u /ju: / use usually excuse
/Λ / bus us sun duck
/ u / put& pull& push
v /v /& five vase very seven
w /w/ we window watch want
x /ks /&& box& six& fox
&y /ai / my fly why bye
/ j /& yes& yellow
/ i /& happy baby very
z / z /& zoo&& zero
ai& /ei/& wait& paint
ay /ei/ may play day say
air /ε? / air hair chair
al / / tall small ball
ar /α: / farther farm car arm
ea /i:/ meat please tea read
& /e/ head bread ready
& / i? /& theater
ear / i? / ear& hear& near
& / ε? /& bear
& / ?: /& earth
ee /i:/ meet see bee feet jeep
eir / ε? / their
er / ? /& worker teacher
& / ?: /& her
ere /i ? /& here
&& /ε? / where there
&ew /ju: / new& few
& /u: / flew& grew
ight /ai / right high bright
ir /?: / bird girl shirt thirty
oa /?u / boat coat
ong /o? /& long& song
oo /u/ book foot good
& /u:/ moon balloon
or / : / short fork port
& /?: / word world work
oor / / door& floor
ore // more store sore
&ou / au / out house mouth
our / / four　& your
&& /au? / our
ow/ ?u / bowl& window
& /au / now cow flower
oy /oi/& boy& toy
ur / ?: /& turn
th /θ/ thank& mouth
& / δ/ this that with
&tr& /tr/ tree train truck
dr& /dr/ dress driver
sh /∫/ shirt wash short
ch /t∫/ child chair catch
& / k / school& Christmas
& / dз/& sandwich
tw /tw/& two twin twenty
wh /w/ white wheel what
& /h/ who whose whom
ts /ts/& jackets& kites
ds /dz/& birds& friends
&英语词汇浩如烟海，记不胜记。掌握一个词，不仅要知其形，懂其意，更应首先学会准确发音。但是，英语中有一些字母，在某些构词环境中不发音，使词的形、音脱节，从而增加了词汇学习的难度。但此类字母并非杂乱无章，无规可循，而往往有一定的规律性。如果学习者掌握了不发音字母的一般规律，问题也就迎刃而解了。不发音字母主要有以下几种情况：1．b出现在词尾，在字母m之后。如：bomb，climb，comb，crumb，dumb，lamb，limb，plumb（垂直的），thumb，tomb．2．c出现在字母s或者x之后。如：adolescence（青春期），ascend（登高），dis-ciple（门徒），excellence，excess，excite，fascinate，scissors。3．g出现在词首，在字母n之前。如：gnarled（多瘤节的），gnash（咬牙切齿），gnat[英]蚊子，gnaw（咬）。g出现在词尾，在字母m，n之前。如：diaphragm（隔膜），paradigm（范例），phlegm（痰）；campaign，deign（屈尊），design，foreign，reign．4．gh出现在词尾，或在字母t之前。如：brought，caught，fought，height，high，straight，thorough，thought，weight．5．h出现在词首，在字母g，r，ex之后。如：ghetto（犹太人居住区），ghost，ghoul（盗尸的人）；rhetoric（修辞学），rhyme，rhythm；exhaust，exhibit，exhilarate（使高兴），exhort（规劝）。h出现在词尾。如：ah（啊！），myrrh（没药），Sarah（女子名），Utah（美国西部一州名）。6．k出现在词首，在字母n之前。如：knead（按摩），knee，knickers（灯笼裤），knife，knight，knit，knot，know．7．l出现在词尾，在字母组合alf，alk，alm中。如：calf，half；chalk，stalk，talk，walk；alms（救济金），calm，palm，psalm（赞美诗）。8．m出现在词首，在字母n之前。如：mnemonic（帮助记忆的），mnemonist（记忆术专家），Mnemosyne（古希腊司记忆的女神）。9．n出现在词尾，在字母m之后。如：autumn，column，hymn（圣歌，赞美诗）。10．p出现在词首，在字母n，s，t之前。如：pneumatics（气体力学），pneu-monia（肺炎）；psalm（赞美诗），pseudonym（笔名），psychic（精神的，心理的），psy-chology（心理学）；pterodactyl（飞龙目动物）。11．t出现在词尾的字母组合-sten和-stle中。如：fasten，hasten；apostle（鼓吹者，倡导者），castle，whistle &&
&影响英语词汇重音的因素:
在西方语言中，英语是重音因素最为明显的一种语言。在希腊语、拉丁语等古典语言中，决定单词语音轮廓的主要是音值的长短，在法、西、意等现代语言中，虽然有重音，但重音和非重音之间的差别并不明显。对于以英语为母语的人士来说，重音位置和轻重音之间的对照是他们通过听觉识辨识单词的主导因素，一旦说话人对重音把握出现错误，就会造成交流障碍。反过来，如果学习英语单词时重音没有读准，在听英语时也很难准确辨识。在不借助词典的情况下，即使碰到不认识的词，也能准确发音的能力，是英语素养的重要部分。然而，和法语（重音始终在单词最末一个音节上）等语言比较起来，英语的重音位置似乎变化多端，难以把握，这对运用读音规则造成了很大困难。因为元音字母如何发音，基本取决于是否重读和音节性质（开音节、闭音节）两大因素。由于英语非重读音节中的元音发音规则相对简单，一旦重读音节中的元音发准了，英语单词的基本语音轮廓就勾勒出来了。由此可见，判断重音位置是英语学习中一个无法绕过的拦路虎。本文将从词汇学的角度，对英语重音的大致规律作一个介绍。 影响英语重音基本上有五个因素：归化程度、音节数、词性、词缀以及倒数第二音节辅音特征，其中后缀和倒数第二音节辅音特征才是决定英语重音的最关键因素，而这一点长期以来一直被研究者所忽视。 1、归化程度 归化程度是指由其他语言引入英语的单词在多大程度上融入了“本土”词汇大家庭。英语虽然属于印欧语系中的日耳曼语族，但从词汇角度看，只有少数词汇是从日耳曼语言继承的，80%的词汇反而源于拉丁语，与拉丁语的密切关系甚至超过了法语（最初是拉丁语的方言）与拉丁语的血缘关系。如今，绝大部分拉丁词语已经本土化，但仍有少量词语和短语被视为外来语。另外，英语中还吸纳了大量其他语言的词汇，其中相当一部分已经本土化，遵从英语的一般重音模式，但部分词汇的重音仍然模仿源语言中的重音。下面是一些例子： 1）法语词汇：–aire（如millionaire、questionnaire，与英语后缀-ary等价）、–ee（由法语过去分词变来，如referee、absentee、trustee）、–ette（表示“小”，如novelette）等后缀均遵循法语重音模式，最后一个音节重读。renaissance一词从语音上说还未完全归化，既可按照英语模式在第二个音节上重读，也可按照法语模式在最后一个音节上重读。 2）西班牙语词汇：-ado是典型的西班牙语后缀，重音在字母a上，如Colorado, aficionado（……迷），等等。 3）拉丁词汇：比如ad infinitum（直至无限）中infinitum就按照拉丁语模式，在倒数第二个音节重读。拉丁语对英语重音最大的影响，在于倒数第二音节的辅音特征对重音位置有决定作用（详见第4部分）。 2、音节数、词性和前缀 音节数对英语重音位置也有明显的影响。下面我们分成三种情况考虑。第一种是单音节词。所有的单音节词都是重读的。第二种是双音节词，双音节词的重音主要受词性影响，其次是前缀。如果该词是动词、形容词、介词，重音往往在第二个音节上，如果是名词，重音往往在第一个音节上。前一类如defend，irate，above，后一类如window，cable等等。下面几个具有双重词性的单词最具启发性：作为动词，project（投射）、object（反对）、refuse（拒绝）、produce（生产）重音均在第二个音节上；作为名词，它们的重音都在第一个音节上（意思分别是项目、客体、垃圾、农产品）。前缀对双音节词影响较大，特别是a-、be-和en-（有em-、in-、im-等多个变体），以它们开头的词重音普遍在第二个音节。differ的重音很特殊，它是动词，相同后缀的双音节动词（infer，confer，refer）重音都在后面，differ的重音却在前面，估计是为了与defer（遵从）相区分。第三种是三音节和更多音节的词。这一类词的重音位置主要取决于后缀。因此我们在下一部分单独分析。 3、后缀与多音节单词重音 为了论述的简洁，我们引入三个术语：ultimate——末音节，penult——次末音节，antepenult——倒数第三音节。许多后缀对多音节英语单词重音位置的影响是首位的、决定性的，也即是说无论原来的单词重音在什么位置，都必须按照后缀给定的规则加以更改。我们可以根据重音位置的不同，将英语中常见的后缀分成下面几类。 1）ultimate重音：比较常见的后缀有–ade（如lemonade、blockade）、 –eer（如engineer、pioneer、domineer）、–ese（officialese, Chinese）、–esque（arabesque） 2）penult重音：最重要的是形容词后缀（也是名词后缀）-ic和名词后缀-ion，前者还有–atic、–etic、–fic等多种扩展形式，后者有–ation、–faction、-fication、–ition、-sion、-tion等多种扩展形式。对比geography / geographic、climate / climatic、sympathy / sympathetic；invite / invitation、satisfy / satisfaction、clarify/ clarification、compete / competition。但有几个常用的词是例外情况，catholic、lunatic、heretic、arithmetic和television（television的重音可以在penult上，也可在词首，因为这个词并不是动词+ion变来的，televise是后起的）。其他常见的penult重音后缀有： –ana（表示与某主题相关的所有事物，如Victoriana, Americana）、–escence（表示过程，如convalescence，adolescence等等）、–escent（与前一个后缀对应的形容词后缀，如adolescent）、–i（表示国籍和语言，如Israeli，Pakistani等等）、–ics（表示学科或其他，如economics，antibiotics、acrobatics，但是politics例外）、–itis（表示炎症，如bronchitis、hepatitis、arthritis等等）。 3）antepenult重音：最重要的后缀如下 a）-ial：如imperial、aerial、differential等等。对比manager / managerial，editor / editorial，influence / influential。 b）-ous（扩展形式有-acious、–aneous、-eous、-ious等等，其中-ous前的i和e都算一个音节）：如sagacious、spontaneous、courageous、suspicious等等。 c）-ity（扩展形式有–acity、-aneity、–bility、–icity、–ility、-uity等等，其中-ity前面的e、u都算一个音节）： 如sagacity、spontaneity、capability、futility、ingenuity等等。 d）-ian（扩展形式有-arian、-ician等等）：如humanitarian、Canadian、logician，对比mathematics / mathematician。 e）–ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency（抽象名词后缀）：如excellence、vigilance、benevolence、consistency等等。 f）-ant, -ent（与上一系列后缀相对应的形容词或名词后缀）：如tolerant、participant、determinant、resilient，等等。 g）-logy，-nomy（表示学科及其他）：例如astrology，economy，theology，等等。 其他常见的后缀还有-ia（抽象名词）、-arium（场所）、-cracy（统治）、-crat（统治者）、-graphy（记录术）、-ile（形容词名词后缀）、-iety（名词后缀，如sobriety、propriety）、-tude（抽象名词后缀），等等。 4）在antepenult之前的音节上重读：主要是一些弱读的后缀，如-able（或-ible）、-ary、-ery、-ory等等。重音往往在倒数第四音节上（少数在倒数第五音节上，如美国英语的laboratory）。如negligible、ordinary、contemporary、adversary、monastery、conservatory，等等。尤其需要注意的是，-able（-ible）加在一个以重读音节结尾的单词上，重音要前移一个音节，对比compare / comparable（重音在首音节上）、admire / admirable。 5）不影响重读的后缀：相当多的后缀并不改变原来单词的发音。中国学生普遍把educator等词的重音发错（重音不是在a上，而是在e上），就是不明白这个规则。此类后缀常见的有–acy（与-ate结尾的形容词对应的名词后缀，如inadequacy）、–age、-al（如arrival 、exceptional等等）、–dom、 –er（-or, -ar）、-ful、–ing、-ise（-ize）、–ism、–ist 、–ive（对比productive / competitive）、-less、–ly、、–ness、–ry、–ty等等。 6）-ment 如果后面添加别的后缀，重音一般落在-ment上，比如governmental、sentimental、elementary、momentous。但-ity的决定力大于-ment，所以sentimentality的重音仍遵循-ity的规则。 4、倒数第二个音节（penult）的辅音特征 如前文所述，英语大部分词汇来源于拉丁语，也继承了拉丁语的一个主要重音规则，即如果penult的元音前面是双辅音（爆破音b、p、k、g、t、d在前，l或r在后，这样组成的双辅音除外），单词重音便落在penult上。此规则的效力大于后缀的效力。下面举例说明： 1）按照后缀规则，important的重音位置应该是在首音节上，但由于penult的辅音是rt，符合4的规则，因此重音落在penult上。conference和concurrence重音位置的差别也可如此解释。 2）ludicrous（可笑的）、celebrity（名人）等词虽然penult是双辅音，但属于爆破音+l / r的情况，所以4的规则不适用，仍遵循后缀规则。 上述四条基本概括了英语重音的规则，其中3、4条尤其重要。确定了单词重音位置，根据重读音节往前推两个音节为次重读音节的原理，我们就可以判断出英语生词的重音，再运用读音规则，便可顺利地找到它的发音。当然，由于英语来源庞杂，发展过程也很复杂，所以例外情况仍然不少。但只要掌握了上述原则，多加练习，我们就能举一反三，掌握不查词典也能读出英语单词的本领。&
单词重音的规则1:
1． 单音节词无重音；因最后的一个音节上很少有重音,故双音节词的重音绝大多数在首音节上，如： creature victim 。例外：1)有少数必须重读的名词后缀，如：-ee：employee；-oo：bamboo。2)动词重音常会落在末音节，但这往往也是受拉丁语重音的影响（后有详述）。3）不少双音节词的重音与其词性相关，如：insult(名词) insult(动词)。2.如果倒数第二音节长，重音落在倒二音节；使倒二音节变长的情况主要见于下述两种情况：1）倒数第二音节的元音为长元音（紧元音），如：horizon[hraizin]。2）倒数第二音节为完全封闭音节，即倒二音节的元音在两个或两个以上的辅音字母前，如：embarrass，utensil。注意：以形容词后缀-ic及其相关后缀(-ics,-ical,…)结尾的词，重音要落在-ic的前一个音节，而重读元音常为短元音（松元音），如:horrific，economics, biological其实，这也可追溯于拉丁语重音的影响。拉丁语中规定,以-icus,-ica,-icum结尾的形容词,倒二音节的i为短元音,重音落在倒三，并且，为保持音步所占时间的长度不变，倒三音节的元音常为短元音。在借入英语的过程中,拉丁词尾-us,-a,-um逐渐消失,单词重音却还保持在-ic的前一个音节，其重读元音仍为短元音，3.如倒数第二音节短（该音节的元音为短元音）时，重音在倒三音节:英语中有不少后缀属于倒三重音，如：-ous:anonymous -ian:authoritarian-ion:competition-ity:simplicity4.有些后缀，往往要求保留其前词素的重音位置（称“重音从原”）：这有些类似英语复合词，因复合词的主重音往往落在第一个构词成分上，如：blackboard, friendship。
1）部份派生后缀，如，-ism,-ist,-ize,-ment ,-able…。
individual individualism
ideology ideologist
serial serialize
establish establishment
identify identifiable
2）所有8种屈折后缀，如-ed,-s…
investigate investigated
consequence consequences
介绍了总的重音规则后，这里再分析一下为什么英语动词中常常有末音节重音。其实这可能也是受到拉丁语重音的影响。比如，动词的重音中存在这样一种现象：
1)当动词末音节为长音节时，重音落在末音节。
①末音节含长元音，如：erase combine
②末音节为完全封闭音节（末辅音为两个及两个以上）,如：collapse, torment, ,insult , exist…, 以及由后缀-esce（开始成为…）派生出的所有动词，如：convalesce(恢复)，rejuvenesce(变年轻)， luminesce(发冷光)等，重音均落在末音节。
其实，-esce源自拉丁语动词后缀 –escere，后者的倒二音节为完全封闭音节，故重音落在倒二音节；而在借入英语的过程中，词尾-ere为-e替代，因而丢失了一个音节，而重音不变，于是英语后缀-esce 表现为末音节重音。
2)当动词末音节为短音节（含短元音），重音落在倒数第二音节,如：astonish , exit
总之，单词的词尾结构，尤其是后缀对其重音的确定有决定性意义。即便遇上陌生的词汇，只要我们对其结构作出分析，往往能判断出重音所在。如：environmentalist，可分析如下：environ(倒二音节含长元音)environment（-ment重音从原）environmental（倒二音节为完全封闭音节）environmentalist（-ist 重音从原）。而在实际操作中，因很熟悉environment ，前两步往往就省略掉了。只要我们经常结合上述重音规则进行实践，最终能在面对一个英语单词时，敏捷反应，一眼判断出其重音所在
如何直接有效的划分英语单词找出重音
我读音99%准，我的建议是：
一般前面有Pre,Con,Ex这些prefix那么重音在后面。比如Precede, Prefer, Conglomerate,Exclude... 但是也有例外比如Excellent
还有就是，一般4,5个syllables重音都在第2个音，比如： PerCEPtion, perFECTion, phiLOsophy, deLIberately
英语七大特殊单词重音规则
1. 英语中派生词的重音和词根重音一致。派生词就是一些有同样词根的词。比如： act, active, actively com'pare com'parison2. 带有下列后缀的词：-ary, -ery, -ory, -ism, -ist, -mony, -ment, -ary等，重音通常在第一个音节上。例如： customary scientist slavery factory realism3. 带下列前缀的词：a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, al-, be-, con-, de-, dis-, em-, en-, in-, mis-, re-, tans-, un-重音通常在第二音节上。例如： a'bout ab'duce ac'cede ad'mire be'long con'sult de'tect dis'like4. 带下列后缀的词：-aim, -ain, -cur, -eem, -duce, -ere, -firm, -gn, -oin, -oke, -ose, -pt, -rce, -self, -ume重音通常在第二音节。 contain occur sincere design confirm5. 带下列后缀的词：-ade, -ain, -ee, -eer, -esque, -ette, -ique, -ine, -oon重音通常在最后一个音节。这些词一般都是从法语中借来的词。例如： emplo'yee an'tique maga'zine ci'gar volun'teer gaso'line6. 带下列后缀的词：-eous, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ient, -ion, -ious, -ish, -it, -liar, -sive, -tal, -uous重音通常在倒数第二音节上。例如： oc'casion re'lation as'tonish de'posit mu'sician7. 但是有些派生词，比如从名词派生出来的形容词，它的重音就得发生变化，通常是后移。 例如： 'science scien'tific 'accident acci'dental 'democrat demo'cratic 'politics po'litical
& 读准多音节词的重音笨笨熊：Mr Robot, 今天该说多音节词的重音规则了吧？　　Mr Robot: Yes. 多音节词指的是含有三个或三个以上音节的词，它们的重音是有一些规律可循的。　　笨笨熊：那一共有几条规则呢？　　Mr Robot: 嗯，根据你目前的英语水平，可以先学以下四条：　　1．多音节词通常重读倒数第三个音节，也就是说，假如这个词只有三个音节，那就应该重读第一个音节,如:`accident, `Africa, `Italy, `family, `favorite等。如果有四个音节， 就要重读第二个音节, 如:& A`merican, bi`ology, in`telligent, o`pinion, de`licious等, 以此类推。　　2．双音节词加上前缀或后缀所构成的多音节词，重音一般在原来词根的重读音节上。如：ex`change, un`friendly, `dangerous, re`quirement, `officer, `usually等。　　3． 多音节复合名词通常重读第一个音节。如：　　`basketball, `goalkeeper, `interview, `newspaper, `sunglasses等。　　4． 词尾有-tion, -sion或-ian的多音节词，其重音一般在-tion, -sion或-ian前面的一个音节上。你瞧：appli`cation， di`rection； de`cision(决定)； I`talian, mu`sician等。但`television（电视）例外。　　笨笨熊： 为什么有的单词的左下角有个“.”号呀？　　Mr Robot: 哦，这叫次重音符号。　　笨笨熊：那次重音又是怎么回事呢？　　Mr Robot: 噢，笨笨熊真好学啊！朗读单词时，按照发每个音时呼出气流的强度，我们通常可把重音分为主重音和次重音两类。所谓主重音，就是我们平常所说的重读音节，可在其左上方标上重音符号“`”来表示。而次重音呢，发音时呼出的气流比主重音稍弱一点，但比非重读音节强得多，我们常在此音节的左下方标“.”来表示。一般来说，从重读音节算起的倒数的第三个音节处就是次重音。如：.appli`cation, .infor`mation, .under`stand等。　　Mr Robot: 哦，原来是这样。 &&
& 读准20个单词就能彻底改进发音[/td]
1. important adj. 重要的
☆ It's important to eat healthy food.
饮食健康很重要。
2. necessary adj. 必须的；必要的
☆ It's not necessary to thank me.
不需要感谢我。
3. convenience n. 便利；方便
☆ Please call me at your earliest convenience.
请尽快打电话给我。
4. determination n. 决心
☆ It takes a lot of determination to succeed.
要成功就要下很大的决心。
5. adequate adj. 足够的；适当的
☆ His English is not adequate to study abroad.
他的英语水平不足以令他去国外学习。
6. perseverance n. 毅力；不屈不挠的精神
☆ I admire your perseverance.
我钦佩你的毅力。
7. environment n. 环境
☆ We should care more about the environment.
我们应该更加关注环境。
8. understanding n. 理解；谅解；体谅
☆ I really need your understanding.
我真的需要你的体谅。
9. resources n. 资源
☆ Don't waste our natural resources.
不要浪费我们的自然资源。
10. accomplishment n. 成就
☆ You should be proud of your accomplishment.
你应该为你取得的成就感到骄傲。
11. creativity n. 创造力
☆ We need creativity to solve this problem.
要解决这个问题，我们需要创造力。
12. circumstances n. 环境；境况
☆ Never blame your circumstances.
永远不要埋怨客观环境。
13. permanent adj. 永久的；不变的
☆ Please write down your permanent address.
请写下您的长住地址。
14. temporary adj. 暂时的；临时的
☆ This job is only temporary.
这份工作只是暂时的。
15. complicated adj. 复杂的
☆I think English grammar is too complicated.
我觉得英语语法太复杂了。
16. unfortunately adv. 不幸地
☆ Unfortunately, I didn't get your message.
很不走运，我没有收到你的信息。
17. productive adj. 富有成效的
☆ I had a productive day.
我过了充实的一天。
18. Significant adj. 有重大意义的；显著的
☆ I made significant progress this month in learning English.
这个月，我的英语学习取得了显著的进步。
19. compromise n.& v. 妥协；折衷
☆ Compromise is always necessary.
妥协总是有必要的。
20. attitude n. 态度
☆ She has a great attitude.
她态度很端正。
21. experience n. 经验
☆ I don't have much experience with computers.
我没怎么用过电脑。
22. friendship n. 友谊
☆ I really appreciate your friendship.
我真的很感谢你的友谊。
23. difference n. 差异；差别
☆It won't make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
&最完整的英语词根词缀表Root, Prefix or Suffix Meaning Examples a, ac, ad, af, ag, al, an, ap, as, at to, toward, near, in addition to, by aside, accompany, adjust, aggression, allocate, annihilate, affix, associate, attend, adverb a-, an- not, without apolitical, atheist, anarchy, anonymous, apathy, aphasia, anemia ab, abs away from, off absolve, abrupt, absent -able, -ible Adjective: worth, ability solvable, incredible acer, acid, acri bitter, sour, sharp acerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony act, ag do, act, drive active, react, agent, active, agitate acu sharp acute, acupuncture, accurate -acy, -cy Noun: state or quality privacy, nfancy, adequacy, intimacy, supremacy -ade act, product, sweet drink blockade, lemonade aer, aero air, atmosphere, aviation aerial, aerosol, aerodrome ag, agi, ig, act do, move, go agent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous, action -age Noun: activity, or result of action courage, suffrage, shrinkage, tonnage agri, agro pertaining to fields or soil agriculture, agroindustry -al Noun: action, result of action referral, disavowal, disposal, festival -al, -ial, -ical Adjective: quality, relation structural, territorial, categorical alb, albo white, without pigment albino, albite ali, allo, alter other alias, alibi, alien, alloy, alter, alter ego, altruism alt high, deep altimeter, altitude am, ami, amor love, like, liking amorous, amiable, amicable, enamoured ambi both ambidextrous ambul to walk ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist -an Noun: person artisan, guardian, historian, magician ana, ano up, back, again, anew anode, anagram, anagenetic -ance, -ence Noun: action, state, quality or process resistance, independence, extravagance, fraudulence -ancy, -ency Noun: state, quality or capacity vacancy, agency, truancy, latency andr, andro male, characteristics of men androcentric, android ang angular angle anim mind, life, spirit, anger animal, animate, animosity ann, annu, enni yearly annual, annual, annuity, anniversary, perrenial -ant, -ent Noun: an agent, something that performs the action disinfectant, dependent, fragrant -ant, -ent, -ient Adjective: kind of agent, indication important, dependent, convenient ante before anterior, anteroom, antebellum, antedate, antecedent antediluvian anthrop man anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropy anti, ant against, opposite antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy anti, antico old antique, antiquated, antiquity apo, ap, aph away from, detached, formed apology, apocalypse, aphagia aqu water aqueous -ar, -ary Adjective: resembling, related to spectacular, unitary arch chief, first, rule archangel, architect, archaic, monarchy, matriarchy, patriarchy, Archeozoic era -ard, -art Noun: characterized braggart, drunkard, wizard aster, astr star aster, asterisk, asteroid, astronomy, astronaut -ate Noun: state, office, fuction candidate, electorate, delegate -ate Verb: cause to be graduate, ameliorate, amputate, colligate -ate Adjective: kind of state inviolate -ation Noun: action, resulting state specialization, aggravation, alternation auc, aug, aut to originate, to increase augment , author, augment, auction aud, audi, aur, aus to hear, listen audience, audio, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, auricular, ausculate aug, auc increase augur, augment, auction aut, auto self automobile, automatic, automotive, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune bar weight, pressure barometer be on, around, over, about, excessively, make, cause, name, affect berate, bedeck, bespeak, belittle, beleaguer belli war rebellion, belligerent, casus belli, bellicose bene good, well, gentle benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit bi, bine two biped, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual bibl, bibli, biblio book bibliophile, bibliography, Bible bio, bi life biography, biology, biometricsm biome, biosphere brev short abbreviate, brevity, brief cad, cap, cas, ceiv, cept, capt, cid, cip to take, to seize, to hold receive, deceive, capable, capacious, captive, accident, capture, occasion, concept, intercept, forceps, except, reciprocate cad, cas to fall cadaver, cadence, cascade -cade procession motorcade calor heat calorie, caloric, calorimeter capit, capt head decapitate, capital, captain, caption carn flesh carnivorous, incarnate, reincarnation, carnal cat, cata, cath down, with catalogue, category, catheter caus, caut burn, heat caustic, cauldron, cauterize cause, cuse, cus cause, motive because, excuse, accusation ceas, ced, cede, ceed, cess to go, to yield, move, go, surrender succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession cent hundred centennial, century, centipede centr, centri center eccentricity, centrifugal, concentric, eccentric chrom color chrome, chromosome, polychrome, chromatic chron time chronology, chronic, chronicle chronometer, anachronism, synchronize cide, cis, cise to kill, to cut, cut down fratricide, homicide, incision, incision, circumcision, scissors circum around circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory cit call, start incite, citation, cite civ citizen civic, civil, civilian, civilization clam, claim cry out exclamation, clamor, proclamation, reclamation, acclaim clin lean, bend decline, aclinic, inclination clud, clus claus to close, shut include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude co, cog, col, coll, con, com, cor with, together cohesiveness, cognate, collaborate, convene, commitment, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, convenient, concatenate, conjoin, combine, correct cogn, gnos to know recognize, cognizant, diagnose, agnostic, incognito, prognosis com, con fully complete, compel, conscious, condense, confess, confirm contr, contra, counter against, opposite contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal cord, cor, cardi heart cordial, concord, discord, courage, encourage corp body corporation, corporal punishment, corpse, corpulent, corpus luteum cort correct escort, cortage cosm universe, world cosmos, microcosm, cosmopolitan, cosmonaut cour, cur, curr, curs run, course occur, excursion, discourse, courier, course crat, cracy rule autocrat, aristocrat, theocracy, technocracy cre, cresc, cret, crease grow create, crescent, accretion, increase crea create creature, recreation, creation cred believe creed, credo, credence, credit, credulous, incredulous, incredible cresc, cret, crease, cru rise, grow crescendo, concrete, increase, decrease, accrue crit separate, choose critical, criterion, hypocrite cur, curs run current, concurrent, concur, incur, recur, occur, courier, precursor, cursive cura care curator, curative, manicure cycl, cyclo wheel, circle, circular Cyclops, unicycle, bicycle, cyclone, cyclic de- from, down, away, to do the opposite, reverse, against detach, deploy, derange, decrease, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate dec, deca ten, ten times decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decathlon dec, dign suitable decent decorate dignity dei, div God divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify dem, demo people, populace, population democracy, demography, demagogue, epidemic dent, dont tooth dental, denture, orthodontist, periodontal derm skin, covering hypodermic, dermatology, epidermis, taxidermy di-, dy- two, twice, double divide, diverge, diglycerides dia through, across, between diameter, diagonal, dialogue dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic dic, dict, dit say, speak dictation, dictionary, dictate, dictator, Dictaphone, edict, predict, verdict, contradict, benediction dis, dif not, opposite of, reverse, separate, deprive of, away dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, divide, disconnect, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, disarray dit give credit, audit doc, doct teach, prove docile, doctor, doctrine, document, dogma, indoctrinate domin master, that which is under control dominate, dominion, predominant, domain don give donate, condone dorm sleep dormant, dormitory dox thought, opinion, praise orthodox, heterodox, paradox, doxology -drome run, step syndrome, aerodrome, velodrome duc, duct to lead, pull produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce dura hard, lasting durable, duration, endure dynam power dynamo, dynamic, dynamite, hydrodynamics dys- bad, abnormal, difficult, impaired, unfavorable dysfunctional, dyslexia, dyspathy
e- not, missing, out, fully, away, computer network related emit, embed, eternal,ether, erase, email, e-tailer ec- out of, outside echo, eclipse, eclectic, ecesis, ecstasy, exzema eco- household, environment, relating to ecology or economy ecology, economize, ecospheres, ecomanagement ecto- outside, external ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm -ed Verb: past tense dressed, faded, patted, closed, introduced -ed Adjective: having the quality or characteristics of winged, moneyed, dogged, tiered -en Verb: to cause to become lengthen, moisten, sharpen -en Adjective: material golden, woolen, silken en-, em- put into, make, provide with, surround with enamor, embolden, enslave, empower, entangle -ence, -ency Noun: action or process, quality or state reference, emergency, dependence, eminence, latency end- inside, within endorse, endocardial, endergonic, endoskeleton, endoscope, endogenous epi- upon, close to, over, after, altered epicenter, epicarp, epilogue, epigone, epidiorite equi- equal equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equation, equator -er, -ier Adjective: comparative better, brighter, sooner, hotter, happier -er, -or Noun: person or thing that does something flyer, reporter, player, member, fryer, collector, concentrator -er, -or Verb: action ponder, dishonor, clamor erg work, effect energy, erg, allergy, ergometer, ergograph, ergophobia -ery collective qualities, art, practice, trade, collection, state, condition snobbery, bakery, geenery, gallery, slavery -es, -ies Noun: plural of most nouns ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -o and -z and some in -f and -y passes, glasses, ladies, heroes -es, -ies Verb: third person singular present indicative of verbs that end in -ch, -s, -sh, - and some in -y blesses, hushes, fizzes, defies -ess female actress, goddess, poetess -est, -iest Adjective or Adverb: superlative latest, strongest, luckiest, lyingest ev-, et- time, age medieval, eternal ex- out of, away from, lacking, former exit, exhale, exclusive, exceed, explosion, ex-mayor exter-, extra-, extro- outside of, beyond external, extrinsic, extraordinary, extrapolate, extraneous, extrovert fa, fess speak fable, fabulous, fame, famous, confess, profess fac, fact, fec, fect, fic, fas, fea do, make difficult, fashion, feasible, feature, factory, fact, effect, manufacture, amplification, confection fall, fals deceive fallacy, falsify, fallacious femto quadrillionth femtosecond fer bear, carry ferry, coniferous, fertile, defer, infer, refer, transfer fic, feign, fain, fit, feat shape, make, fashion fiction, faint, feign fid belief, faith confide, diffident, fidelity fid, fide, feder faith, trust confidante, fidelity, confident, infidelity, infidel, federal, confederacy, semper fi fig shape, form figurem, effigy, figure, figment fila, fili thread filigree, filament, filter, filet, filibuster fin end, ended, finished final, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define, finale fix repair, attach fix, fixation, fixture, affix, prefix, suffix flex, flect bend flex, reflex, flexible, flexor, inflexibility, reflect, deflect,circumflex flict strike affliction, conflict, inflict flu, fluc, fluv, flux flow influence, fluid, flue, flush, fluently, fluctuate, reflux, influx -fold Adverb: in a manner of, marked by fourfold for, fore before forecast, fortune, foresee forc, fort strength, strong effort, fort, forte, fortifiable, fortify, forte, fortitude form shape, resemble form, format, conform, formulate, perform, formal, formula fract, frag, frai break fracture, infraction, fragile, fraction, refract, frail fuge flee subterfuge, refuge, centrifuge -ful Noun: an amount or quanity that fills mouthful -ful Adjective: having, giving, marked by fanciful fuse pour confuse, transfuse -fy make, form into falsify, dandify gam marriage bigamy, monogamy, polygamy gastr, gastro stomach gastric, gastronomic, gastritis, gastropod gen kind generous gen birth, race, produce genesis, genetics, eugenics, genealogy, generate, genetic, antigen, pathogen geo earth geometry, geography, geocentric, geology germ vital part germination, germ, germane gest carry, bear congest, gestation giga billion gigabyte, gigaflop gin careful gingerly gloss, glot tongue glossary, polyglot, epiglottis glu, glo lump, bond, glue glue, agglutinate, conglomerate gor to gather, to bring together category, categorize grad, gress, gree to gather, to bring together, step, go grade, degree, progress, gradual, graduate, egress graph, gram, graf write, written, draw graph, graphic, autograph, photography, graphite, telegram, polygraph, grammar, biography, lithograph, graphic grat pleasing congratulate, gratuity, grateful, ingrate grav heavy, weighty grave, gravity, aggravate, gravitate greg herd gregarious, congregation, segregate, gregarian hale, heal make whole, sound inhale, exhale, heal, healthy, healthiness helio sun heliograph, heliotrope, heliocentric hema, hemo blood hemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemostat her, here, hes stick adhere, cohere, cohesion, inherent, hereditary, hesitate hetero other, different heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne hex, ses, sex six hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets homo same homogenize, homosexual, homonym, homophone hum, human earth, ground, man humus, exhume, humane hydr, hydra, hydro water dehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia hyper over, above hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic hypn sleep hypnosis, hypnotherapy -ia Noun: names, diseases phobia -ian, an Noun: related to, one that is pedestrian, human -iatry Noun: art of healing psychiatry -ic Adjective: quality, relation generic -ic, ics Noun: related to the arts and sciences arithmetic, economics -ice Noun: act malice -ify Verb: cause specify ignis fire ignite, igneous, ignition -ile Adjective: having the qualities of projectile in, im into, on, near, towards instead, import in, im, il, ir not illegible, irresolute, inaction, inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible, imposter infra beneath infrared, infrastructure -ing Noun: material made for, activity, result of an activity flooring, swimming, building -ing Verb: present participle depicting -ing Adjective: activity cohering inter between, among international, intercept, interject, intermission, internal, intermittent, intra within, during, between layers, underneath intramural, intranet, intranatal intro into, within, inward interoffice, introvert, introspection, introduce -ion Noun: condition or action abduction -ish Adjective: having the character of newish -ism Noun: doctrine, belief, action or conduct formalism -ist Noun: person or member podiatrist -ite Noun: state or quality graphite -ity, ty Noun: state or quality lucidity, novelty -ive Noun: condition native -ive, -ative, -itive Adjective: having the quality of festive, cooperative, sensitive -ize Verb: cause fantasize
jac, ject throw reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate, adjacent join, junct join adjoining, enjoin, juncture, conjunction, injunction, conjunction judice judge prejudice jug, junct, just to join junction, adjust, conjugal juven young juvenile, rejuvenate labor work laborious, belabor lau, lav, lot, lut wash launder, lavatory, lotion, ablution, dilute lect, leg, lig choose, gather, select, read collect, legible, eligible leg law legal, legislate, legislature, legitimize -less Adjective: without, missing motiveless levi light alleviate, levitate, levity lex, leag, leg law legal, college, league liber, liver free liberty, liberal, liberalize, deliverance lide strike collide, nuclide liter letters literary, literature, literal, alliteration, obliterate loc, loco place, area location, locally, locality, allocate, locomotion log, logo, ology word, study, say, speech, reason, study catalog, prologue, dialogue, zoology, logo loqu, locut talk, speak eloquent, loquacious, colloquial, circumlocution luc, lum, lun, lus, lust light translucent, luminary, luster, luna, illuminate, illustrate lude play prelude -ly Adverb: in the manner of fluently macr-, macer lean emaciated, meager magn great magnify, magnificent, magnanimous, magnate, magnitude, magnum main strength, foremost mainstream, mainsail, domain, remain mal bad, badly malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent,malfunction, malfeasance, maleficent man, manu hand, make, do manual, manage, manufacture, manacle, manicure, manifest, maneuver, emancipate, management mand command mandatory, remand, mandate mania madness mania, maniac, kleptomania, pyromania mar, mari, mer sea, pool marine, marsh, maritime, mermaid matri mother matrimony, maternal, matriarchate, matron medi half, middle, between, halfway mediate, medieval, Mediterranean, mediocre, medium mega great, million megaphone, megaton, megaflop, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis mem recall, remember memo, commemoration, memento, memoir, memorable ment mind mental, mention -ment Noun: condition or result document meso middle mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere meta beyond, change metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation meter measure meter, voltammeter, barometer, thermometer metr admeasure, apportion metrics, asymmetric, parametric, telemetry micro small, millionth microscope, microfilm, microcard, microwave, micrometer, microvolt migra wander migrate, emigrant, immigrate mill, kilo thousand millennium, kilobyte, kiloton milli thousandth millisecond, milligram, millivolt min little, small minute, minor, minuscule mis wrong, bad, badly misconduct, misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist mit, miss send emit, remit, submit, admit, commit, permit, transmit, omit, intermittent, mission, missile mob, mov, mot move motion, remove, mobile, motor mon warn, remind monument, admonition, monitor, premonition mono one monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist, mor, mort mortal, death mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary morph shape, form amorphous, dimorphic, metamorphosis, morphology, polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous multi many, much multifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply, multitude, multipurpose, multinational nano billionth nanosecond, nanobucks nasc, nat, gnant, nai to be born nascent, native, pregnant, naive nat, nasc to be from, to spring forth innate, natal, native, renaissance neo new Neolithic, nuveau riche, neologism, neophyte, neonate -ness Noun: state, condition, quality kindness neur nerve neuritis, neuropathic, neurologist, neural, neurotic nom law, order autonomy, astronomy, gastronomy, economy nom, nym name nominate, synonym nomen, nomin name nomenclature, nominate, ignominious non nine nonagon non not nonferrous, nonsense, nonabrasive, nondescript nov new novel, renovate, novice, nova, innovate nox, noc night nocturnal, equinox, noctilucent numer number numeral, numeration, enumerate, innumerable numisma coin numismatics ob, oc, of, op toward, against, in the way oppose, occur, offer, obtain oct eight octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave oligo few, little Oligocene, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic, oligarchy omni all, every omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous onym name anonymous, pseudonym, antonym, synonym oper work operate, cooperate, opus -or Noun: condition or activity valor, honor, humor, minor ortho straight, correct orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, unorthodox -ory Noun: place for, serves for territory, rectory -ous, -eous, -ose, -ious Adjective: having the quality of, relating to adventurous, courageous, verbose, fractious over excessive, above overwork, overall, overwork pac peace pacifist, pacify, pacific ocean pair, pare arrange, assemblage, two repair, impair, compare, prepare paleo old Paleozoic, Paleolithic, paleomagnetism, paleopsychology pan all Pan-American, pan-African, panacea, pandemonium (place of all the demons), para beside paradox, paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute pat, pass, path feel, suffer patient, passion, sympathy, pathology pater, patr father paternity, patriarch, patriot, patron, patronize path, pathy feeling, suffering pathos, sympathy, antipathy, apathy, telepathy ped, pod foot pedal, impede, pedestrian, centipede, tripod, podiatry, antipode, podium pedo child orthopedic, pedagogue, pediatrics pel, puls drive, push, urge compel, dispel, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse, pulsate, compulsory, expulsion, repulsive pend, pens, pond hang, weigh pendant, pendulum, suspend, appendage, pensive, append per through, intensive persecute, permit, perspire, perforate, persuade peri around periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal phage eat macrophage, bacteriophage phan, phas, phen, fan, phant, fant show, make visible phantom, fantasy phe speak blaspheme, cipher, phenomenon, philosopher phil love philosopher, philanthropy, philharmonic, bibliophile phlegma inflammation phlegm, phlegmatic phobia, phobos fear phobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia, aquaphobia, ergophobia, homophobia phon sound telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone, symphony, euphonious phot, photo light photograph, photoelectric, photogenic, photosynthesis, photon pico trillionth picofarad, picocurie, picovolt pict paint, show, draw picture, depict plac, plais please placid, placebo, placate, complacent pli, ply fold reply, implicate, ply plore cry out, wail implore, exploration, deploring plu, plur, plus more plural, pluralist, plus pneuma, pneumon breath pneumatic, pneumonia, pod foot, feet podiatry, tripod poli city metropolis, police, politics, Indianapolis, megalopolis, acropolis poly many polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous pon, pos, pound place, put postpone, component, opponent, proponent, expose, impose, deposit, posture, position, expound, impound pop people population, populous, popular port carry porter, portable, transport, report, export, import, support, transportation portion part, share portion, proportion post after, behind postpone, postdate pot power potential, potentate, impotent pre, pur before precede prehendere seize, grasp apprehend, comprehend, comprehensive, prehensile prin, prim, prime first primacy, prima donna, primitive, primary, primal, primeval, prince, principal pro for, foward propel proto first prototype, protocol, protagonist, protozoan, Proterozoic, protoindustrial psych mind, soul psyche, psychiatry, psychology, psychosis punct point, dot punctual, punctuation, puncture, acupuncture, punctuation pute think dispute, computer quat, quad four quadrangle, quadruplets quint, penta five quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter quip ship equip, equipment quir, quis, quest, quer seek, ask query, inquire, exquisite, quest
re back, again report, realign, retract, revise, regain reg, recti straighten regiment, regular, rectify, correct, direct, rectangle retro backwards retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive ri, ridi, risi laughter deride, ridicule, ridiculous, derision, risible rog, roga ask prerogative, interrogation, derogatory rupt break rupture, interrupt, abrupt, disrupt, ruptible sacr, sanc, secr sacred sacred, sacrosanct, sanction, consecrate, desecrate salv, salu safe, healthy salvation, salvage, salutation sanct holy sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct sat, satis enough satient, saturate, satisfy sci, scio, scientia know science, conscious, omniscient, cognocienti scope see, watch telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope, stethoscope scrib, script write scribe, scribble, inscribe, describe, subscribe, prescribe, manuscript se apart, move away from secede sect, sec cut intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section sed, sess, sid sit sediment, session, obsession, possess, preside, president, reside, subside semi half, partial semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle sen, scen old, grow old senior, senator, senile, senescence, evanescent sent, sens feel, think sentiment, consent, resent, dissent, sentimental, sense, sensation, sensitive, sensory, dissension sept seven septet, septennial sequ, secu, sue follow sequence, consequence, sequel, subsequent, prosecute, consecutive, second, ensue, pursue serv save, serve, keep servant, service, subservient, servitude, preserve, conserve, reservation, deserve, conservation, observe -ship Noun: status, condition relationship, friendship sign, signi sign, mark, seal signal, signature, design, insignia, significant simil, simul like, resembling similar, assimilate, simulate, simulacrum, simultaneous sist, sta, stit stand, withstand, make up assist, insist, persist, circumstance, stamina, status, state, static, stable, stationary, substitute soci to join, companions sociable, society sol, solus alone solo, soliloquy, solitaire, solitude, solitary, isolate solv, solu, solut loosen, explain solvent, solve, absolve, resolve, soluble, solution, resolution, resolute, dissolute, absolution somn sleep insomnia, somnambulist soph wise sophomore (wise fool), philosophy, sophisticated spec, spect, spi, spic look, see specimen, specific, spectator, spectacle, aspect, speculate, inspect, respect, prospect, retrospective, introspective, expect, conspicuous sper render favorable prosper sphere ball, sphere sphere, stratosphere, hemisphere, spheroid spir breath spirit, conspire, inspire, aspire, expire, perspire, respiration stand, stant, stab, stat, stan, sti, sta, st, stead stand stature, establish, stance -ster person mobster, monster strain, strict, string, stige bind, pull, draw tight stringent, strict, restrict, constrict, restrain, boa constrictor stru, struct, stroy, stry build construe, structure, construct, instruct, obstruct, destruction, destroy, industry, ministry sub, suc, suf, sup, sur, sus under, below, from, secretly, instead of sustain, survive, support, suffice, succeed, submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert sume, sump take, use, waste consume, assume, sump, presumption super, supra over, above superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, superimpose, supercede syn, sym together, at the same time sympathy, synthesis, synchronous, syndicate tact, tang, tag, tig, ting touch tactile, contact, intact, intangible, tangible, contagious, contiguous, contingent tain, ten, tent, tin hold, keep, have retain, continue, content, tenacious tect, teg cover detect, protect, tegular, tegument tele distance, far, from afar telephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope, television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy, telepathy tem, tempo time tempo, temporary, extemporaneously, contemporary, pro tem, temporal ten, tin, tain hold tenacious, tenant, tenure, untenable, detention, retentive, content, pertinent, continent, obstinate, contain, abstain, pertain, detain tend, tent, tens stretch, strain tendency, extend, intend, contend, pretend, superintend, tender, extent, tension, pretense tera trillion terabyte, teraflop term end, boundary, limit exterminate, terminal terr, terra earth terrain, terrarium, territory, terrestrial test to bear witness testament, detest, testimony, attest, testify the, theo God, a god monotheism, polytheism, atheism, theology therm heat thermometer, theorem, thermal, thermos bottle, thermostat, hypothermia thesis, thet place, put antithesis, hypothesis, synthesis, epithet tire draw, pull attire, retire, entire tom cut atom (not cutable), appendectomy, tonsillectomy, dichotomy, anatomy tor, tors, tort twist torture, retort, extort, distort, contort, torsion, tortuous, torturous tox poison toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin tract, tra, trai, treat drag, draw, pull attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable trans across, beyond, change transform, transoceanic, transmit, transportation, transducer tri three tripod, triangle, trinity, trilateral trib pay, bestow tribute, contribute, attribute, retribution, tributary tribute give contribute, distribute, tributary turbo disturb turbulent, disturb, turbid, turmoil typ print type, prototype, typical, typography, typewriter, typology, typify ultima last ultimate, ultimatum umber, umbraticum shadow umbra, penumbra, (take) umbrage, adumbrate un not, against, opposite unceasing, unequal uni one uniform, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, unite, unison, unicorn -ure Noun: act, condition, process, function exposure, conjecture, measure vac empty vacate, vacuum, evacuate, vacation, vacant, vacuous vade go evade, invader vale, vali, valu strength, worth equivalent, valiant, validity, evaluate, value, valor veh, vect to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement ven, vent come convene, intervene, venue, convenient, avenue, circumvent, invent, convent, venture, event, advent, prevent ver, veri true very, aver, verdict, verity, verify, verisimilitude verb, verv word verify, veracity, verbalize, verve vert, vers turn, change convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert, diversion, introvert, convertible, reverse, controversy vi way viable, vibrate, vibrant vic, vicis change, substitute vicarious, vicar, vicissitude vict, vinc conquer victor, evict, convict, convince, invincible vid, vis see video, evident, provide, providence, visible, revise, supervise, vista, visit, vision, review, indivisible viv, vita, vivi alive, life revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vitality, vivisection, vital, vitamins, revitalize voc, voke call vocation, avocation, convocation, invocation, evoke, provoke, revoke, advocate, provocative, vocal vol will malevolent, benevolent, volunteer, volition volcan fire volcano, vulcanize, Vulcan volv, volt, vol turn about, roll revolve, voluble, voluminous, convolution, revolt, evolution vor eat greedily voracious, carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, devour -ward Adverb: in a direction or manner homeward -wise Adverb: in the manner of, with regard to timewise, clockwise, bitwise with against withhold, without, withdraw, forthwith -y Noun: state, condition, result of an activity society, victory -y Adjective: marked by, having hungry, angry, smeary, teary zo animal zoo (zoological garden), zoology, zodiac, protozoan
&英语写作，文章开头，主体展开以及结尾的实用方法:
Chapter One 文章开头句型 1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. 例如(e.g) [1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently. [2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...) [3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... 1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . e.g [1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. [2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention) [3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. ----- To be continued !! 1-3 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. e.g: [1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular than... [2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that... [3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ...... [4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that....... 1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g: [1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people . "Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion. [2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......". 1-5 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. e.g: [1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... . [2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new. 1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g: [1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern. [2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. [3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now. 1-8 问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. e.g: Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ... But in my opinion , ...... . Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型 原因结果分析 3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因. e.g: [1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ... [2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ... [3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to .... 3-1-2 另一原因 --------& 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用! e.g: [1]. Another important factor is .... [2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem. [3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for ..... 3-1-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 . e.g: [1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on.... [2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........ 比较对照句型 3-2-1. 两者比较 ---& 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 ! e.g: [1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B. [2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B. [3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects. 3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------& 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用! e.g: [1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that..... [2]. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B. Chapter Three 文章结尾形式 2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . e.g: [1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ..... [2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable ....... 2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果. e.g: [1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of ....... [2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger. 2-3 号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意. e.g: [1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ...... [2]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency. 2-4 建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法. e.g: [1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is ..... [2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation. 2-5 方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景. e.g: [1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way . [2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical. [3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........ 2--6 意义性的结尾方式 --------& 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义! e.g: [1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit ..... [2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..
一些比较经典地道的句子:
果然不出我所料。 Just what I thought.
够了，不要再说了！ Enough! I don’t want to hear it!
怎么不说你自己？ Look who’s talking!
注：本句为俚语，带有“你也不够资格这样说”的讽刺意味。
我还会不知道吗？ Wouldn’t I know?
现实总是残酷的。 The truth hurts.（也常理解“真相伤害了你”）
注：本句若是在安慰人，是希望对方了解事情不会总是尽如人意，也可用来提醒对方对实际情况要有心理准备。
嘴巴放干净一点！ Wash your mouth out with soap!
注：本句是谚语，通常是母亲在训斥孩子；或是叫人别老是讲脏话。
没有其他可能了。 There’s no other way.
不然这样好不好？ How about this instead?
不要紧，没什么事。 Don’t worry! It’s nothing.
怎样？ 我没说错吧！ What? I’m right, aren’t I?
我指使闹着玩的。 I’m just kidding.
这是命运的安排。 This is destiny.
一个巴掌拍不响。 It takes two to tango.
注：本句事成语，tango（探戈）是必须要有两个人才能跳的舞，所以引申为“一个巴掌拍不响”。
你竟敢放我鸽子！ How dare you stand me up!
你以为现在几点？ What time do you think it is?
怎么那么死脑筋？ How can you be so stubborn?
你会死得很难看。 You’ll die a horrible death.
这事就交给我吧。 Leave it up to me!
好好考虑一下吧！ Think it over!
别管我！不要理我！ Leave me alone!
你死了这条心吧！ Give it up.
你在玩什么把戏？ What are you trying to pull？
你在开我玩笑吧？ You’re kidding, right?
至少大家都没事。 At least everyone’s all right.
你有没有良心啊？ Don’t you have a heart?
自己去就好了嘛。 Just go by yourself!
给我滚！ 闪一边去！ Get out of here! Out of my way!
抱歉让你久等了。 Sorry to keep you waiting.
别误会我的意思。 Don’t take it the wrong way.
Don’t get me wrong.
你今天不太对劲。 You’re not yourself today.
跟你有什么关系？ What’s it to you?
你再说，我打你喔！ Say it again, and I’ll give you a beating!
你们长得好像喔。 You look alike!
走，我请你喝一杯！ Let’s go. I’ll buy you a drink.
哟！看看是谁来啦？ Oh! Look who’s coming？
我说真的，不骗你。 I’m telling the truth. I’m not lying.
你就直话直说吧！ Just tell it like it is.
问一下又不会死。 You won’t die for asking.
我想请你帮个忙。 Could you do me a favor?
你有没有在听啊？ Have you been listening?
也可以这么说啦！ You could say that too.
到时候就知道了。 I’ll know when the time comes.
好戏还在后头呢！ You ain’t seen nothin’ yet!
你太得寸进尺了。 I give you an inch, and you take a yard.
注：表示不知分寸，爱占便宜。也可说：“I gave him an inch, and he wanted to take a mile.”
好戏就要开锣喽。 Good things have just begun!
注：这句话可以表示说者很期待某件事的发生，或者事抱着瞧不起的心态看待即将发生的事。
我也无话可说了。 I’m speechless.
这真是人间美味。 This food is out of this world.
注：这句话不只形容食物好吃，也可形容人或东西好的不得了。例如: “ The car is out of this world.” （这车实在是炫毙了）
干嘛神秘兮兮的？ Why so mysterious?
别再婆婆妈妈了！ Stop being so indecisive! &
&中国独特概念词英文表达法:
1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses）八卦 trigram 阴、阳 yin, yang 道 Dao（cf. logo） 江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world） e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己) 道 Daoism（Taoism） 上火 excessive internal heat 儒学 Confucianism 红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia 开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world 或者直接 opening-up）改革开放：reform and opening-up大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done 伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on … 合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people 乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge 铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post 脱贫
anti-poverty 治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline2 、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）国庆节 National Day 中秋节 Mid-Autumn Festival 春节 Spring Festival 元宵节 Lantern Festival 儿童节 Children’s Day 端午节 Dragon Boat Festival 妇女节 Women’s Day 泼水节 Water-Splashing Day 教师节 Teachers’ Day 五四青年节 Youth Day3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods）馄饨 wonton 锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi) 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 套餐 set meal 盒饭 Chinese take-away 米豆腐 rice tofu 魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu 米粉 rice noodles 冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.) 火锅 chafing dish /chaffy dish/hot pot八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding 粉丝 glass noodles 豆腐脑 jellied bean curd4 、中国新兴事物（Newly Sprouted Things）中国电信 China Telecom 中国移动 China Mobile 十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan 中国电脑联网 Chinanet 三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project 希望工程 Project Hope 京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway 扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project 菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project 温饱工程 Decent-Life Project /Adequate Food and Clothing Program安居工程 Economy Housing Project 扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign 西部大开发 Go-West Campaign5 、特有的一些汉语词汇禅宗 Zen Buddhism 禅 dhgaya 混沌 chaos 道 Daosim, the way and its power 四谛 Four Noble Truth 八正道 Eightfold Path 无常 anity 五行说 Theory of Five Elements 无我 anatman 坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation 空 sunyata 虚无 nothingness 双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英) 小品 witty skits 相声 cross-talk 噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt 夜猫子 night-owls 本命年 this animal year of sb. 处世之道 philosophy of life 姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage） 还愿 redeem a wish (vows)6 、具有文化特色的现代表述大陆中国 Mainland China 红宝书 little red book 红色中国 socialist China 四化 Four Modernizations 终生职业 job-for-life 铁饭碗 iron rice bowl 大锅饭 communal pot 关系户 closely-related units 外出打工人员 migrant workers 关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild 五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals 四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment7 、中国古代独特事物（Unique Ancient Chinese Items）宣纸 rice paper 衙门 yamen 叩头 kowtow 孔子Confucius 牌楼 pailou；pai-loo 武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts） 功夫 kungfu ；kung fu 中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means） 中和 harmony (zhonghe) 孝顺 to show filial obedience 孝子 dutiful son 家长 family head 三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife 五常：仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity 八股文 eight-legged essays 多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness 养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age8、 近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译基层监督 grass-roots supervision 基础税率 base tariff level 婚介所 matrimonial agency 婚外恋 extramarital love 婚纱摄影 bride photo 黑心棉 shoddy cotton 机器阅卷 machine scoring 即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 价格听证会 public price hearings 甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team 家政服务 household management service 加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion 假帐 accounting fraud 叫板 pick a quarrel 矫情 use lame arguments 渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence 借调 temporarily transfer 扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group. 扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption &
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