原来英文姓氏背后有这么多故事
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原来英文姓氏背后有这么多故事
　　很多英文姓氏都是从英格兰的祖辈那里传下来的。姓氏的广泛使用是在1066年诺曼人征服英格兰之后才开始的，随着国家人口不断增长，人们发现提到某个人时需要说得更详细一些才能明白。于是就出现了像Thomas the Baker（面包师托马斯）、Norman son of Richard（理查德的儿子诺曼）、Henry the Whitehead（白发亨利）、Elizabeth of the Field（种地的伊丽莎白）以及Joan of York（约克家的乔安）这样的称呼，并最终发展成了我们现在使用的姓氏。　　英文姓氏大概有4.5万个，但大部分的起源都可以归入以下7类。表示职业Occupational　　表示职业的姓氏表明其从事的职业或者社会地位。叫Thomas Carpenter的人说明他是靠做木工活谋生的，而姓Knight的人则表明他是佩剑的骑士。其他表示职业的姓氏还有：ArcherBakerBrewerButcherCarterClarkCooperCookDyerFarmerFaulknerFisherFullerGardenerGloverHeadHuntorHunterJudgeMasonPageParkerPotterSawyerSlaterSmithTaylorThatcherTurnerWeaverWoodmanWright（弓箭手）（面包师）（酿酒师）（屠夫）（车夫）（牧师）（桶匠）（厨师）（染工）（农夫）（养鹰户）（渔夫）（漂洗工）（园艺工）（织手套工）（头领）（猎人）（法官）（石匠）（男仆）（公园守门人）（制陶工人）（锯木匠）（石板工）（铁匠）（裁缝）（葺屋顶者）（车工）（织工）（伐木工）（工匠）　　还有很多。　　我们还可以从这个类别的姓氏看出某个仆人曾经在谁家干活。比如，叫Vickers的人可能曾经是Vicker先生家的仆人，叫Williamsburg的人或许曾经服侍过叫William的人或者被他收养。　　在中世纪的英格兰，专门的剧院还没有诞生，手艺人行会上会上演一些“神剧”，讲讲圣经故事，还会有对唱。参演者的姓氏，比如King、Lord、Virgin或者Death可能体现了他或她扮演的角色，有些人可能一辈子一直扮演一个角色，最后把这个姓氏传给下一代。描述个人特点Describing a personal characteristic　　有些本身为形容词的姓氏一般都是来源于描述某个人的外号。这些姓氏有的可能描述一个人的身材（Short，Long，Little），肤色（Black、White、Green、或Red，Red后来演变成Reed），或者其他特征（比如Stern严厉，Strong强壮，Swift敏捷）。如果有人姓Peacock（孔雀），那可能表示人们觉得这个人徒有其表，没什么真本事。来自英格兰地名From an English place name　　有的姓氏可能表明这个人出生、生活、工作或者拥有土地的地方，这可能是一座房子的名字，也可能是农场、村庄、小镇或者县城的名字。举几个例子：Bedford, Burton, Hamilton, Hampshire, Sutton。作家杰克·伦敦的祖先可能就来自伦敦。来自庄园的名字From the name of an estate　　地主们的后代一般都用他们的属地、城堡、庄园或者地产的名字作为姓氏，比如Ernle或Staunton。这其中Windsor最有名，这是乔治五世为英国皇室家族选的姓氏。来自某地的地貌特征From a geographical feature of the landscape　　这个类别里的姓氏有：Bridge, Brooks, Bush, Camp, Fields, Forest, Greenwood, Grove, Hill, Knolles, Lake, Moore, Perry, Stone, Wold, Wood, and Woodruff等。作家玛格丽特?阿特伍德可能是某个曾经（住在树林里的）人的后代。来源于男用名、女用名或祖传下来的名字Patronymic, matronymic, or ancestral　　来源于男用名的姓氏有：Benson（本的儿子）、Davis, Dawson, Evans, Harris, Harrison, Jackson, Jones, Nicholson, Richardson, Robinson, Rogers, Simpson, Stephenson, Thompson, Watson, 以及 Wilson等。　　来源于女用名的姓氏有：Molson来源于 Moll), Madison (来源于 Maud), Emmott (来源于 Emma), 以及 Marriott (来源于 Mary)。　　苏格兰部落名称构成了姓氏中祖传下来的那一部分，包括：Armstrong, Cameron, Campbell, Crawford, Douglas, Forbes, Grant, Henderson, Hunter, MacDonald, 以及Stewart。表明“幕后老板”Signifying patronage　　有些姓氏是向雇主或提供庇护的人致敬，比如，Hickman表示他是Hick手下的人，Kilpatrick是Patrick的下属。来源：中国日报网
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TA的最新馆藏[转]&英语翻译_【地道英语】同时做很多事情_沪江英语
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【地道英语】同时做很多事情
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节目介绍：你知道英国人怎样讲英语吗？“地道英语”，新词新义，原汁原味。每周一三五更新。
全文听写，每个角色另起一行写内容，英式拼法
本集介绍：Jen tells Helen that she has a few 'irons in the fire' f
节目介绍：你知道英国人怎样讲英语吗？“地道英语”，新词新义，原汁原味。每周一三五更新。
全文听写，每个角色另起一行写内容，英式拼法
本集介绍：Jen tells Helen that she has a few 'irons in the fire' for her fortnight off work. Learn a phrase to describe having lots of options. Find out more with this programme.
The English We Speak
Joining me in the studio today is Helen. Hi Helen.
Hi Jen. I wasn't expecting to see you in the office today. I thought you were on leave?
No, that's next week. I'm taking two weeks off work and I can't wait.
Are you going on holiday?
I haven't planned anything just yet, but I do have a few irons in the fire that will keep me busy across the fortnight.
Irons in the fire? What do you mean? When did you become an ironmonger?
No, Helen, I'm not an ironmonger.
Because that could be great! I saw a lovely wrought-iron bed in a shop in London, but it was too expensive. Perhaps with your new iron-making skills you can make me one, instead.
I definitely don't have any iron-making skills.
But you said you had a few irons in the fire. Oh, I suppose you mean that you have got a lot of ironing to do. You do wear a lot of different clothes so I suppose it could take a long time to iron them all.
No, that's not what I meant.
So what did you mean when you said you have "a few irons in the fire"?
This is another English phrase which you shouldn't take too literally. If you have a few irons in the fire, it means that you have a few different projects or potential ideas going on at the same time.
I see. So you have a few irons in the fire because you have different options for your fortnight off?
That's right. I can't wait.
So tell me, Jen, what are your irons in the fire. What are you planning?
Well, I have a friend in Paris who I haven't seen for ages, so I could go there. I'd like to pop up to Scotland to visit my sister and her children for a few days. There's also a cheap deal to Turkey that I've seen and I already have some yoga classes booked in.
Wow, that's a lot.
There was one thing you were right about, though.
What's that?
I do have a huge pile of ironing to do! Join us again for another edition of The English We Speak . Bye for now.
Bye.你好，我是Jennifer.欢迎来到‘我们说英语’。今天来到这的是Helen。你好Helen！
Hi Jen。没想到今天会在这见到，我还以为在休假。
没有，是下个星期。我请了两周的假我都等不及了。
你怎么过假期？
我到现在还没任何计划，但是我那些在火上烤着的铁会让我这两周非常忙。
Helen：火上的铁？你什么意思？你什么时候变成五金商了？
Jen：不是，Helen，我不是五金商。
Helen：...那样就好了。我在了伦敦的一家店里看到一张铁床，就是太贵了...也许你可以用你的新的打铁技能帮我造个。
Jen：我必须没有任何打铁技能！
Helen：但是你刚提到你有铁在火上...哦，我想你是说你有很多熨烫的工作要做吧，你确实有很多不一样的衣服，所以这得花你不少时间去熨完它们..
Jen：不是，这不是我想说的意思。
Helen：那你说有铁在火上是什么意思？
Jen：这是另外一个英语短语，你没必要逐字地翻译。这句话的意思是你在做这个的时候想到那个。
Helen：我明白了。所以你有铁在火上是指你的假期有不同的选择。
Jen：对。我都等不了 。
Helen：那么告诉我，你的选项是——你打算怎么做？
Jen：好吧，我巴黎有个几年没见的朋友，我可以去那...我也想去苏格兰呆些日子，看看我姐姐和她的孩子们，给他们个惊喜..去土耳其也很便宜，然后我又订了瑜伽课。
Helen：哇，好多。
Jen：你有句是对的，但..
Helen：什么？
Jen：我确实有一堆熨烫的工作要做！
——译文来自: 旋转婲丶今天很累和我没有精神因为我知道我的英语很差，我不知道的英语知识很多。
This is a tired day , and i was so upset because i know my english is poor , i don't know so many english knowledge.
我坚信在我的课上你会学到有用而且有趣的很多英语知识。
Well, I am sure that you will get useful and interesting knowledge in my class. Let's enjoy English learning together.
在这里，我学到了很多课堂上没有的英语知识，我的英语成绩也有很大的进步。
In here, I have learned in very many classrooms no English knowledge, my English result also has the very big progress.
他从陈教授的讲座中学到很多 英语 知识。
She acquired a good knowledge of English from Mr. Chen's lectures.
我每天都会遇到很多人，他们有着丰富的英语知识，但是缺乏英语技能，尤其是在听说方面。
I meet people daily who have a lot of English knowledge, but who have no English ability, especially in speaking and listening.
教师往往很难兼顾到所有的学生，而学生往往需要面对很多不合适的学习材料，最后造成英语语法知识方面的很多漏洞。
Often, teachers fail to take into thorough account of every student, while many students find it hard to have a good knowledge of English grammar when exposed to materials unfit for them.
下午我跟英国的朋友用英语对话，还懂得了很多英语知识，他们还送了一本英语课外知识的书。
Each school, I sometimes went to the library of books on English, a view that is 30minutes, the harvest has been so many.
然而相对缺乏的英语语法知识却使我在写作中遇到很多障碍。
However when it comes to English, I always forget the Rule of English grammar.
我的英语老师是个很有耐心的老师，所以我学到了很多宝贵的知识。晚上写点作业，9点去睡觉。
My English teacher is a patient teacher, so I learned many valuable knowledge. Night written some homework, 9 to go to sleep.
传统的英语专业教学一直忽视人文知识的传授，致使英语专业的学生在人文社会科学上的知识上有所欠缺，也引起很多专家学者的关注。
The inadequate knowledge of humanistic science among English majors has been a problem that raises quite a lot of attention among educators and scholars in the English teaching field.
很多人开始尝试把篇章知识引入高中英语阅读教学，其中比较成功的就有以语篇分析为理论基础的整体教学法。
Therefore many scholars attempt to introduce discourse analysis theory into reading teaching in high school, resulting in rationale overall teaching method which has turned out to be a success.
通过这种方式，他们能学到很多书本以外的英语知识。
In this way, they learn a lot English, not just in the text, in the text books, in the classrooms.
他从陈教授的讲座中学到很多英语知识。
C. She acquired a good knowledge of English from Mr. Chen's lectures.
他从陈教授的讲座中学到很多英语知识。
C. She acquired a good knowledge of English from Mr. Chen's lectures.
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感谢您的反馈，我们会尽快进行适当修改！表示“很多”的英语单词或词组
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1 ）a (large) number of / (large) numbers of + 可数名词复数
A number of birds have flown to the south.
许多的鸟已经飞去南方.
Large numbers of visitors are from all over the world. 很多旅游者都是来自世界各地.
2）a large/huge amount of / large amounts of + 不可数名词
A large amount of milk is overdue. 大量的牛奶都过期了.
Large amounts of money were spent on the subway. 这地铁费了很多钱.
3）a lot of/ lots of + 可数名词复数/不可数名词
There is a lot of water in the pool.
池子里有很多的水.
Lots of leaves of trees have fallen down the ground in the autumn. 秋天里,许多树叶已经从树上掉了下来.
4）plenty of +可数名词复数/不可数名词
There are plenty of cars on the freeway. 高速路上有很多的汽车.
I have plenty of time to do my homework. 我有很多时间去做家庭作业.
5）a good/great many + 可数名词复数
A great many people on the square are looking at a strange man. 广场上很多人都在看一个怪人.
6）many a + 可数名词单数
Many a scientist has gone to the lonely island. 不止一个科学家去过那个偏僻的小岛. 1.很多的：many
修饰可数much
修饰不可数a lot of =lots of
修饰可数,不可数均可plenty of
修饰可数,不可数均可,一般用于肯定句中a number of
修饰可数the number of 的意思是“某物的数量”不是许多的意思,这个某物肯定是可数的,要不哪里来的数量2.很少的：a little 修饰不可数a few
修饰可数3.几乎没有：little
修饰不可数few
修饰可数4.一些：some any
都可以修饰可数和不可数但是some 用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句特别的用于征询对方,希望得到肯定答复时some可用于疑问句例：Would you like some coffee? 另外这些是在学习网站上找到的..、修饰可数名词.表示“许多”的词和词组有：many,a great／good many,a great／large／small number of,scores of,dozens of.eg:There are many people in the park．公园里有许多人.I'm quite busy；I have a great many things to do．我非常忙,我有很多事情要做.She bought dozens of eggs yesterday morning．她昨天上午买了许多鸡蛋.I have heard that scores of times．那件事我已听过很多遍了.注意：1．many用作代词,表示“许多人,许多”的意思.Many of them have left for the countryside．他们中有许多人到农村去了.2．Many a／an也表示“很多的,许多的”的意思,后接可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数形式.Many a young man wants to speak English．许多年轻人想说英语.3．a great／good many用作代词,表示“很多东西／人”的意思.A great many of them are out of work．他们中的很多人失业了.4．the number of．．．表示“．．．的数目”’谓语动词用单数形式.The number of books missing from the school library is large．学校图书馆丢失书的数目很大.二、修饰不可数名词.表示“许多”的词和词组有：much,a great／good deal of,a large／small amount of.There is a great deal of snow on the ground．地面上有很多雪.I have spent a good deal of time／money on stamp collecting．我在集邮上花费了很多时间／钱.A million dollars is a large amount of money to me．100万美元对我来说是一笔钱.There is only a small amount of food．只有一点食物.注意：1．much用作代词,表示“许多,大量”的意思.I couldn't write much into day's exam．在今天的考试中我没答出多少.2．a great／good deal用作代词,表示“很多,大量”的意思.He ate a great deal．他吃了很多.3．a great／good deal用作副词,作状语,修饰形容词,特别是形容词比较级,意思是“非常,．．．得多”；也可修饰动词,意思是“很多”.He ran a good deal faster than I.他跑得比我快得多.“Do you walk much?”“Yes,a good deal．”“你常步行吗?”“是的,次数很多.”4．the amount of．．．作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.The amount of money spent on the bridge was large．这座桥耗资巨大. 5．1arge amounts of．．．作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge．建这座桥花费了大量资金.三、修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词.表示“许多”的词组有；a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a great／1arge／small quantity of,A lot of／Lots of people went swimming yesterday．昨天很多人去游泳.A lot of／Lots of work is to be done this week．本周将有许多工作要做. We have plenty of cakes．Take some more．我们有很多蛋糕,多吃些吧!Don't hurry．There is plenty of time．不用急,还有充足的时间.注意：1．a lot用作名词,表示“很多,多数”的意思. He knew a lot about it. 关于那件事他知道得很多.2．a lot用作副词,修饰形容词和动词,表示“非常,相当”的意思.He is feeling a lot better today．他今天感觉好多了.I like him quite a lot．我非常喜欢他. She laughed a lot．她笑得很厉害.3,plenty of只用于肯定句,在疑问句或否定句中一般用enough表示“足够”. Do you have enough time?你的时间够用吗? They don't have enough time．他们没有足够的时间.4,a large(great,small)quantity of后面跟不可数名词,亦可跟可数名词的复数.跟不可数名词时,谓语动词要用单数形式；跟可数名词的复数时,谓语动词要用复数形式.A small quantity of water is needed．需要少量的水.There are a large quantity of flowers in the garden．庭园里有很多花.5．great／large quantities of无论跟不可数名词,还是跟可数名词的复数,谓语动词都要用复数形式. Large quantities of food were on the table．桌子上有很多食物.
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其他类似问题
lots of ,a great of ,a lot of,a great many, plenty of, a number of ,large
lot of/a great/a good many
,a great deal of ,much
,plent of (单复都可）
表示数量多的：many （用于可数名词)
much(用于不可数词）
great （large）
number ofmany
a+名词的单数形式 plenty
of好像只记得这些了，也是比较实用的几个吧。。。
a great deal of ,many, a large number of , tremendous，
a great many， plenty of， a number of，lots of， a
lot of . a large amount of
lots ofplenty ofmanymucha great deal ofa number oflarge number of
numerous amount of abundanta plenty of a good many an overwhelmed majority of a large quantity of large quantities of
1.接可数名词 (复数）many ,a large number of, a great many,scores of，dozens of2.接不可数名词 much ,a large amount of,a great deal of ,a good deal of3.既可以接可数名词，也可接不可数名词 lots of, a lot of,plenty of,a great quantity of,large quantities of常见的就是这些了
a lot of，lots of可以接任何形式的名词a great number of,many可以接复数名词much接不可数名词
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