国外药物制剂创新之路有什么药物治疗低级别中心性骨肉瘤?

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经典型骨肉瘤临床诊断及治疗专家共识
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《专家共识》编写组成员&&&&&&组长:     牛晓辉& 教授(北京积水潭医院)副组长:    王 洁& 教授(北京大学肿瘤医院)审阅专家:   孙 燕& 院士(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院)&&&&&&&&&&&&&  秦叔逵& 教授(中国人民解放军第八一医院)&CSCO骨肉瘤专家委员会顾问&&&&&& 孙 燕    中国医学科学院肿瘤医院&&& 肿瘤内科&&&&&&   徐万鹏    北京世纪坛医院&&&     骨肿瘤科&&&&&&   Gerald Rosen& NYU Cancer Institute (USA)肿瘤内科主任委员&&&牛晓辉&&&   北京积水潭医院&&&     骨肿瘤科副主任委员&徐兵河&&   中国医学科学院肿瘤医院  肿瘤内科&&&&&&   王 洁&&& && 北京大学肿瘤医院&&&  && 肿瘤内科委员&&&&&& 陈克能    北京大学肿瘤医院&  &&&& 胸外科     &郭 卫    北京大学人民医院&&&&&&  骨肿瘤科&&&&&&   胡夕春&&&   上海复旦肿瘤医院&&&&&&   肿瘤内科&&&&&&   黄慧强&&&   广州中山大学肿瘤医院&&&&&&肿瘤内科&&&&&&   李建民&&&   山东大学齐鲁医院&&&&&&   骨肿瘤科&&&&&&   李龙芸&&&   北京协和医院&&&&&&     呼吸内科&&&&&&   李晓莉&&&   哈尔滨医科大学肿瘤医院&&& 肿瘤内科&&&&&&   刘文超&&&   第四军医大学西京医院&&&&&&肿瘤内科&&&&&&   刘秀峰&&&   解放军第八一医院&&&&&&   肿瘤内科&&&&&&   沈靖南&&&   中山大学附属第一医院&&&&&&骨肿瘤科&&&&&&   王佳玉&&&   中国医学科学院肿瘤医院&&& 肿瘤内科&&&&&&   王潍博&&&   山东省立医院&&&&&&     肿瘤内科&&&&&&   王 臻&&&&&& &第四军医大学西京医院&&&&&&骨肿瘤科&&&&&&   吴 穷&&&&&&& 蚌埠医学院附属医院&&&   肿瘤内科&&&&&&   于秀淳&&&   山东省济南军区总院&&&   骨肿瘤科&&&&&&   张 清&&&&&&& 北京积水潭医院&&&     骨肿瘤科&&&&&&   张伟滨&&&   上海交通大学瑞金医院&&&&& 骨科&《经典型骨肉瘤临床诊断及治疗专家共识》正文定义经典型骨肉瘤是原发于髓腔内的高度恶性肿瘤,肿瘤细胞产生骨样组织,可能是极少量。Conventional osteosarcoma is a primary intramedullary high grade malignant tumor in which the neoplastic cells produce osteoid, even if only in small amounts.&引自:《Pathology & Genetics – Tumours of Soft tissue and Bone》World Health Organization Classification of Tumors 2002&流行病学最常见的原发恶性骨肿瘤主要发生于儿童和青少年,中位发病年龄为20岁经典型骨肉瘤占所有骨肉瘤的80%最常见发病部位:股骨远端和胫骨近端首发症状常为疼痛及肿胀最常见的转移方式:血行转移至肺&预后影响预后的主要因素:肿瘤部位是否存在转移及转移部位对化疗的组织学反应化疗应用前预后极差,80%患者会因为转移而死亡多药新辅助及辅助化疗,75%患者可治愈90%的患者接受保肢治疗初诊时即发现有肺转移的患者也可治愈肿瘤发病机制及病因学不详&诊断与治疗强调多学科协作核心学科  骨肿瘤外科医生  骨病理科医生  肿瘤内科医生  放疗科医生  骨影像科医生可能需要学科  胸外科医生  整形外科医生  介入科医生  血管科医生  心理科医生  诊断有恶性征象的患者应转诊至专科医院或综合医院的专科进行诊治所有疑似病人活检后应完成分期分期应行如下检查:  胸部CT,骨扫描,查找转移瘤  局部影像学检查(X线、CT、MRI)  血常规,乳酸脱氢酶,碱性磷酸酶&影像学检查骨内始发骨破坏可破坏骨皮质可在骨外形成软组织肿块可伴有骨膜反应病变基质可为成骨、溶骨或混合病变局部可见卫星病灶及跳跃转移可有肺转移灶&原发部位病变影像检查包括:X线CTMRI全身骨扫描&X线表现  骨质破坏  骨膜反应  不规则新生骨&CT  显示骨破坏状况  显示肿瘤内部矿化程度  强化后可显示肿瘤的血运状态  肿瘤与血管的关系  肿瘤在骨与软组织中的范围MRI  软组织显示清楚  对术前计划非常有用  可显示肿瘤在软组织内侵及范围  骨内侵及范围  发现跳跃病灶  骨扫描  有助于发现其他无症状病变&实验室检查碱性磷酸酶(AKP)可升高乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)可升高血常规&病理学检查组织学表现符合经典型骨肉瘤定义&活检治疗前一定要行活检术应在外科治疗单位行活检术活检应在影像学检查完备后活检位置选择对以后的保肢手术非常重要活检时应注意避免骨折骨肿瘤科、放射科及病理科三结合诊断非常重要需要新鲜标本行分子生物学研究不恰当活检会造成患者不良后果带芯针吸活检:推荐切开活检:带芯针吸活检失败后冰冻活检:污染范围大,组织学检测不可靠切除活检:避免&外科分期–&&& 外科分期系统,由美国骨骼肌肉系统肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society,MSTS)提出,推荐使用&–&&& 外科分级 (G),–&&& 局部侵袭 (T)–&&& 是否存在区域或远隔转移 (M).&恶性程度(G):病程 症状 组织学检查&局部侵袭(T):影像学检查, 累及间室情况&X线:肿瘤的表现及累及范围CT:骨破坏程度及特点,与血管关系MRI:肿瘤局部累及范围,显示卫星灶、跳跃转移骨扫描: 显示病灶及卫星灶、跳跃转移PET-CT:肿瘤局部累及范围,显示卫星灶、跳跃转移&转移(M):影像学检查骨扫描: 显示其它骨受累可能胸部CT:检查肺转移可能PET-CT:骨及软组织、内脏受累可能骨肉瘤常见分期类型:IIA(G2T1M0):骨内、未转移IIB (G2T2M0):已累及骨外软组织,未转移IIIA (G2T1M1):骨内、已有区域或远隔转移IIIB (G2T2M1):已累及骨外软组织,已有区域或远隔转移&TNM 分期系统,由美国癌症联合会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)提出–&&& 组织学级别 (G)–&&& 肿瘤大小 (T)–&&& 是否存在区域转移 (N)–&&& 是否存在远隔转移 (M).&治疗原则推荐术前化疗、疗效评估、外科手术、术后辅助化疗模式由多学科医生共同治疗新辅助化疗对局限性病变有效不能耐受高强度化疗的骨肉瘤患者,建议即刻手术手术外科边界应为广泛(截肢或保肢)术后化疗可明显提高患者生存率广泛切除术术后病理证实术前化疗反应好的,术后应继续术前化疗方案广泛切除术术后病理证实术前化疗反应不好的,术后应改变化疗方案术前化疗后仍不能切除的肿瘤,可行放疗.经胸外科医生分析讨论后认为可以完全切除的,预后接近未转移患者&术前化疗推荐药物:大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX-CF)、异环磷酰胺(IFO)、阿霉素(ADM)、顺铂(DDP)给药方式:序贯用药或联合用药&&&&&&每个患者要选用两种以上药物动脉或静脉给药(MTX、IFO不适合动脉给药)药物强度:维持总的药物剂量强度(推荐剂量)甲氨蝶呤&&&&&& 8-10g/m2/2w异环磷酰胺&&&& 15g/m2/3w阿霉素&&&&&&&& 90mg/ m2/2w顺铂&&&&&&&&&& 120-140mg/ m2/2w保证化疗剂量强度&疗效评估(RECIST)临床表现症状变化肢体周径差变化&影像学检查:X线:肿瘤的表现及累及范围变化CT:骨破坏程度变化MRI:肿瘤局部累及范围、卫星灶、跳跃转移变化骨扫描: 范围及浓集度变化术前化疗反应好表现:症状减轻界限清晰骨化完全肿块缩小核素浓集减低&外科治疗应达到广泛或根治性外科边界切除对于个别病例,截肢更能达到肿瘤局部控制的作用如能预测术后功能良好,应行保肢术化疗反应好是保肢治疗的前提无论是截肢还是保肢,术后都应进行康复训练&保肢适应症:ⅡA期肿瘤化疗有效的ⅡB期肿瘤重要血管神经束未受累软组织覆盖完好预计保留肢体功能优于义肢远隔转移不是保肢的禁忌症&&截肢适应症:患者要求截肢化疗无效的ⅡB期肿瘤重要血管神经束受累缺乏保肢后骨或软组织重建条件预计义肢功能优于保肢III期患者不是截肢手术的禁忌症&&&重建方法:骨重建重建支撑及关节功能生物重建非生物重建软组织重建动力重建提供良好覆盖&术后外科边界和肿瘤坏死率评价标本外科边界:标本各方向均达到广泛以上的外科边界肿瘤坏死率评估(Huvos方法)Ⅰ级:几乎未见化疗所致的肿瘤坏死Ⅱ级:化疗轻度有效,肿瘤组织坏死率&50%,尚存有活的肿瘤组织Ⅲ级:化疗部分有效,肿瘤组织坏死率&90%,部分组织切片上可见残留的存活的肿瘤组织Ⅳ级:所有组织切片未见活的肿瘤组织Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级为化疗反应好,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级为化疗反应差  术后化疗推荐药物:大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX-CF)、异环磷酰胺、阿霉素、顺铂药物选择:术前化疗反应好:维持术前化疗药物种类和剂量强度术前化疗反应差:更换药物或加大剂量强度给药方式:序贯用药或联合用药每个患者要选用两种以上药物动脉或静脉给药(MTX、IFO不适合动脉给药)药物强度:维持总的药物剂量强度(推荐剂量)甲氨蝶呤&&&&&& 8-10g/m2/2w异环磷酰胺&&&& 15g/m2/3w阿霉素&&&&&&&& 90mg/ m2/2w顺铂&&&&&&&&&& 120-140mg/ m2/2w保证化疗剂量强度&随访复查多学科介入治疗结束后即应开始随访长期随访肿瘤转移放、化疗潜在副反应手术并发症时间:最初2年,每3月一次第3年,每4月一次第4、5年,每6月一次以后,每年一次至术后10年检查包括全面体检胸部CT局部X线骨扫描功能评分&复发再次进行化疗广泛切除或截肢边缘阳性者应进行扩大切除手术或放疗进展病变进行姑息性切除或截肢不能切除者应进行放疗肿瘤远隔转移也应考虑手术治疗支持治疗强烈建议加入临床观察研究&《经典型骨肉瘤临床诊断及治疗专家共识》解读&一、流行病学骨肉瘤是最常见的骨原发恶性肿瘤,年发病大约为2-3/100万,占人类恶性肿瘤的0.2%,占原发骨肿瘤的11.7%1-7。骨肉瘤好发于青少年,大约75%的患者发病年龄在15-25岁,中位发病年龄为20岁,小于6岁或者大于60岁发病相对罕见。本病男性多于女性,比例约为1.4:1,这种差异在20岁前尤其明显。大约80%-90%的骨肉瘤发生在长管状骨,最常见发病部位是股骨远端和胫骨近端,其次是肱骨近端,这三个部位大约占到所有肢体骨肉瘤的85%8-11。骨肉瘤主要发生在干骺端,发生于骺端和骨干的病例相对罕见。多数患者的首发症状常为疼痛和肿胀,前者发生要早于后者,大约90%的患者在影像学上有软组织肿块,但不是都表现为局部肿胀。肺转移为最常见的转移部位12。历史上,截肢是治疗骨肉瘤的标准方法,仅10%-20%的患者能够长期存活,即便存活,截肢治疗也给患者带来严重的肢体功能障碍。随着现代影像学的不断进步,外科技术的不断提高,尤其是化疗的广泛应用,骨肉瘤的综合治疗水平大幅提高,骨肉瘤的保肢治疗成为趋势,五年存活率可提高至50-75%13-19。二、预后目前影响骨肉瘤预后的主要因素有:肿瘤部位、是否存在转移及转移部位、对化疗的组织学反应等20-25。发生于脊柱和骨盆等中轴骨部位的骨肉瘤预后明显差于肢体骨肉瘤,发生肺转移或其他部位转移的患者预后要差,肿瘤坏死率评估结果对化疗反应差的患者的预后要差26-32。既往骨肉瘤患者预后极差,80%患者会因为转移而死亡。随着化疗的引入,多药新辅助及辅助化疗,75%的患者可长期存活,90%的患者可保肢治疗。即使是初诊时即发现有肺转移的患者也有可能治愈。骨肉瘤的病因和发病机制仍不明确33-35。病毒是可能的致病因素,原因在于动物实验研究证明病毒可诱发骨肉瘤。也有文献报道环境中电离辐射可诱发骨肉瘤。尽管肉瘤患者常有创伤史,但创伤事件和骨肉瘤的发生之间是否存在因果关系还不确定。放射治疗是继发骨肉瘤的较公认的危险因素36-41。三、诊断与治疗强调多学科协作肿瘤的诊断与治疗是一个多学科的问题,需要多学科协作,骨肉瘤也不例外。目前骨肉瘤的诊断是临床、影像、病理三者相结合,其后续治疗也涉及多个学科,因此多学科协作在骨肉瘤诊治中起重要作用42-47。共识推荐骨肉瘤多学科协作组的核心学科为:骨肿瘤外科、骨病理科、肿瘤内科、放疗科及骨影像科医生;可能需要的学科有胸外科、整形外科、介入科、血管科及心理科医生48。骨肿瘤外科、骨病理科、肿瘤内科、骨影像科及放疗科医生是骨肉瘤多学科协作团队的核心,是骨肉瘤治疗队伍中不可缺少的一部分,他们与骨肉瘤患者的接触最早、最密切、也最频繁,在骨肉瘤患者的诊断和治疗中扮演着非常重要的角色。骨肿瘤外科、骨影像科及病理科医生三者相结合方能正确诊断骨肉瘤11, 49, 50。骨肿瘤外科医生、肿瘤内科医生、放疗科医生别代表了肿瘤治疗的三种主要方法:外科手术、内科化疗及放疗。手术是骨肉瘤患者最主要的治疗方法。而化疗是骨肉瘤的重要辅助治疗手段,在骨肉瘤的综合治疗中占有重要的地位。目前骨肉瘤化疗主要作用为提高保肢率和长期生存率,对于转移的晚期骨肉瘤患者,化疗是可选择的最主要治疗方法。骨肉瘤是一种对放疗不敏感的肿瘤,在大剂量放疗后大多数患者仍有明显的肿瘤残存,局部控制率低,因此不能用单纯放疗来治愈骨肉瘤。放疗的作用主要是辅助性治疗或姑息治疗,对于不能手术切除的病变或拒绝截肢的患者,局部放疗有一定的作用。骨肉瘤肺转移是制约骨肉瘤患者5年生存率的瓶颈之一12。对于发生肺转移的患者,肺转移灶应以手术切除为主,化疗、放疗的综合治疗可以使患者生存期延长并少部分患者获得长期生存,这在国内外已基本达到共识51-58。骨肉瘤患者出现肺转移,如果病灶可以切除且患者的身体情况和肺功能能够耐受切除手术时,进行手术切除受累的肺组织是可选的治疗方式59, 60。骨肉瘤的治疗是一个综合过程,除去上述的常规治疗,部分骨肉瘤患者的外科治疗需要进行皮瓣、肌瓣移植,这时需要整形外科医生的参与;在骨肉瘤化疗中,部分药物可以通过动脉灌注的形式给药,也可能需要栓塞治疗或血管造影,因此需要介入科医师参与;有些骨肉瘤侵及重要血管,为行保肢治疗,有时需要血管科医生辅助进行血管移植术;骨肉瘤患者,尤其是青少年患者,在治疗过程中可能经历截肢、化疗反应、手术打击等重大事件,心理科医生能评估患者的心理状态,并提供适宜的心理干预,帮助他们建立治疗肿瘤的信心。四、诊断40岁以下患者出现进行性的疼痛及骨病变,平片上显示骨破坏、病灶边缘不清,恶性原发性骨肿瘤的可能性很大,应转到专业的骨肿瘤中心进行进一步的诊断。40岁以上患者,即使既往有恶性肿瘤病史,也不能排除原发骨肉瘤的可能,同样应转诊到专业的骨肿瘤诊治中心就诊61。所有疑似骨肉瘤患者标准诊断步骤应包括体检、原发病灶的影像学检查(X线平片,局部磁共振成像(MRI)和/或增强CT扫描)、骨扫描、胸部影像学检查(胸部CT是首选的用于发现肺转移的影像学检查手段)和实验室检查(如血常规(CBC)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP));然后进行活检获得组织学诊断,最后完成骨肉瘤分期诊断。有条件者可考虑应用PET-CT对肿瘤进行辅助分期及疗效评估4, 9, 62-65。1. 临床表现骨肉瘤的病史常为1-3个月,局部疼痛为早期症状,可发生在肿块出现以前,起初为间断性疼痛,渐转为持续性剧烈疼痛,尤以夜间为甚。骨端近关节处肿瘤大,硬度不一,有压痛,局部温度高,静脉扩张,有时可触及搏动,可有病理骨折3, 28, 66。2. 影像学表现X线表现为骨皮质破坏、不规则新生骨。在长管状骨,多于干骺端发病。CT则可显示骨破坏状况、显示肿瘤内部矿化程度、强化后可显示肿瘤的血运状况、肿瘤与血管的关系、在骨与软组织中的范围。MRI对软组织显示清楚,对术前计划非常有用、可显示肿瘤在软组织内侵及范围、骨髓腔内侵及范围、发现跳跃病灶。CT或MRI确定的肿瘤范围的精确性已被手术切除标本所证实, 因此 CT或MRI是骨肉瘤影像学检查的必要手段。CT可以较好地显示皮质破坏的界限以及三维的解剖情况63, 64, 67-70。与 CT相比,MRI在显示肿瘤的软组织侵犯方面更具优势, 能精确显示肿瘤与邻近肌肉、皮下脂肪、关节以及主要神经血管束的关系。另外,MRI可以很好地显示病变远近端的髓腔情况,以及发现有无跳跃转移71-74。在某些情况下,可以选择DSA(数字减影血管造影)检查明确血管与肿瘤的关系。3. 实验室检查实验室检查如乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶与骨肉瘤诊断与预后相关,应在患者接受新辅助化疗前进行,在化疗的过程中应监测血常规及肝肾功能,需要注意的是,这些实验室检查在治疗和随访期间应定期复查75-77。4. 病理学检查组织学表现符合骨肉瘤定义,即原发于髓腔内的高度恶性肿瘤,肿瘤细胞可产生骨样组织。该定义说明两个问题:其一,肿瘤起源于髓腔,并且是高度恶性肿瘤;其二,肿瘤细胞能够产生骨样组织,不管量的多少5, 32。当病变的临床和影像学表现都提示为比较典型的骨肉瘤时,常用穿刺活检确诊78-81。外科治疗前一定要行活检术,一般来说,没有遵循适当的活检程序可能引致不良的治疗效果,活检位置选择对以后的保肢手术非常重要,穿刺点必须位于最终手术的切口线部位,以便于最终手术时能够切除穿刺道,因此建议在拟行外科治疗的医院、由最终手术医生或其助手进行活检术。活检时注意避免骨折,推荐进行带芯针吸活检(Core needle biopsy),穿刺活检失败后可行切开活检。尽量避免切除活检,不推荐冰冻活检。细针活检(Fine needle biopsy)在某些骨肿瘤中心也作为常规的活检诊断方法,但需要有经验的病理科医生配合。活检应尽量获得较多的组织,以便病理科进行常规的病理检查,还可对新鲜标本进行分子生物学分析82-84。5. 分期目前临床上使用最为广泛的分期系统是Enneking提出的外科分期系统85,此分期系统与肿瘤的预后有很好的相关性,后被美国骨骼肌肉系统肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society,MSTS) 及国际保肢协会采纳,又称MSTS外科分期。此系统根据肿瘤的组织学级别 (G,低度恶性:Ⅰ期;高度恶性:Ⅱ期)和局部累及范围 (T,A:间室内;B:间室外) 对局限性恶性骨肿瘤进行分期,肿瘤的间室状态取决于肿瘤是否突破骨皮质,出现远隔转移(M)的患者为Ⅲ期(表1)。表1 Enneking外科分期分期&&&&& 分级&&&&&&& 部位&&&&&& 转移ⅠA&&&&&&& G1&&&&&&&&& T1&&&&&&& &&M0ⅠB&&&&&&& G1&&&&&&&&& T2&&&&&&&&& M0ⅡA&&&&&&& G2&&&&&&&&& T1&&&&&&&&& M0ⅡB&&&&&&& G2&&&&&&&&& T2&&&&&&&&& M0ⅢA&&&&&&& G1~2&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& T1&&&&&&&&& M1ⅢB&&&&&&& G1~2&&&&&&& T1~2&&&&&&& M1临床上肿瘤内科医生更为熟悉的分期系统是2010年美国癌症联合委员会提出的TNM分期系统86(表2)。该系统按照肿瘤大小(T)、累及区域(N)、远处转移(M)和病理学分级(G)进行分类。表2 美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)骨肉瘤TNM分期系统(第七版)原发肿瘤(T)TX&& 原发肿瘤无法评估T0&& 无原发肿瘤证据T1&& 肿瘤最大径小于或等于200pxT2&& 肿瘤最大径大于200pxT3&& 原发部位的不连续肿瘤&区域淋巴结(N)NX& 区域淋巴结不能评价&&&N0&& 无区域淋巴结转移N1&& 区域淋巴结转移。&远处转移(M)M0& 无远处转移M1& 远处转移M1a肺转移M1b其它远处转移&病理学分级(G)GX&&&&& 不能估价病理学分级。G1&&&&& 高分化。G2&&&&& 中度分化。G3&&&&& 低分化。G4&&&&& 未分化。&分期分组ⅠA期&&& GX,G1,2, T1,N0, M0ⅠB期&&& GX,& G1,2, T2,N0, M0&&&&&&&& GX,& G1,2, T3,N0, M0ⅡA期&&& G3, 4,& T1,N0, M0ⅡB期&&& G3, 4,& T2,N0, M0Ⅲ期&&&& G3, 4,T3, N0, M0ⅣA期&&& 任何G,任何T,N0,M1aⅣB期&&& 任何G,任何T,N1,任何M&&&&&&&& 任何G,任何T,任何N,M1b五、治疗目前骨肉瘤治疗通常采用术前化疗-外科手术-术后化疗即新辅助化疗加手术的综合治疗模式,治疗也强调多学科协作87-91。1. 辅助化疗尽管20世纪60年代就有学者进行试验性骨肉瘤化疗,但直到20世纪60年代Rosen、 Jaffe等人相继将这些药物联合用于骨肉瘤的术后治疗,骨肉瘤的辅助化疗(术后化疗)才真正拉开了序幕42, 57。多中心骨肉瘤协作组(Multi-Institutional Osteosarcoma Study, MIOS)和加州大学洛杉矶医院(University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA)进行了前瞻性的随机对照研究证实另外辅助化疗的确切疗效,辅助化疗组和单纯手术组的2年生存率分别为63%和12%(P&0.01)92。此后,众多数据均显示了辅助化疗能够显著提高患者生存率13, 92-112,其主要原因在于化疗能够杀灭肺微小转移灶或者延迟肺转移灶出现的时间。目前观点认为:术前化疗疗效好的,术后可维持术前化疗药物种类和剂量强度;术前化疗疗效不好的则需更换药物或加大剂量强度。建议骨肉瘤患者术后化疗维持总的药物剂量强度,用药时间:8-12个月(12-18周期)。需要说明的是,国际上关于骨肉瘤的化疗方案众多,包括多个版本的T方案112, 113、不同历史时期的COSS方案110, 114和Rizzoli方案13, 115, 116等等,但是,尽管不同的治疗中心采用的具体方案各异,但由于使用的类似的药物种类和剂量强度,其治疗效果是类似的。因此,本版共识并不推荐化疗方案,但强调药物种类和剂量强度。应注意的是骨肉瘤化疗剂量大、毒性高,各中心均出现过因化疗毒副作用而导致病人死亡的情况。各治疗单位应根据本单位的能力及经验,合理调整骨肉瘤化疗的剂量强度,以保障病人的医疗安全。2. 新辅助化疗20世纪70年代,随着辅助化疗的疗效被进一步肯定,骨肉瘤的外科技术也有了快速的发展,使得一部分患者可以接受人工假体置换而避免截肢。但人工假体的个体化设计和生产在当时大约需要2~3个月的时间,Rosen113等为了避免患者在等待手术这段时间无治疗,设计了一个术前化疗方案T5,即给予甲氨蝶呤(200 mg/kg)、长春新碱(15 mg/m2)和多柔比星(45 mg/m2)化疗,每种药物循环一次后手术,这就是最早的新辅助化疗方案。后续美国儿童肿瘤协作组(Pediatric Oncology Group, POG)也设计了一项随机对照研究117,一组为诊断后立即手术,另一组患者术前接受新辅助化疗,结果显示两组患者的生存率没有差别。同样,德奥肉瘤协作组(The Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group,COSS)114和Sloan Kettering纪念肿瘤中心的回顾性分析均证实是否进行新辅助化疗并不影响生存率。另外,同样基于该研究结果,对于不能保肢的患者,则可以直接进行广泛外科边界以上的截肢手术治疗后行术后化疗,患者总体生存率不会因为没有行术前化疗而受到影响。目前观点认为,新辅助化疗并不能在辅助化疗的基础上提高生存率,但至少有以下优点:化疗期间有足够的时间进行保肢手术设计;诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,促使肿瘤边界清晰化,使得外科手术更易于进行;有效的新辅助化疗可以有效地降低术后复发率,使得保肢手术可以更安全地进行13, 115, 118-137。对于术前化疗后仍不能切除的肿瘤,可行放疗治疗。骨肉瘤术前化疗推荐药物为大剂量甲氨蝶呤、异环磷酰胺、阿霉素、顺铂138, 139,给药方式可考虑序贯用药或联合用药,每个患者要选用两种以上药物,动脉或静脉给药(MTX、IFO不适合动脉给药),我们推荐剂量的范围为:甲氨蝶呤8-10g/m2/2w,异环磷酰胺15g/m2/3w,阿霉素90mg/m2/3w,顺铂120-140mg /m2/2w,用药时间达4-6周期(2-3个月)140。广泛切除术术后病理证实疗效好的,术后应继续术前化疗方案;广泛切除术术后病理证实疗效不好的,术后应改变化疗方案或增加剂量强度125, 141, 142。3. 新辅助化疗的疗效评估骨肉瘤患者术前需评估新辅助化疗疗效,从临床表现、肢体周径变化上可以获取化疗疗效好坏的初步判断,后续需通过影像学检查(X线:肿瘤的表现及累及范围变化;CT:骨破坏程度变化;MRI:肿瘤局部累及范围、卫星灶、跳跃转移变化;骨扫描:范围及浓集度变化;PET-CT:肿瘤局部累及范围及骨外病灶变化)来进一步评估。术前化疗反应好可以从症状减轻、影像学上肿瘤界限变清晰、骨化更完全、肿块缩小、核素浓集减低上表现出来。骨肉瘤化疗疗效的评价包括了临床症状和体征、影像学、实验室检查和组织病理学等多方面综合评定,其中最重要的是组织病理学对肿瘤坏死率的评估。研究人员以术后标本中肿瘤细胞的构成和坏死情况为基础,制定了多种病理评分标准,但是都有一定的主观性,而且结果受取材部位的影响。因此要求多点,足量取材。关于肿瘤坏死率评估的具体技术方法和标准,文献报道各个中心不尽相同,其中Huvos评级系统是至今应用最为广泛的方法(表3)111。肿瘤坏死率Ⅲ-Ⅳ级者为化疗反应好,推荐术后化疗采用与术前相同化疗方案;肿瘤坏死率Ⅰ-Ⅱ级者为化疗反应差,提示远期预后差,术后应改变化疗方案。术前化疗疗效持续不佳的患者应考虑外科手术治疗。由于挽救化疗(salvage chemotherapy)的疗效一直没有被严格施行的随机对照临床试验所证实,因此,尽管肿瘤坏死率评估的意义临床价值明显小于科研价值,同时由于中国国情,目前,在国内广泛开展肿瘤坏死率是不现实的,因此其应用并没有在本版共识中详述。表3& Huvos的评级系统Ⅰ级:几乎未见化疗所致的肿瘤坏死Ⅱ级:化疗轻度有效,肿瘤组织坏死率>50%,尚存有活的肿瘤组织Ⅲ级:化疗部分有效,肿瘤组织坏死率&&& &90%,部分组织切片上可见残留&&&&& 的存活的肿瘤组织Ⅳ级:所有组织切片未见活的肿瘤组织4. 外科治疗(1)手术方式的选择四肢骨肉瘤的外科治疗方式通常分为截肢和保肢两种。在20世纪70年代以前,由于局部复发率高且瘤段截除后缺乏有效的重建方法,临床上常采用截肢术,直到现在,截肢仍然是治疗骨肉瘤的重要手段之一,包括经骨截肢和关节离断术。其优点在于能最大限度的切除原发病灶,手术操作简单,无需特别技术及设备,而且费用低廉,术后并发症少,术后即可尽快施行化疗以及其他辅助治疗控制和杀灭原发病灶以外的转移。截肢的适应症包括:患者要求截肢、化疗无效的ⅡB期肿瘤、重要血管神经束受累、缺乏保肢后骨或软组织重建条件、预计义肢功能优于保肢5, 29, 143-147。目前,大约90%的患者可接受保肢治疗,保肢适应证为:ⅡA期肿瘤、化疗有效的ⅡB期肿瘤、重要血管神经束未受累、软组织覆盖完好、预计保留肢体功能优于义肢。远隔转移不是保肢的禁忌证,因此对于Ⅲ期肿瘤,也可以进行保肢治疗,甚至可以行姑息性保肢治疗。但是需要引起重视的是,化疗反应好仍然是保肢治疗的前提。保肢手术包括肿瘤切除和功能重建两个步骤。对应的就是骨肿瘤学所涵盖的两部分内容,即肿瘤学和骨科学。在对骨肉瘤的治疗上也要满足肿瘤学及骨科学两方面的要求,即完整、彻底切除肿瘤(细胞学意义上的去除肿瘤)及重建因切除肿瘤所造成的股骨肌肉系统功能病损(骨及软组织的重建)。普通骨科医生最常犯的错误是过分地重视肢体功能的保留及重建,而忽略了肿瘤的治疗,即以牺牲肿瘤治疗的外科边界为代价,保留维持良好功能所需的组织解剖结构。骨肉瘤的生物学行为是影响肢体及生命是否得以存留的主要因素,而骨骼肌肉系统功能的优劣则影响患者的生存质量。如果肿瘤复发,其后果不仅仅是增加再截肢的风险以及加重患者的痛苦和医疗费用负担,它还使得复发患者的肺转移率远远高于无复发患者,而绝大部分骨肉瘤患者的的生命终结都是因为出现了肺转移99, 120。只有能够生存,才谈得到质量的好坏;生命已不存在,再完美的功能也只是空谈。保肢手术的重建方法包括骨重建与软组织重建。骨重建即重建支撑及关节功能,软组织重建则是为了修复动力、提供良好的软组织覆盖。按照重建的特点又可以分为生物重建和非生物重建5, 49, 125, 141, 146, 148, 149。目前临床上可供选择的重建方法有:①人工假体,可以提供足够的稳定性和强度,允许早期负重行走,目前组配式假体功能良好,易于操作,但人工假体最主要的问题仍然是松动、感染和机械性损坏;②异体骨关节移植,既往的骨肉瘤治疗中曾经起过重要的作用,即使是现在,如果掌握好适应证,仍然是比较好的重建方法。其最大优点是可以提供关节表面、韧带和肌腱附丽,但缺点是并发症的发生率高,有报道包括感染,骨折等在内的并发症发生率高达40%~50%③人工假体-异体骨复合体(APC),一般认为可以结合人工假体和异体骨两者的特点,肢体功能恢复快,但同样也结合两种重建方式的缺点;④游离的带血管蒂腓骨或髂骨移植;⑤瘤段灭活再植术,该重建方式在历史上曾经广泛应用,在特定的历史时期发挥了很大的作用,但由于肿瘤灭活不确切、复发率高、无法进行术后化疗评估,并且死骨引起的并发症高,目前已基本弃用;⑥可延长式人工假体,适宜儿童患者,须定期实行延长手术;⑦旋转成型术,适宜于儿童患者,但年龄较大的患者容易存在心理接受方面的问题。无论是截肢还是保肢,术后都应积极进行康复训练。(2)外科治疗的术前计划和术后评估不管采取什么手术方法,外科手术切除的原则仍然是以最大限度上减少局部复发为首要目标,其次是最大限度地减少对功能的影响150。广泛切除意味着手术切缘为组织学阴性,以达到最佳的局部控制效果。对部分病例而言,截肢可能是达到这一目标的最适当的选择。然而,能够合理保全功能时,应首选保肢手术151, 152。在骨肉瘤的外科治疗中,一系列关于保肢治疗的处置方法最为人们所接受,并且在术前设计时首先被考虑。虽然在不同的专家之间,保肢治疗的方法可能存在相当大的差异,但对于外科切除,确实需要一个统一的评价标准。Enneking第一个提出这个问题,并提出了外科边界评价的概念。然而,这个标准不够细化,Kawaguchi对此进行了进一步研究153。在术前化疗后,根据影像学的检查结果,判断肿瘤的具体位置、大小及其与重要解剖结构的关系,从而设计肿瘤切除所需要的外科边界,即所要切除的正常软组织及截骨长度(图1)。按照术前的设计实施手术后,要对切下的肿瘤进行外科边界的评价,以确定手术实际所达到的外科边界(图2,图3)。外科边界评定需要既对新鲜的、也对福尔马林浸泡过的标本进行评定。在标本的纵向和横向切面上摄取边界最小处的照片,并且仔细的绘图,同时对危险部位取材送病理检验。但是应注意减少福尔马林固定所引起的标本变形。&图1a 男性,21岁,左股骨下端骨肉瘤,化疗前X线平片骨破坏明显。&图1b CT检查显示显示软组织肿块明显&图1c术前外科治疗计划(横向、纵向)&图2a 拍摄标本像,从上向下分别为:前面、后面、内侧面、外侧面、近端、远端。其中左侧为新鲜标本,右侧为福尔马林处理过的标本。&图2b术后对标本进行多截面研究,评价边界&图3 术后根据标本进行边界评定,并与术前计划进行比对在这个评价方法中,外科边界分成四类:治愈性边界、广泛性边界、边缘性边界和囊内边界。六、随访和复查由于存在复发、转移、化疗和放疗相关合并症的危险,长期随访是必要的。长期生存患者还需要注意手术的潜在并发症以及放疗和化疗的潜在副作用,如假体松动、心脏毒性、不育、继发恶性肿瘤等11, 154, 155。为了解患者生存状态,应安排一个多学科小组进行随访。治疗结束后即应开始随访。本共识推荐的随访时间间隔为:手术后最初2年,每3个月一次;第3年,每4个月一次;第4、5年,每6个月一次;以后,每年一次至术后10年。每次随访的内容包括:全面体检、局部X线、骨扫描、胸部影像学检查(胸部CT)、功能评分。对于复发的骨肉瘤患者,建议行手术治疗,术后再次进行化疗。通常认为:对于复发时间间隔小于术后1年者的患者,建议换二线化疗;而复发时间间隔超过1年者可考虑原一线方案化疗;术后边缘阳性者,如果能够接受手术,可考虑行扩大切除或截肢术,如果不能接受手术,可考虑行局部放疗。对于进展期骨肉瘤患者建议进行姑息性切除或截肢,不能切除者应进行放疗,即使有远隔转移也应考虑手术治疗,并强烈建议加入临床观察研究。支持治疗是晚期患者多采用的治疗方案。转移性骨肉瘤的二线治疗是骨肉瘤化疗的难点,长期生存率不足20%156,目前,对于骨肉瘤肺转移的治疗强调多学科协作,至少需要骨肿瘤外科、肿瘤内科及胸外科医生的积极参与。如果化疗有效,对肺转移瘤进行外科切除是非常必要的。但到目前为止,国际上没有标准的骨肉瘤二线治疗方案,因此,在我国进行多中心随机对照临床试验,研究有效的二线治疗方案对于提高骨肉瘤的总体治疗水平非常重要。七、小结骨肉瘤是青少年最常见的骨原发恶性肿瘤,规范的治疗模式是:术前化疗-外科手术-术后化疗。骨肉瘤的诊断与治疗强调多学科协作。对怀疑骨肉瘤的患者应转诊至骨肿瘤专科医生就诊,患者需要接受规范化的新辅助化疗,对于外科手术,应该进行术前计划,术中需严格实施,术后应进行外科边界和化疗效果的评估。治疗结束后患者仍需长期随访。当前我国骨肉瘤治疗迫切需要解决的是规范化问题,而国际上,热点是如何在现有基础上进一步提高生存率,提高患者生活质量。目前,治疗肺癌、乳腺癌、肾癌的新药层出不穷,不论是化疗药物,还是靶向药物,均使患者有不同程度的受益157, 158,也极大地鼓舞了医生的士气。这些研究成果,很多是得益于全球多中心合作及随机对照临床试验的开展。为了进一步提高我国骨肉瘤的诊治水平,在我国进行骨肉瘤多中心协作、随机对照临床试验迫在眉睫。参考文献1.&&& Picci P. 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