直接引语变间接引语时句式的变化
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直接引语变间接引语时句式的变化
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英语中的直接引语变为间接引语时，根据实际情况的不同会发生不同程度的变化：句式变化、主句动词变化、从句人称变化、从句时态变化以及时间（地点）状语等变化。本文将主要谈谈句式的变化，其中将涉及语序的变化。
当直接引语为陈述句时，变为间接引语时，其变法较易掌握，在此不再赘述。以下将为同学们讲解将直接引语为疑问句、祈使句及感叹句的句子变为间接引语时需注意的事项。
1. 直接引语是疑问句
1) 一般疑问句或选择疑问句变为间接引语时，变为whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：
“Are you ready?” the teacher asked the students.→The teacher asked the students whether / if they were ready.
Tom asked me, “Do you like tea or coffee?” →Tom asked me whether I liked tea or coffee.
若直接引语是否定的一般疑问句时，变为间接引语时常用whether... or not结构。 如：
“Don't you know Tom is waiting for you?” she asked me. →She asked me whether I knew Tom was waiting for me or not.
2) 反意疑问句变为间接引语时，可以用if或whether引导，但原来的问句部分不再存在。如：
“We have met somewhere before, haven't we?” she asked. →She asked (me) if / whether we had met somewhere before.
3) 特殊疑问句变为间接引语时，仍用原特殊疑问词来引导宾语从句。如：
“What are you doing?” he asked me. →He asked (me) what I was doing.
4) 表示请求、劝告、建议等意义的疑问句变为间接引语时常用“ask / advise / tell + sb. + to do”结构。如：
“Would you mind opening the window?” he said.→He asked me to open the window.
2. 直接引语是祈使句
1) 表示要求、命令等含义的祈使句变为间接引语时，通常将原句中的动词变为动词不定式，形成“ask / tell / order / warn等 + sb. to do”结构。如：
She said to her husband, “Don't smoke in the hall.”→She told / asked her husband not to smoke in the hall.
2) 表示劝告、建议等意义的祈使句变为间接引语时，常用“suggest / say等 + that从句”或“suggest / advise + doing”结构。如：
“Let's have a rest,” Jack said.→Jack suggested having a rest.
3. 直接引语是感叹句
由what或how引导的感叹句变为间接引语时，可用what或how引导，也可以用that引导。如：
“What a lovely day it is!” he said.→He said what a lovely day it was.或He said that it was a lovely day.
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直接引语和间接引语
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直接引语和间接引语
文章来源莲山课件 w ww.5 Y K j.Co M 直接引语和间接引语
&& 引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。
一、&直接引语变间接引语
A．&陈述句的间接引语
&& 直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。& The foreigner aid to me, I like Beijing very much.那老外告诉我：我很喜欢北京。& → The foreigner told me that he she liked Beijing very much. 那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。& She said,We are very fond of sports. 她说：我们都喜欢体育运动。& → She said that they were very fond of sports. 她说他（她）们都喜欢体运动。& I'll go over the grammar lesson once again,he said. 他说：我将把语法课再复习一遍。& → He said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。（that可省略）
B．&疑问句的间接引语
& 1．一般疑问句和反意疑问句& 一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, wantto know, didn't know等。句末不用问号。& My teacher asked me, Do you like American country music 我老师问我：你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？& → My teacher asked me ifwhether I liked American country music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。& You haven't been to Beijing, have you asked he. 他问：你没去过北，是吗？& → He asked me ifwhether I had been to Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。
& 2．否定的一般疑问句和选择问句& 如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whetheror 连接。& She said, Don't you know my telephone number 她说：你难道不知道我的电话号码吗？& → She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not. 她问我是知道她的电话号码。& Do you like this one or that one Tom asked. 汤姆问：你是喜欢这个还是那个？& → Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 汤姆问我是喜欢这个还是那个。
& 3．特殊疑问句& 间接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。& He asked, How do you like it 他问：你觉得怎样？& → He asked me how I liked it. 他问我觉得它怎样。& She asked me, What's the matter with you 她问我：你怎么啦？& → She asked me what was the matter with me. 她问我我怎么啦。& How many books do you have she asked. 她问：你有多少本书？& → She asked me how many books I had. 她问我有多少本。
& 4.其它& 英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问，而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语时，往往采用其他的形式。& ①．suggest doing& Shall we all go to the film tonight said Michael. 迈克尔说：我们今晚都去看电影，好吗？& → Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。& What about having a drink he asked. 他问：喝杯怎么样？& He suggested having a drink. 他建议喝一杯。& ②．advise sb to do& Why don't you go hiking asked James. 詹姆士问：你为什么不徒步旅行？& James advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建议我去徒步旅行。& ③. offer to do& He said, Would you like me to post the letter 他说：你要我寄信吗？& He offered to ost the letter. 他主动提出寄信。& ④．ask sb to do& Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow she said to me. 她对我说：劳驾你明天把你的参考书带来好吗？& → She asked me to take my reference book there the next day. 她让我第二天把我的参考书带去。
C．&祈使句的间接引语
& 1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词，句中please去掉。& She said to me, Please have a rest. 她对我说：请休息一下。& → She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。& Don't all answer at once, she said to the pupils. 她对学生说：大家不要齐声回答。→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫学生不要齐声回答。
& 2．带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。& Let's go for a walk, said the girl. 那姑娘说，让我们去散散步吧。& → The girl suggested going for a walk. 这女孩建议去散散步。& The teacher sai, Let Lily tidy the classroom. 老师说：让莉莉整理教室。& → The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom. 老师建议让莉莉整理教室。
D．&感叹句的间接引语
& 1．直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。& What a clever boy you are!my teacher said to him. 老师对他说，你是个聪明的孩子啊！& → My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。& → My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。& He said, How well you look! 他说：你看起来气色多好啊！& → He said how well I looked. 他说我看起来是气色多好啊。& → He said that I ooked very well. 他说我看起来气色很好。
& 2．有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。& Help! he cried. 他喊到：救命啊！& → He called for help. 他大声呼救。& What terrible weather it is!he said. 他说：多么糟糕的天气！& → He complained about the terrible weather. 他抱怨这糟糕的天气。& Happy Chrismas! he said. 他说：圣诞快乐！& He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我圣诞快乐。
二、&间接引语中的词语变化
& 直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。
A．&时态的变化
& 1．时态的变化& ①现在时间推移到过去时间& 直接引语中的时态& 一般现在时& 现在完成时& 现在进行时& 现在完成进行时& 间接引语中的时态& 一般过去时& 过去完成时& 过去进行时& 过去完成进行时& The old man said, I have lived in this street since 1960.& →The old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人说他自从196年起就住在那条街上了。& He said, Is it raining & → He asked if it was raining. 他问是不是正在下雨。
& ②过去时间推移到过去的过去& 直接引语中的时态& 一般过去时& 过去完成时& 过去进行时& 间接引语中的时态& 过去完成时& 过去完成时（不变）& 过去完成进行时或不变& She said to me, I wrote a letter to my parents three days ago.& →She told me that she had written a letter to her parents three days before.她告诉我她三天前已给她母亲写了一封信。&& What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday he asked & → He asked me what I was doing at seven p.m. the day before. 他问我前一天晚上七点在干什么。
& ③将来时间推移到过去将来时间& 直接引语中的时态& 一般将来时& isamare going to do& isamare to do& 间接引语中的时态& 过去将来时& waswere going to do& waswere to do& He said, We shall get ready by eight o'clock. & →He said that they ould get ready by eight o'clock. 他说他们将在8点前准备好。& We are to meet at the school gate, she said to me. & → Sh told me that they were to meet at the school gate. 她告诉我他们约定在校门口见面。
& ④间接引语中保持原来时态不变 & 在下列情况下，间接引语中的谓语动词时态可以保持不变。& a. 主句为现在时或将来时，间接引语的时态保持不变。& He thinks, She will be back in a month. & → He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她将在一个月后回来。& He says, I have accepted her invitation. & He says he has accepted her invitation. 他说他已接受了她的邀请。
& 比较：& 间接引语中的谓语动词时态对比。& Sarah said to me,I have two brothers.&& 莎莎对我说：“我有两个弟弟。”& Sarah told me that she has two brothers.& 莎莎告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话才认为这情况是真实的）& Sarah told me that she had two brothers.& 莎拉告诉我说她有两个弟弟。（说话者对此没有什么把握）& b. 间接引语表示的是现在的习惯动作、科学真理、客观事实、格言等。& The geography teacher said to the students, The earth moves round the sun.& → Th geography teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老师告诉学生地球围绕太阳转。& He said, Every dog has his day. & → He said that every dog has his day. 他说是人皆有出头日。& c. 间接引语中动词表示的动作说话时仍在进行或状态仍然存在，时态可保持不变。& He said,The window is brokn. & → He said that the window is broken.他说玻璃窗碎了。& Just now Brown said, My son is ill today. & → Brown told me just now that his son is ill today. 布朗刚才告诉我说，他儿子今天病了。& d. 间接引语中有明确的过去时间状语，仍可用一般过去时，不必改为过去完成时。& The girl said, Iwas born in 1978. & → The girl said that she was born in 1978.那女孩说她生于1978年。& She said, My teacher was busy yesterday.& → She said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她说她老师昨天很忙。
& 2．情态动词的变化& 情态动词在间接引语中都可以改为过去式，must表示必、推测、禁止等意思时，可不变；表示必须时可不变，也可用had to 或would have to。& The senior said, All men must die. & → The senior said that all men must die. 那老者说人总是要死的。& She said, I must go to see the doctor tomorrow afternoon.& → She saidshe mustwould have to go to see the doctor the next afternoon. 她说第二天下午她一定得去看医生。& He said to me, We used to go there every year. & → He toldme that they used to come here every year. 他对我说他们过去每年都来这里。（used to在间接引语中不变）B．&代词的变化
& 1．人称代词的变化& ①当主句的主语是第一人称时，引语中的人称代词不变。& I said, You did quite well in the exam yesterday. & → I said that you had done quite well in the exam the day before.我说你那天考得不错。& ②直接引语中主语是第一人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称与主句中的主语的人称一致。& He said to Tom, I'll do my best to catch up with others.& → He told Tom that he would do his best to catch up with others.&& 他告诉汤姆他将尽他所能赶上其他人。& ③直接引语中主语是第二人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称和主句的宾语相一致。& He said to her, Where did you put the glasses & → He asked her where she had put the glasses. 他问她，她把杯子放哪儿了。& 提示：& 如果主句中无宾语，应根据语境或想象，自添适当的宾语；如果直接引语中有呼语，则将其改为间接引语的宾语。& Mother asked, Where have you been & → Moher asked me where I had been. 母亲问我去哪儿了。&& Why are you late again, John the teacher asked.& → The teacher asked John why he was late again. 老师问约翰为什么他又迟到。& ④直接引语中主语是第三人称时，在改为间接引语时不发生变化。& He said to Tom, She can help them. & → He told Tom that she could help them. 他告诉汤姆她能够帮助他们。
& 2．物主代词的变化& You should not overlook your fault, Mum said to me.& → Mum told me that I should not overlook my fault. 妈妈对我说我不应该忽略我的缺点。& The two boys said, We have lost ur dog. & → The two boys said they had lost their dog. 这两个男孩说他们的狗丢了。
& 3．指示代词的变化& 直接引语中的指示代词& this& these& 间接引语中的指示代词& that& those&& She said, This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.& → She said that that wa the house in which Lu Xun had once lived. 她说那是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。& I bought these flowers for you, Jane said. & Jane said that she had bought those flowers for me. 简说那些花是她为我买的。& I grow these tomatoes myself, he said. & → He aid that he grew those tomatoes himself. 他说那些胡萝卜是他自己种的。
C．&时间和地点状语的变化
& 1．时间状语的变化& He said, I spoke to them yesterday. & → He said that h had spoken to them the day before. 他说他前一天跟他们讲过话了。& The student said,We have learned about 3,000 English words so far. & →& The student said that they had learned about 3,000 English words by then. 那学生说到那时为止他们已学会了3,000个英语单词。
& 2．地点状语的变化& 当直接引语变间引语时，地点状语here通常变为there。但如果说话人所在地点就是引述人所在地点，那么仍然使用here.& Come here, please, he said. & → He asked me to come here. 他叫我到这里来。（引述人地点不变）& → He asked me to go there. 他叫我到那里去。（引述人地点发生变化）& Here she burst out into a flood of tears, he said to me. & → He told me that she had burst out into a flood of tears there. 他告诉我说，谈到那个地方她就放声大哭了起来。文章来源莲山课件 w ww.5 Y K j.Co M
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直接引语转间接引语的方法可以学习英语过程中的一个重要环节。中文的转换非常简单，引号去掉换一个人称就可以了。但是英文的直接引语转间接引语可是有很多讲究呢！ 方法1 将直接引语变成由that引导的宾语从句。“It was last night that she met Jack accidentally.” he said. =他说：“她是昨晚碰巧遇见了Jack。” --&He said it was last night that she met Jack accidentally. 他说，她是昨晚碰巧遇见了Jack。有的时候单纯用say不能表达完整，要用tell等别的单词补充。例如，“Starships are meant to fly.” she said the kids. =她告诉孩子们：“宇宙飞船是用来飞行的。” --&She told the kids that starships are meant to fly. =她对孩子们说宇宙飞船是用来飞行的。或者可以用其他表示“说”的单词，比如warn、suggest、advice、offer等。方法2 将直接引语转变成由if或者whether引导的宾语从句。“Are you alright?” he asked. =他问：“你还好吗？” --&He asked me if I was alright. =他问我还好吗。记得要适当地补充人称，并且脱掉双引号以后，时态也要进行适当变化。方法3 将直接引语转变成由特殊疑问词when、where、who、how、what引导的宾语从句。He asked, “What on earth are you doing?” =他问：“你到底在干什么？” --&He asked what on earth he is doing. =他问他到底在干什么。这类转换最简单，只要把双引号拿掉转变人称便可。现在你知道将直接引语转变为间接引语的方法了吗？
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