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必修一牛津第一单元语法归纳
关系代词的用法
①在复合句中,修饰某名词或代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。②关系代词的三重作用:连接主从句;指代先行词或主句内容;在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语等)。
关系代词:
that(在从句中作主语、宾语或表语)指人或物
which(在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语)指物
who(在从句中作主语或宾语)指人
whom(在从句中作宾语)指人
whose(在从句中作定语)指人或物
as(在从句中作主语、宾语或表语)指人或物
定语从句又被称为形容词性从句,对先行词进行修饰和限定。定语从句通常由关系代词和关系副词来引导。本单元主要介绍关系代词引导限制性定语从句的用法。
对定语从句的考查主要集中在从句引导词的选择、引导词的省略、从句谓语的数等上。其中引导词的选择是重中之重。
考点1:引导定语从句的关系代词
1.定语从句的先行词
先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分,从构成上而言,它可以是名词、代词、名词性短语或整个主句;从成分上而言,它可以在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
? The people(先行词,主句的主语)whom you met on the campus yesterday(定语从句,修饰The people,引导词whom在从句中作宾语)are from England.
? He is reading a story(先行词,主句的宾语)which is written by Lu Xun(定语从句,修饰a story,which在从句中作主语)
2.关系代词的用法
which引导从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语;指物。
that引导从句,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语;指人或物。
who引导从句,在从句中作主语或宾语;指人。
whom引导从句,在从句中作宾语;指人。
as引导从句,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,常用于such as…结构;指人或物。
whose引导从句,在从句中作定语;指人或物。
? He is not the person (that/who/whom)I met five years ago. 他不再是五年前我见到的他了。(先行词指人,关系代词that/who/whom引导定语从句,并在从句中作宾语)
? Is there anyone in your department whose father is a teache? 你们系有个父亲是老师的人吗?(先行词指人,关系代词whose引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语)
? To be frank, I don't like the movie which/that you recommended to me yesterday. 说实话,你昨天推荐给我的那部影片我不喜欢。(先行词指物,关系代词which/that引导定语从句,并在从句中作宾语)
关系代词用that不用which/who的常见情况
1.当先行词是all, much, anything, nothing, little, none等不定代词时。
? Do you have anything that you want me to take to your younger brother? 你有什么东西让我带给你的弟弟吗?
2.先行词为序数词、形容词最高级、the last/the only/the very等或被序数词、形容词最高级、the last/the only/the very等修饰时。
? This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now. 这是目前世界上能找到的最小的计算机。
? She was the only person that had survived the accident. 她是那起事故中唯一的幸存者。
3.主句为who引出的特殊疑问句时,先行词虽指人,但关系代词一般用that。
? Who was the man that told you to wait here? 让你在这儿等的那个人是谁?
考点3:定语从句的省略
1.关系代词的省略
关系代词在从句中作宾语时,通常可以省略。
? The man (that/whom/who) you saw just now is our manager. 你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。
? Is there anything(that) I can do for you? 有什么我能为你效劳的吗?
? Who was the woman (that) you were talking with? 刚才同你谈话的那位女士是谁?
2.关系代词及be动词的省略
当定语从句的结构为"关系代词+be动词+现在分词短语/过去分词短语/不定式短语/介宾短语"时, 可将关系代词和be动词一同省去,也就是说定语从句有时可简化为"现在分词短语/过去分词短语/不定式短语/介宾短语"。
? We can see the flowers (which are) dancing in the wind. 我们可以看到花儿在风中起舞。
? He was invited to a meeting (which was) to be held the next day. 他被邀请出席第二天举行的会议。
必修一牛津第二单元语法归纳
"介词+关系代词"和关系副词的用法
"介词+关系代词"的用法
1. "介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句中,关系代词通常是which和whom,which指物,whom指人。
? This is the hotel in which you will stay. 这就是你将要住的旅馆。
? This is the man from whom I learned about the news. 我就是从这个人那儿知道那个消息的。
2. "介词+which"在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因状语,分别相当于关系副词when, where, why。
? He still remembers the day on which (= when)he met his girlfriend for the first time. 他依旧记得他第一次见他女朋友的那一天。
? She showed us around the factory in which(= where)she once worked. 她领我们参观了她曾经工作过的工厂。
? He told me the reason for which (= why)he was absent from the meeting. 他告诉了我他缺席会议的原因。
3. "介词+whose"修饰后面的名词
? This is Mr Wang, in whose factory I worked last year. 这就是王先生,我去年在他的工厂工作过。
4."代词/数词/名词+of which/whom"在定语从句中作主语。
? He has eight books, three of which are very interesting. 他有八本书,其中三本很有趣。
5.在"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句中,介词的确定要从以下四点着手:
(1)依据定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
? This is the cup on which she spent 100 yuan. 这就是她花了100元钱买的那个杯子。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定。
? She still remembered the day on which she met him. 她依旧记得她遇见他的那一天。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。
? He lost his glasses, without which he couldn't see anything. 他丢了眼镜,没有眼镜,他什么也看不见。
(4)在英语中有时为了强调某一名词,不定式前面也可以加上关系词。
? He is the right person on whom to depend. = He is the right person to depend on. 他正是值得信赖的那个人。
6. "介词+关系代词"引导定语从句时,需要注意以下几点:
(1)介词提前,关系代词不可省略。
? When she got into trouble, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. 当她陷入困境时,没有一个她可以求助的人。
(2)介词提前时只能使用"介词+which(指事物)"以及"介词+whom(指人)"结构,不能使用that,也不能使用who。
? The girl to whom he is speaking is my little sister. = The girl(who/whom/that) he is speaking to is my little sister. 正跟他说话的那个女孩是我的小妹妹。
(3)当关系代词作look after, look for, care for, see to等不能拆开使用的动词习语的宾语时,介词不可以提前。
? This is the book which/that I am looking for. 这就是我正在找的那本书。
(4)"介词短语+关系代词"也可以引导定语从句
He lives in a big house, in front of which stands a big tall tree. 他住在一座大房子里,房前有棵高大的树。
7. way后定语从句的引导词
way(方式,方法)作先行词,后接定语从句时,若从句引导词在从句中作状语,则引导词用in which或that,引导词也可省略;当引导词在从句中作宾语、主语、表语时,引导词用which/that。
? The way(that/in which)he treats his children is very good. 他对待孩子的方式非常好。
? The way which/that you told me yesterday doesn't work. 你昨天告诉我的方法不管用。
关系副词的用法
where先行词:表示地点的名词;抽象地点和具体地点 。含义:(在)……地方,相当于"介词+which" 。作用:引导从句,在从句中作地点状语。
when先行词:表示时间的名词。含义:在……时候,相当于"介词+which"。作用:引导从句,在从句中作时间状语。
why先行词:reason 含义:为什么,相当于for which 。作用:引导从句,在从句中作原因状语。
? This is the farm where (= on which) they have worked for years. 这就是他们工作了好几年的农场。
? I have forgotten the exact date when(= on which) this country became independent. 我忘记这个国家独立的确切时间了。
? This is the reason why(= for which) he refused to see his son. 这就是他不肯见他的儿子的原因。
必修一牛津第三单元语法归纳
非限制性定语从句、反意疑问句
考点1:非限制性定语从句
1.非限制性定语从句的引导词
常见的非限制性定语从句的引导词:关系代词who, whose, whom, which等;关系副词where, when等;"介词+关系代词"。
? Mr Zhang, who came to see you yesterday, is an old friend of my father's. 昨天来看你的张先生是我父亲的一位老朋友。
? The story in the book took place in Canada, where Doctor Bethune was born. 书中的故事发生在加拿大,白求恩大夫就出生在那里。
2.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句差异的比较
限制性定语从句
功能:从句对先行词进行修饰和限定;不可去掉,否则主句意义不完整、不明确。结构要求:紧跟在先行词之后,从句与先行词不用逗号隔开。先行词:通常为名词或名词性词组。引导词:关系代词、关系副词和"(名词/数词/代词+)介词+关系代词" 。译法:一般译为先行词的定语。
非限制性定语从句
功能:对先行词进行补充说明,去掉后不会影响主句意义的完整表达。结构要求:通常位于先行词之后,但as引导的非限制性定语从句也可位于先行词之前或之中;从句与先行词用逗号隔开。先行词:名词、名词性词组或整个主句。引导词:除that以外的关系代词、关系副词和"(名词/数词/代词+)介词+关系代词"。译法:一般译为与主句并列的分句。
? I don't like people who lose their temper easily. 我不喜欢动不动就发脾气的人。
? He was left on a desolate island, where he stayed for as long as three months. 他被留在一座荒岛上,他在那儿待了三个月之久。
? Boys who attend this school have to wear uniforms. 在这所学校上学的男孩们必须穿校服。
? He lent me one thousand dollars, which was exactly what I needed. 他借给我1 000美元,这笔钱正是我需要的。
3. "名词/不定代词/数词+介词+关系代词"的用法
语法功能:引导定语从句,通常为非限制性定语从句
介词:通常用of
常用关系代词:which或whom,先行词指人时,关系代词用whom,否则用which
替换结构:"介词+关系代词+名词/不定代词/数词"
? He bought a book yesterday afternoon, the content of which receives wide recognition. 昨天下午他买了一本书,该书的内容受到了广泛的认可。
? Ten teachers will attend the meeting, one of whom will deliver a speech on behalf of our school. 十位老师将参加此次会议,其中有一位会代表我们学校发言。
? The machines in this factory are all new, three of which were bought last week. 这家工厂的机器都是新的,其中三台是上周刚买的。
4.关系代词 as和which 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
(1)as含有"正如"的意思。as引导的定语从句放在主句的前面、中间或末尾都可以。which引导的定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。
? She is working hard, as everyone can see. = As everyone can see,she is working hard. 正如每个人所看到的,她工作很努力。
她嫁给了他,这很正常。
【正】She married him, which was natural.
【误】Which was natural, she married him.
(2)当定语从句是否定句或表示否定含义时只能用which。
? He came here very late, which was unexpected.他来这儿非常晚,这是令人没想到的。
(3)当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态,如:be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句中的动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。
? She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了,这在意料之中。
? Tom has made great progress, which makes me very happy. Tom取得了很大的进步,这使我很高兴。
考点2:反义疑问句
反义疑问句的形式
(1)肯定的陈述句+否定的反意疑问句。
? That's an interesting book, isn't it? 那是本有趣的书,不是吗?
(2)否定的陈述句+肯定的反意疑问句。
? He didn't finish his homework yesterday, did he? 他昨天没做完家庭作业,是吗?
(3)肯定的祈使句+will you?
? Have another cup of coffee, will you? 再喝杯咖啡,好吗?
(4)否定的祈使句+will you?
? Don't close the door, will you? 别关门,好吗?
(5)let's 开头的祈使句,其反意疑问句用"shall we";let us开头的祈使句,其反意疑问句用"will you"。
? Let us wait in the reading room, will you? 我们在阅览室等,好吗?
反义疑问句的特殊情况
(1)陈述部分有 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等表示否定意义的词时,反意疑问句一般用肯定形式。
? Eric made no answer, did he? Eric没有答复,是吗?
(2)陈述部分含有带否定前缀的词不影响反意疑问句的形式。
? It is impossible, isn't it? 那是不可能的,是吗?
(3)陈述部分的主语是everything, that, nothing, this等指示代词或不定代词时, 反意疑问句的主语用it。
? Everything is ready, isn't it? 都准备好了,是吗?
陈述部分的主语是everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one, these, those等时,反意疑问句的主语常用they。
? Everyone knows the answer, don't they? 大家都知道答案,是吗?
(5)陈述部分含有must时,反意疑问句因must后动词的类属和时态的不同而不同。
? He must be a doctor, isn't he? 他一定是位医生,是吗?(表示猜测)
? You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? 你一定学过三年英语,是吗?(对发生在过去但对现在造成影响的动作进行推测)
? He must have finished the task yesterday, didn't he? 昨天,他一定完成了那项任务,是吗?(对过去某一特定时间发生的事情进行推测)
(6)陈述部分为复合句时,反意疑问句有两种情况:
①陈述句是带有定语从句、宾语从句、主语从句等的主从复合句时,一般而言,反意疑问句的主语和谓语应分别与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
? He is not the man who gave us a report, is he? 他不是给我们作报告的那个人,是吗?
②陈述句是"主语+think/believe/expect/suppose/imagine/...+宾语从句"结构,且主句主语为第一人称时,反意疑问句的主语和谓语应分别与从句的主语和谓语保持一致;主句主语为第二、三人称时,反意疑问句的主语和谓语应与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
? We believe she can do it better, can't she? 我们相信她能做得更好,不是吗?
(7)陈述句的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语等时,反意疑问句的主语通常用it。
? Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn't it? 学修汽车要花费很长时间,不是吗?
(8)当陈述句为there be结构时,反意疑问句也应由there和be构成。
? There's no water, is there? 没有水了,是吗?
(9)当陈述句带有表示"拥有"含义的have时,反意疑问句既可用have引导,也可用do引导,但当have不表示"拥有"含义时,反意疑问句必须用do引导。
? You have a good friend, haven't/don't you? 你有一个好朋友,不是吗?
? We hade a good time in the city, didn't we? 我们在城里玩得很愉快,不是吗?
(10)当陈述句谓语为used to时,反意疑问句动词可用used或did。
? Your father used to drink a lot, usedn't/didn't he? 你父亲过去喝酒很多,不是吗?
(11)当陈述句的主语是one时,反意疑问句的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you。
? One should be happy in this situation, shouldn't one/you?人在这种情况下应该高兴,不是吗?
(12)当陈述句谓语含有ought to时,反意疑问句可用should或ought形式。
? There hours ought to be enough time, shouldn't/oughtn't it? 三个小时应该足够了,不是吗?
(13)当陈述句带有情态动词need, dare时,反意疑问句由need, dare构成。
? The boy needn't make such a loud noise, need he? 这个男孩没必要发出这么大的声音,不是吗?
但当need, dare作实义动词时,则应按实义动词构成反意疑问句的方法,即加助动词来构成反意疑问句。
? He doesn't dare to tell you the truth, does he? 他不敢告诉你真相,对吗?
(14)当陈述句部分的动词为wish时,反意疑问句用may的肯定形式。
? I wish to shake hands with you, may I? 我希望与你握一下手,可以吗?
(15)当陈述句为I'm...结构时,反意疑问句一般为aren't I。
? I am right, aren't I? 我是对的,不是吗?
(16)当陈述句为you'd better或you'd rather时,反意疑问句用hadn't/wouldn't you.
? You'd better finish your homework, hadn't you? 你最好完成你的作业,不是吗?
(17)感叹句的反意疑问句,其动词用be的现在式,而且通常为否定。
? What a funny man, isn't he? 多么可爱的一个人,不是吗?
(18)并列句后面的反意疑问句,要与最靠近反意疑问句的分句一致。
? He must have gone to bed, for the light in his room is off, isn't it? 他一定上床睡觉了,因为他屋里的灯灭了,是不是?
(19)反意疑问句的回答方式是根据事实情况回答,而不受提问方式影响。
? —We haven't been informed, have we? 我们没有被通知,是吗?
? —Yes, we have./No, we haven't. 不,我们接到通知了。/对,还没有。
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牛津版高一英语模块二第二单元语法导学案2
时间: 09:16 来源:【沅江一中】 作者:【教科室】 阅读:次
牛津版高一英语模块二第二单元语法导学案
编制人:夏旭辉&&&&& 审核人:&&&& 高一英语年级组
【书山有径、导学领航】
&&& 1.理解并掌握将来进行时态的构成和用法。
&&& 2.理解并掌握过去将来时态的构成和用法。
3.区分一般将来时态,过去将来时态,将来进行时态,现在进行时态。
4.克服对语法学习的畏难情绪,热情投入,快乐学习,积极学习。
1.& 将来进行时态的理解和运用。
2.& 过去将来时态的理解和运用。
1.&&&&&& 将来进行时和现在进行,一般将来时的区别。
导学第一案---独学案(课前预习,独立感悟)
【自主研习】
&一、阅读考一本第48页内容,理解两种时态的基本概念,构成,和基本用法。
一.将来进行时的概念:
表示将来某一时间______________________或____________________________.
二.构成:
三.将来进行时的基本用法:
1.表示将来某一时间_____________的动作,一般带状语。
When he comes to my house tomorrow,I_________________(write) the report.
2.表示现在进行的动作,这个动作会_______________________.
She ______________(work) on this experiment until next morning.
3.表示________________________或对将来的预测。
Tomorrow I _________________(fly)& to Paris.
After you take the medicine,you _________________(feel) much better.
4.表示____________的请求或询问。
When _______we ___________(meet) again?
_________you _______________(paint) the walls tomorrow?
练一练:教材p29.
二.过去将来时的概念:
过去将来时表示从_________的某一时间看_______要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于____________和_______________中。
二.过去将来时的基本用法。
1.___________常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。
He said he _________(come) to see me.
2._________________可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事或按迹象有可能但不一定会发生的事。
She said she _______________return home.
I t seemed as if it _______________(rain).
3.__________________表示过去正打算做某事。
I _____________________(turn) on the TV when the light went out.
4.____________________表示过去的计划或安排,或过去无法预见但后来确实发生的事或____________________.
The teacher said they ________________(gather) at the school gate at six the next morning.
5.come ,go ,leave,arrive,start 等表示位置移动的动词可用它们的________________代替______________.
She told me she ___________(come)to see me.
练习:& P31 B.&
【预习自测】
1.& 考一本练习1,2,3。
【我的疑问】
&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 导学第二案---研学案(课中探究,互助解惑)
【展示交流】
探究一:现在进行时可以表将来要进行的动作,将来进行时也表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,二者有什么区别?
1.I am meeting him tomorrow .I will be meeting him tomorrow.
2.You won&t be able to see him because he __________a meeting in Suzhou when you arrive,( is having)
3.Well ,you know I___________________England next week for a holiday.(am going to ,will being go to)
4.-----I am going to the Gold Coast in Australia with my family in July.What&s your plan for the holidays?
------I _________________(am planning ,will be planning) to visit m grandparents in the country.While you are enjoying yourself on the beach,I _______________________(will be helping,am helping) on the farm.
5.(2012陕西)-------Can I call you back at two o&clock this afternoon?
-----------I &m sorry,but by then I ___________to Beijing .How about five?
&& A. Fly&&&& B. Will fly&&&&& C.will be flying&& D. am flying
探究二:将来进行时态与一般将来时态有何区别?
1.& I will write to you.&&&&&&&& I won&t write to you.
&&& I will be writing to you.&&&& I won&t be writing to you.
2.& What will be doing this time tomorrow?
What will you do tomorrow?
3 .& When will you pay back the money?
When will you be paying the money?
练习:5.(2011江苏21)-----I hear you _______in a pub. What&s it like ?
------well ,it&s very hard work and I&m always tired ,but I don&t mind.
A.& are working&&& B.will work&&&& C. were working& D. will be working.
探究三:在主从复合句中,主句用过去将来时态,条件状语从句和时间状语从句中也用过去将来时态吗?判断下面这个句子的正误。
The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I wouldn& t.work hard .
(2009湖南)When he _________the door,he found his keys were nowhere.
A.would open&&&&& B.opened&&&& C. had opened&&&& D.was to open.
怎么理解下面这个句子?
I &didn&t &know when she would come ,but when she came I would let you know.
学习小结:
我的问题?
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 导学第三案---展学案
一.巩固提升:
见考一本能力提升题。
二.课堂检测:
1.(2010福建卷)---Guess what ,we& ve &got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
----How nice!You _________a different culture then.
A.&&&&&&&&&&& will be experiencing& B&& ,have experienced&&& C.have been experiencing
D..will have experienced .
2.(2010 全国卷)The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _____.
A. is made &&B.would make&&&& C.was to be made&&&& D. had made&&&
3.2010浙江卷)If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring ,you _________fresh watermelon in the fall.
A.eat&&&&& B.would eat&&&&&& C.have eaten&&&&& D. will be eating.
4.(2010全国卷1)&&Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?
&&No,I _______my homework all day yesterday .
A.was doing&& B.would do&&&& C.had done&& D. do
5.(2011浙江卷)The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant _________in his place but luckily everything was going on smoothly.
A. gave&&&&& B.gives&&&&& C. was giving&&& D .had given&&&
6.(2013湖南22)&What do you want to be?&asked Mrs.Crawford.
&Oh ,I __________president ,& said the boy,with a smile.
A.& have been&& B.am&&&& C.was&&& D.will& be
7.(2013 湖南27) ----Have you heard about the recent election?
-----Sure ,it _____the only thing on the news for the last three days.
A. would be&&& B.is&& C.has been&& D.will be&
8.(2013浙江10)During the last three decades ,the number of people participating in physical fitness programs _________sharply.
A.& was increasing&& B. has increased&&&& C.had increased&&& D.will be increasing&
9.(2013江苏25)&&Could I use your car tomorrow morning?
-----Sure.I _______a report at home .
A. will be writing&& B. will have written&& C. have written&& D. have been writing
10.(2012 辽宁)I feel so excited !At this time tomorrow morning I __________to Shanghai.
&& A.will be flying&&&&& B.will fly&&&&& C.have been flying&& D. have flown.
课后作业:1.阅读双英语报语法版复习巩固,做好相关练习
&小结与反思:
今天我们学了什么?我学到了什么?还有什么疑问吗?
【链接延拓,扩大视野】
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