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《经济学人》如何看待引力波:人类首次探测到引力波
&Merger and acquisition: Gravitational waves have been detected for the first time
【新闻背景】美国当地时间2月11日上午10点30分（北京时间2月11日23点30分），美国国家科学基金会（NSF）召集了来自加州理工学院、麻省理工学院以及LIGO科学合作组织的科学家在华盛顿特区国家媒体中心宣布：人类首次直接探测到了引力波！
这次探测到的引力波是由13亿光年之外的两颗黑洞在合并的最后阶段产生的。两颗黑洞的初始质量分别为29颗太阳和36颗太阳，合并成了一颗62倍太阳质量高速旋转的黑洞，亏损的质量以强大引力波的形式释放到宇宙空间，经过13亿年的漫长旅行，终于抵达了地球，被美国的&激光干涉引力波天文台&（LIGO）的两台孪生引力波探测器探测到。
【《经济学人》原文】TWO black holes circle one another. Both are about 100km across. One contains 36 times as
the other, 29. They are locked in an orbital dance, a kilometre or so apart, that is accelerating rapidly to within a whisker of the speed of light. Their event horizons&the spheres defining their points-of-no-return&touch. There is a violent wobble as, for an instant, quintillions upon quintillions of kilograms redistribute themselves. Then there is calm. In under a second, a larger black hole has been born.
It is, however, a hole that is less than the sum of its parts. Three suns& worth of mass has been turned into energy, in the form of gravitational waves: travelling ripples that stretch and compress space, and thereby all in their path. During the merger&s final fifth of a second, envisaged in an artist&s impression above, the coalescing holes pumped 50 times more energy into space this way than the whole of the rest of the universe emitted in light, radio waves, X-rays and gamma rays combined.
And then, 1.3 billion years later, in September 2015, on a small planet orbiting an unregarded yellow sun, at facilities known to the planet&s inhabitants as the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), the faintest slice of those waves was caught. That slice, called GW150914 by LIGO&s masters and announced to the world on February 11th, is the first gravitational wave to be detected directly by human scientists. It is a triumph that has been a century in the making, opening a new window onto the universe and giving researchers a means to peer at hitherto inaccessible happenings, perhaps as far back in time as the Big Bang.
Finger on the pulsar
The idea of gravitational waves emerged from the general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein&s fundamental exposition of gravity, unveiled almost exactly 100 years before GW150914&s discovery. Mass, Einstein realised, deforms the space and time around itself. Gravity is the effect of this, the behaviour of objects dutifully moving along the curves of mass-warped spacetime. It is a simple idea, but the equations that give it mathematical heft are damnably hard to solve. Only by making certain approximations can solutions be found. And one such approximation led Einstein to an odd prediction: any accelerating mass should make ripples in spacetime.
Einstein was not happy with this idea. He would, himself, oscillate like a wave on the topic&rescinding and remaking his case, arguing for such waves and then, after redoing the sums, against them. But, while he and others stretched and squeezed the maths, experimentalists set about trying to catch the putative waves in the act of stretching and squeezing matter.
Their problem was that the expected effect was a transient change in dimensions equivalent to perhaps a thousandth of the width of a proton in an apparatus several kilometres across. Indirect proof of gravitational waves& existence has been found over the years, most notably by measuring radio emissions from pairs of dead stars called pulsars that are orbiting one another, and deducing from this how the distance between them is shrinking as they broadcast gravitational waves into the cosmos. But the waves themselves proved elusive until the construction of LIGO.
As its name states, LIGO is an interferometer. It works by splitting a laser beam in two, sending the halves to and fro along paths identical in length but set at right angles to one another, and then looking for interference patterns when the halves are recombined (see diagram). If the half-beams& paths are undisturbed, the waves will arrive at the detector in lock-step. But a passing gravitational wave will alternately stretch and compress the half-beams& paths. Those half-beams, now out of step, will then interfere with each other at the detector in a way that tells of their experience. The shape of the resulting interference pattern contains all manner of information about the wave&s source, including what masses were involved and how far away it was.
To make absolutely certain that what is seen really is a gravitational wave requires taking great care. First, LIGO is actually two facilities, one in Louisiana and the other in Washington state. Only something which is observed almost, but not quite, simultaneously by both could possibly be a gravitational wave. Secondly, nearly everything in the interferometers& arms is delicately suspended to isolate it as far as possible from distant seismic rumblings and the vibrations of passing traffic.
Moreover, in order to achieve the required sensitivity, each arm of each interferometer is 4km long and the half-beam in it is bounced 100 times between the mirrors at either end of the arm, to amplify any discrepancy when the half-beams are recombined. Even so, between 2002 when LIGO opened and 2010, when it was closed for upgrades, nary a wave was seen.
Holey moly
Those improvements, including doubling the bulk of the devices& mirrors, suspending them yet more delicately, and increasing the laser power by a factor of 75, have made Advanced LIGO, as the revamped apparatus is known, four times as sensitive as the previous incarnation. That extra sensitivity paid off almost immediately. Indeed, the system&s operators were still kicking its metaphorical tyres and had yet to begin its official first run when GW150914 turned up, first at the Louisiana site, and about a hundredth of a second later in Washington&a difference which places the outburst somewhere in the sky&s southern hemisphere. Since then, the team have been checking their sums and counting their lucky stars. As they outline in Physical Review Letters, the likelihood that the signal was a fluke is infinitesimal.
When one result comes so quickly, others seem sure to follow&particularly as the four months of data the experiment went on to gather as part of the first official run have yet to be analysed fully. A rough estimate suggests one or two other signals as striking as GW150914 may lie within them.
For gravitational astronomy, this is just the beginning. Soon, LIGO will not be alone. By the end of the year VIRGO, a gravitational-wave observatory in Italy, should join it in its search. Another is under construction in Japan and talks are under way to create a fourth, in India. Most ambitiously, a fifth, orbiting, observatory, the Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, or e-LISA, is on the cards. The first pieces of apparatus designed to test the idea of e-LISA are already in space.
Together, by jointly forming a telescope that will permit astronomers to pinpoint whence the waves come, these devices will open a new vista on the universe. As technology improves, waves of lower frequency&corresponding to events involving larger masses&will become detectable. Eventually, astronomers should be able to peer at the first 380,000 years after the Big Bang, an epoch of history that remains inaccessible to every other kind of telescope yet designed.
The real prize, though, lies in proving Einstein wrong. For all its prescience, the theory of relativity is known to be incomplete because it is inconsistent with the other great 20th-century theory of physics, quantum mechanics. Many physicists suspect that it is in places where conditions are most extreme&the very places which launch gravitational waves&that the first chinks in relativity&s armour will be found, and with them a glimpse of a more all-embracing theory.
Gravitational waves, of which Einstein remained so uncertain, have provided direct evidence for black holes, about which he was long uncomfortable, and may yet yield a peek at the Big Bang, an event he knew his theory was inadequate to describe. They may now lead to his theory&s unseating. If so, its epitaph will be that in predicting gravitational waves, it predicted the means of its own demise.
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引力波英文介绍
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引力波英文介绍gravitational 翻译/发音美 [.r&v&#618;'te&#618;&#643;&#601;n(&#601;)l]英 [.r&v&#618;'te&#618;&#643;(&#601;)n&#601;l]
&&& adj.引力的；重力引起的&& 重力的；万有引力的；地心吸力的
About 1.3 billion years ago, in a galaxy far, far away, two massive black holes smashed into each other and merged into one. The energy released by the collision created a ripple in the fabric of space-time and propagated outward in gravitational waves.大约在13亿年前，在星系中一个很远很远的地方，两个巨大的黑洞相撞并合二为一。撞击释放的能量让时空的水面泛起了涟漪，并通过引力波向外传播。
Then, on Sept 14, 2015, a group of scientists detected the waves. On Feb 11, an announcement came from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the US that, for the very first time, a gravitational wave was directly observed and recorded.日，科学家们探测到了引力波。日，美国激光干涉引力波天文台宣布，人类第一次直接观测并记录下了引力波。
“We have detected gravitational waves. We did it,” David Reitze, the executive director of LIGO, said in a press conference on Feb 11. “It’s exactly what Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicted.”在2月11日的一场新闻发布会上，美国激光干涉引力波天文台执行主任大卫&#8226;瑞兹宣布：“我们成功探测到了引力波，正如爱因斯坦广义相对论预言的一样。”
Einstein’s 1915 theory of general relativity re-imagined the framework for the universe. According to Einstein, the framework for the universe C or the space-time fabric C is not static and fixed, but distorted by matter and energy “in a way a heavy sleeper causes a mattress to sag, producing the effect we call gravity”, explains a New York Times article.爱因斯坦1995年提出的广义相对论对宇宙的结构提出了新的猜想。根据爱因斯坦的理论，宇宙的结构或称时空结构并非静止不动的，质量和能量会让它弯曲。《纽约时报》一篇文章解释说这就像“一个很重的人睡在床垫上会让床垫下陷，它产生的效果就是我们说的万有引力。“
“A disturbance in the cosmos could cause space-time to stretch, collapse and even jiggle, like a mattress shaking when that sleeper rolls over, producing ripples of gravity: gravitational waves,” explains the article.文章还解释道：“宇宙中的一个波动就能造成时空延展、坍塌和轻摇，就像睡觉的人翻身时床垫会摇一样，而它产生的重力的波纹就是引力波。“
Compared with the other three forces in the universe (electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force), gravity is relatively feeble, making gravitational waves hard to detect.和宇宙中的其他三种力（电磁力、弱核力、强核力）相比，重力就微弱得多了，所以引力波很难被观测。
These waves cause tiny changes in the dimensions of whatever they pass through, explains a Cosmos Magazine article. “Everything on Earth, including your own body, expands and contracts in concert with the waves. These expansions and contractions are unbelievably tiny, far smaller than a single atom,” says the article.《太空杂志》的一篇文章说，只要引力波穿过的地方，都会造成微弱的空间扭曲。“地球上的所有东西，包括你的身体，都会随着引力波伸张和收缩。这种伸张和收缩的幅度比一个原子还小得多。”
The LIGO detector is able to detect shifts of less than 1/10,000th the width of an atom, according . It can capture gravitational waves up to 225 millions light-years away.据美国新闻网介绍，美国激光干涉引力波天文台的探测器能够探测到小于万分之一原子宽度的变化。它还能探测到2.25亿光年之外的引力波。
The discovery by LIGO would open a new chapter in astronomy. “Everything else in astronomy is like the eye,” Szabolcs Marka, a Columbia University professor who is one of the LIGO scientists, told The New York Times. “Finally, astronomy grew ears. We never had ears before.”美国激光干涉引力波天文台的发现开启了天文学的新篇章。哥伦比亚大学教授，美国激光干涉引力波天文台科学家邵博尔奇&#8226;马尔卡告诉《纽约时报》：“天文学的一切都像是眼睛，而现在，天文学有了耳朵。这是我们以前从没有过的。”
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7145761651357961569843663742587674英语热词：3分钟动画到底啥是“引力波”?
来源：腾讯视频
　　被新晋网红“引力波”刷屏了?
　　对于文科生的某些，是不是依然云里雾里?
　　这个早在100年前，爱因斯坦就预测存在的引力波，到底是什么?也许下面这个三分钟动画能够帮你简单了解梳理一下~
　　【以下内容来自百度百科】
　　引力波也称重力波，引力波是爱因斯坦广义相对论所预言的一种以光速传播的时空波动，是时空曲率的扰动以行进波的形式向外传递的一种方式。如同电荷被加速时会发出电磁辐射，同样有质量的物体被加速时就会发出引力辐射，这是广义相对论的一项重要预言。
　　引力波与流体力学中的重力波很相似，当液体表面或内部液团由于密度差异离开原来位置，在重力(gravity force)和浮力(buoyancy force)的综合作用下，液团会处于上下振动以达到平衡的状态。即产生波动。引力波则是由于空间质量和速度的变化导致空间产生的波动。
　　LIGO在日宣布“探测到引力波的存在”。爱因斯坦广义相对论实验验证中最后一块缺失的“拼图”被填补了。
　　美国科研人员日宣布，他们利用激光干涉引力波天文台(LIGO)于去年9月首次探测到引力波。 研究人员宣布，当两个黑洞于约13亿年前碰撞，两个巨大质量结合所传送出的扰动，于日抵达地球，被地球上的精密仪器侦测到。证实了爱因斯坦100年前所做的预测。
　　引力波的发现意义重大，从科学意义上看，引力波可以直接与宇宙大爆炸连接。广义相对论中预言的引力波也可以产生于宇宙大爆炸中，这就是说大爆炸之初的引力波在137亿年后的今天仍然可以探测到。一旦发现了宇宙大爆炸时期的引力波，就可以揭开宇宙的各种谜团，甚至了解宇宙的开端和运行机制。
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