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族群融合深入美国“大熔炉” Stirring Up The Melting Pot
族群融合深入美国“大熔炉” Stirring Up The Melting Pot 来源：华尔街日报& &
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& && &&&The U.S. is rapidly becoming more diverse as the nation's minorities -- driven largely by a surge in the Hispanic and Asian populations -- move beyond traditional 'gateway' cities into smaller cities and towns.&&
& && &&&美国正在迅速成为一个更加多元化的国家，这在很大程度上归因于拉美裔和亚洲裔人口的大幅增长。如今他们正由传统的“门户”大城市向着小城市和城镇迁移。&&
& && &&&A new study to be released Friday shows that of the roughly 15,000 places in the country -- defined as cities, towns, suburbs or rural areas that govern their own fiscal affairs -- some 82.6% were majority white in 2010, down from 93.4% in 1980. Places where whites made up at least 90% of the population fell even more sharply, to 36% in 2010 from 65.8% in 1980.&&
& && &&&9月7日发布的一份最新研究报告显示，在美国大约1.5万个地区（这里指财政自主的城市、城镇、市郊和乡村地区）中，白人人口所占比例由1980年的93.4%降至2010年的82.6%；而白人占比90%以上的地区数量则出现了更明显的下滑，由1980年的65.8%大幅降至2010年的36%。&&
& && &&&The paper is part of the US 2010 Project at Brown University, a series of demographic research by academics around the country. It is one of a number of new studies showing that while big cities traditionally have been the nation's melting pots, today it is smaller cities and suburbs that are on the front lines of changing demographics and culture.&&
& && &&&该报告是布朗大学(Brown University)“美国2010项目”(US 2010 Project)的一部分。“美国2010项目”是美国学术界在全美范围内进行的一系列有关人口统计学的研究。这份报告显示，大城市一直以来都是美国各族群融合的大熔炉，而如今小城市和郊区已成为改变人口结构和文化的前沿阵地。近来还有不少类似研究均得出了同样的结论。&&
& && &&&'It sort of alerts everyone to the fact that diversity is becoming a part of daily life throughout the country, not just something that is confined to immigrant gateways or large cities,' said Barrett Lee, the US 2010 study's lead author and a sociology professor at Pennsylvania State University.&&
& && &&&这份“美国2010项目”研究报告的主要作者、宾夕法尼亚州立大学(Pennsylvania State University)社会学教授巴雷特o李(Barrett Lee)说，这在一定程度上提醒大家一个事实：多元化正成为人们生活中的一部分──它不再局限于移民城市和大城市，而已成为遍及全美的社会现象。&&
& && &&&In fact, some metro areas -- such as El Centro, Calif., and El Paso, Texas -- are becoming less diverse because of rapid growth of the minority populations.&&
& && &&&事实上，由于少数族裔人口的快速增长，诸如加利福尼亚州埃尔森特罗(El Centro)和得克萨斯州艾尔帕索(El Paso)这样的大都市地区反倒变得没以前那么多元化了。&&
& && &&&The US 2010 report scores the diversity of the nation's metro areas by how evenly a place's population is spread across five groups: Non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics of any race, African-Americans, Asians and an 'other' category largely made up of Native Americans, Alaska Natives and people of two or more races.&&
& && &&&这份报告采用了一套评分方法来描述美国都市人口结构的多元化程度。该方法将人口分为五个族群──非拉美裔白人、拉美裔、非洲裔、亚洲裔和其他（“其他”项主要包括北美原住民、阿拉斯加原住民以及拥有两种或两种以上种族血统的人）。&&
& && &&&A perfectly diverse place would have a population with exactly 20% of each category, and would score 100 on Mr. Lee's diversity scale. In 2010, the most diverse metropolitan area in the country, Vallejo, Calif. had a score of 89.3, with a population that was 41% white, 24% Hispanic, 15% Asian, 14% black, and 6% other.&&
& && &&&按照李教授的评估标准，在一个完美的族群多元化地区，五个族群的人口占比应恰好均为20%──这样的地区将得到100分。2010年，多元化程度最高的美国都市地区是加州的瓦列霍(Vallejo)，得到89.3分。该地区人口结构中，41%为白人，24%为拉美裔，15%为亚洲裔，14%为非洲裔，还有6%为“其他”。&&
& && &&&Big economic centers remain very diverse. The San Francisco, Washington, New York, Houston and Los Angeles metro areas were all among the nation's top 10 most diverse places. But while some sprawling metropolitan areas have diverse populations, in many cases their neighborhoods remain segregated.&&
& && &&&大型经济中心的多元化程度依旧很高。旧金山、华盛顿、纽约、休斯顿和洛杉矶大都市地区至今仍在美国各地的族群多元化排名中名列前10。不过，在一些不断扩张的都市地区拥有多元化人口结构的同时，其中很多地区却依然存在着一些实行种族隔离的社区。&&
& && &&&'In the Southwest and West, diversity seems to be translating into lower levels of segregation, but some of the most diverse areas on the East Coast and Midwest remain very highly segregated at the neighborhood level,' said John Logan, a professor at Brown and director of the US 2010 project.&&
& && &&&“美国2010项目”的主管、布朗大学教授约翰o洛根(John Logan)说，在美国西南部和西部地区，多元化似乎可以被解读为种族隔离程度较低，不过在美国东岸和中西部一些族群多元化程度最高的地区，种族隔离现象在一些社区仍然十分明显。&&
& && &&&The U.S. has long been growing more diverse and the Census Bureau projects whites will make up less than half of the nation's population in 2042. Last year, non-Hispanic whites accounted for less than half of newborn children for the first time in U.S. history.&&
& && &&&美国长期以来一直在向族群多元化发展。美国人口普查局(Census Bureau)预计，至2042年，白人在美国人口中所占比例将不足一半。去年，非拉美裔白人新生儿在全部新生婴儿中所占比例出现了低于50%的情况，这在美国历史上尚属首次。&&
& && &&&Today's demographic changes are being driven by the booming Hispanic and Asian populations. Hispanics' ranks jumped 42% between 2000 and 2010 to 50.5 million, or 1 in 6 Americans, and they now constitute the biggest minority group in the country. Blacks grew a modest 11% to 37.7 million. Hispanics are growing fast not just because women have more children on average, but also because the population is younger, with more women in their prime childbearing years.&&
& && &&&当前人口统计数据上的变化主要源于拉美裔和亚洲裔人口的高速增长。2010年，拉美裔人口较2000年增长42%，达到5050万，即每六个美国人里，就有一个是拉美裔。拉美裔目前是美国最大的少数族群。同期，美国非洲裔人口温和增长11%，至3770万人。拉美裔人口的快速增长，一方面的原因是这一族群的女子往往生有更多的孩子；另一方面，拉美裔人口更年轻，有更多适龄生育的女子。&&
& && &&&Las Vegas attracted Hispanics to work in the service sector as casinos expanded during the 1990s. Construction workers followed, to build housing for the city, which is now nearly one-third Hispanic. In addition to immigrants and Americans of Mexican and Central American origin, Las Vegas is home to the country's third-largest Cuban population and boasts a large Puerto Rican contingent.&&
& && &&&上世纪90年代，拉斯维加斯赌博产业的蓬勃发展吸引了众多拉美裔人士进入这里的服务行业。随后，建筑工人接踵而至，为这座城市建造更多的住房──如今，拉美裔已占该地区人口的近三分之一。除去居住着外来移民以及带有墨西哥和中美洲血统的美国人，拉斯维加斯还是美国第三大的古巴人聚集地，并拥有庞大的波多黎各族群。&&
& && &&&Since the 90s, thousands of Hispanic immigrants have flocked eastward. They have left behind traditional settlement areas such as California and Texas to put down roots in places such as Sioux City, a prosperous locale of 144,000 in northwestern Iowa. In this corn belt city, Hispanics have found jobs in meat-processing plants, farms and dairies.&&
& && &&&自上世纪90年代以来，已有数以千计的拉美裔移民向东挺进。他们离开了诸如加州和得州的传统定居地，把根扎在像艾奥瓦西北部城市苏城(Sioux City)这样的地方。苏城是座欣欣向荣的城市，有14.4万人口。在这座位于玉米产区的城市，拉美裔居民多供职于肉品加工厂、农场和乳制品行业。&&
& && &&&Sioux City is home to many Hispanic-owned businesses, including bakeries, restaurants and clothing shops. Norma Azpeitia, a 34-year-old college recruiter, said her father came to Sioux City from California in the late '90s. After securing stable employment at a pork plant, he all five Azpeitia children graduated from a local high school and attended college. 'We wanted to pursue a higher education and move beyond meat-processing work,' Ms. Azpeitia said.&&
& && &&&苏城有很多拉美裔居民开的商号，比如面包房、餐馆和服装店。34岁的诺玛o阿兹佩蒂亚(Norma Azpeitia)在一所大学负责招生工作，她说，她的父亲于上世纪90年代后期由加州迁至苏城。在一个猪肉加工厂获得一份稳定的工作后，她的父亲把家人接到了这里。阿兹佩蒂亚家的五个孩子都从当地高中毕业，并接受了高等教育。阿兹佩蒂亚说，我们想获得高等教育，将来不再从事肉制品加工的工作。&&
& && &&&The number of Asians in the U.S. quadrupled between 1980 and 2010 to about 18 million, or 6% of the total population. They have increased diversity in cities such as Bellevue, Wash., a high-tech hub near Seattle. Much of the Asian influx has occurred since the '90s, when technology companies such as Microsoft Corp., based in nearby Redmond, sought workers. Asians now account for about 30% of Bellevue's 128,000 people.&&
& && &&&年间，美国的亚洲裔人口增长了三倍，达到1800万，相当于美国总人口的6%。亚洲裔人口的到来进一步推动了华盛顿州贝尔维尤(Bellevue)等城市的族群多元化。贝尔维尤是西雅图附近的一个高科技产业中心。亚洲裔人口的涌入在上世纪90年代相当可观，这主要归因于当时微软(Microsoft Corp.)等科技公司的用工需求（微软总部位于附近的雷德蒙德(Redmond)）。目前贝尔维尤的12.8万人口中，约有30%是亚洲裔。&&
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