英语专八翻译小练习（十一）
摘要：原文： 比文明这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？它意指一个建立在平民百姓舆论基础上的社会。 它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争冲突、暴动暴政为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的独立法庭所代替。这就是文明
& & & 比&文明&这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？它意指一个建立在平民百姓舆论基础上的社会。　它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争冲突、暴动暴政为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的独立法庭所代替。这就是文明，在文明的土壤里，自由、舒适和文化不断发展壮大。如果文明在任何一个国家里占了支配地位，那么便可给人民群众提供一种更加宽松的较为平静的生活，过去的传统则受人珍重，英明伟人或勇士们留给我们的遗产则成为咱们大家共同享用的丰富的财产。
参考译文：
& & & &There are few words which are used more loosely than the word &civilization&. What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization ---and in its soil grow continually freedom, comfort and culture. When Civilization reigns in any country, a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people, the traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former wise or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.&
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------分隔线----------------------------2011年专业英语翻译练习题05
&　　原文：　　比“文明”这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？它意指一个建立在平民百姓舆论基础上的社会。　它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争冲突、暴动暴政为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的独立法庭所代替。这就是文明，在文明的土壤里，自由、舒适和文化不断发展壮大。如果文明在任何一个国家里占了支配地位，那么便可给人民群众提供一种更加宽松的较为平静的生活，过去的传统则受人珍重，英明伟人或勇士们留给我们的遗产则成为咱们大家共同享用的丰富的财产。　　参考译文：　　There are few words which are used more loosely than the word ‘civilization’. What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization ---and in its soil grow continually freedom, comfort and culture. When Civilization reigns in any country, a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people, the traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former wise or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.
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binding：havingpowertobin；专八翻译练习（三）；C--E原文:只有在我过度劳累的时候,在我长时间；于是有那么一会儿，我会感到整个房子非常大，空荡荡；IamlonelyonlywhenIamover；Thenforalittlewhiletheho；C--E原文：朱红的帽结子发着光，青缎小帽发着光；Thevermillionbuttono
binding：having pow obligatory（必须遵守的；有法律约束力的） World Wildlife Fund：世界自然基金会,现在更名World Wide Fund for Nature. 专八翻译练习（三） C--E原文:只有在我过度劳累的时候,在我长时间不间断地工作的时侯，在我感到内心空虚、需要充实的时候，我才会感到寂寞。有时，外出演讲回来，见了许多人，讲了许多话，心中满是纷乱的体验需要整理，偶而也会觉得孤独。
于是有那么一会儿，我会感到整个房子非常大，空荡荡的。不知此时的自我又藏匿于何处。这时，我会给花草浇浇水，挨个瞅瞅，仿佛它们是活生生的人一样，或是喂喂两只小猫，亲手做顿饭菜，这样自我就慢慢地重新找回。 参考译文:
I am lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.
Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants, perhaps, and looking again at each one as though it were a person, by feeding the two cats, by cooking a meal. C--E原文：朱红的帽结子发着光，青缎小帽发着光，帽檐上的一颗大珍珠发着光，二蓝团龙缎面的灰鼠袍子发着光，米色缎子坎肩发着光，雪青的褡包在身后发着光，粉底官靴发着光。众人把彩虹挡住，请安的请安，问候的问候，这才看清一张眉清目秀的圆胖白洁的脸，与漆黑含笑的一双眼珠，也都发着光，听不清楚他说了些什么，虽然他的嗓音很清亮。他的话每每被他的哈哈与啊啊啊扰乱；雪白的牙齿一闪一闪地发着光。 参考译文： The vermillion button on its cap was dazzling, the blue satin cap itself was dazzling, the giant pearl on the brim of the cap was dazzling, the long gown of light blue satin embroidered with intertwined dragons and lined with squirrel fur was dazzling, the cream-colored satin sleeveless jacket was dazzling, the lilac cummerbund was dazzling. and its officials boots with their painted white soles were dazzling, too. Only after everyone crowded around this rainbow, offered it their greetings and enquired its health, could it be observed that its handsome，clean-cut round white face and its coal-black eyes full of mirth were also dazzling. One couldn't make out what this rainbow was saying even though its voice was very clear. Since it was constantly interrupting its. speech with a\hahaha\，one could see that its snow-white teeth were dazzling too. E--C原文：It seems as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and despatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. And it would seem also, on a hasty view, that the attainment of as much as possible was the one goal of man's contentious life. And yet, as regards the spirit, this is but a semblance. 参考译文： 在这充满联姻婚嫁、决战厮杀的世界里，每天特定时刻，我们都欣然而又迅速地把一份食物一去不返地吞入包裹我们的皮囊。这个世界看上去似乎有很多东西都是可以得到的。猛然看来，尽可能地获取也成为纷繁人生的唯一目标。然而，对于精神世界来说，这只不过是表面现象。
C--E原文：长城，东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，横跨中国北部，全长六千多公里，号称“万里长城”，是中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶，是世界伟大的建筑奇迹之一。
中国最早的长城，远在公元前七世纪就已经出现了。公元前221年，秦始皇统一六国后，把秦、赵、燕三国原有长城连接起来，绵延万余里，奠定今天长城的规模，以后历代均有修筑。现存长城，是明代修建的。
长城依山势蜿蜒起伏，宛如苍龙凌空飞舞，十分雄伟壮观，是无数中外游人的登临胜地。 参考译文： Starting at Shanhai Pass in the east and ending up at Jiayu Pass in the west, the Great Wall traverses up and down over numerous mountains and valleys in five of China?s northern provinces and two autonomous regions. As it extends over a distance of more than 6000 kms, it is called in Chinese the Wan li chang cheng which means “Ten Thousand Li Long Wall”. It is a symbol of intelligence of the working people of old days, and also one of the great architectural miracles in the world. Construction of the wall first began in the 7th century B.C. after Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221―206BC) achieved the unification of China in 221 B.C... He had the fortification walls of the three kingdoms Qin, Zhao and Yan linked up to be a continuous wall extending more than ten thousand li (a li = 1/2 kms), which formed the essential size of the present-day Great Wall. Since then the later dynasties continued to repair and build the wall. The great wall as it stands today was restored and reinforced during the Ming Dynasty. The great Wall winds like a giant serpent along the lofty myriad mountains. It is one of the most famous attractions to visitors.
E--C原文：Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer?s temperament, discovering itself through the camera?s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer w but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all. 参考译文：
照相是一种既兼并客观世界，又表达独特自我的技术。照片描绘业已存在的客观现实，不过只有造相机才能揭示这种客观现实。照片反映个别摄影者的气质，这种气质是通过照相机剪裁现实而显示出来的。那就是说，摄影术有两个相互对立的观念：第一，摄影术是反映世界的，摄影者只不过是无足轻重的观察者； 第二，摄影术是无畏探索的主观性的手段，摄影者决定一切 C--E原文：比“文明”这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？它意指一个建立在平民百姓舆论基础上的社会。 它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争冲突、暴动暴政为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的独立法庭所代替。这就是文明，在文明的土壤里，自由、舒适和文化不断发展壮大。如果文明在任何一个国家里占了支配地位，那么便可给人民群众提供一种更加宽松的较为平静的生活，过去的传统则受人珍重，英明伟人或勇士们留给我们的遗产则成为咱们大家共同享用的丰富的财产。 参考译文： There are few words which are used more loosely than the word ?civilization?. What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization ---and in its soil grows continually freedom, comfort and culture. When Civilization reigns in any country, a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people, the traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former wise or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.
原文： 正是因为不停地追求进取，我们才感到生活幸福。一件事完成后，另一件随之而来，如此连绵不绝，永无止境。对于往前看的人来说，眼前总有一番新天地。虽然我们蜗居于这颗小行星上，整日忙于锁事且生命短暂，但我们生来就有不尽的希望，如天上繁星，遥不可及。只要生命犹在，希望便会不止。真正的幸福在于怎样开始，而不是如何结束，在于我们的希翼，而并非拥有。 参考译文： We live in an ascending scale when we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series. There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life. To be truly happy is a question of how we begin and not of how we end, of what we want and not of what we have. 原文： It is a strange thing, to note the excess of this passion, and how it braves the nature, and value of things, that the speaking in a perpetual hyperbole, is comely in nothing but in love. Neither is it
for whereas it hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty flatterers have intelligence, is a man? certainly the lover is more. For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of him self, as the lover doth and therefore it was well said, That it is impossible to love, and to be wise. Neither doth this weakness appear to others only, and no but to the loved most of all, except the love be reciproque. For it is a true rule, that love is ever rewarded, either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt. 参考译文： 过度的爱情追求，必然会降低人本身的价值。例如，只有在爱情中，才永远需要那种浮夸诌媚的词令。而在其他场合，同样的词令只能招人耻笑。古人有一句名言：“最大的奉承，人总是留给自己的”。－－只有对情人的奉承要算例外。因为甚至最骄傲的人，也甘愿在情人面前自轻自贱。所以古人说得好：“就是神在爱情中也难保持聪明。”情人的这种弱点不仅在外人眼中是明显的，就是在被追求者的眼中也会很明显――除非她（他）也在追求他（她）。所以，爱情的代价就是如此，不能得到回爱，就会得到一种深藏于心的轻蔑，这是一条永真的定律。 专八翻译练习（四） 原文： 正是因为不停地追求进取，我们才感到生活幸福。一件事完成后，另一件随之而来，如此连绵不绝，永无止境。对于往前看的人来说，眼前总有一番新天地。虽然我们蜗居于这颗小行星上，整日忙于锁事且生命短暂，但我们生来就有不尽的希望，如天上繁星，遥不可及。只要生命犹在，希望便会不止。真正的幸福在于怎样开始，而不是如何结束，在于我们的希翼，而并非拥有。 参考译文： We live in an ascending scale when we live happily, one thing leading to another in an endless series. There is always a new horizon for onward-looking men, and although we dwell on a small planet, immersed in petty business and not enduring beyond a brief period of years, we are so constituted that our hopes are inaccessible, like stars, and the term of hoping is prolonged until the term of life. To be truly happy is a question of how we begin and not of how we end, of what we want and not of what we have. 原文： It is a strange thing, to note the excess of this passion, and how it braves the nature, and value of things, that the speaking in a perpetual hyperbole, is comely in nothing but in love. Neither is it
for whereas it hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty flatterers have intelligence, is a man? certainly the lover is more. For there was never proud man thought so absurdly well of him self, as the lover doth and therefore it was well said, That it is impossible to love, and to be wise. Neither doth this weakness appear to others only, and no but to the loved most of all, except the love be reciproque. For it is a true rule, that love is ever rewarded, either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt. 参考译文： 过度的爱情追求，必然会降低人本身的价值。例如，只有在爱情中，才永远需要那种浮夸诌媚的词令。而在其他场合，同样的词令只能招人耻笑。古人有一句名言：“最大的奉承，人总是留给自己的”。－－只有对情人的奉承要算例外。因为甚至最骄傲的人，也甘愿在情人面前自轻自贱。所以古人说得好：“就是神在爱情中也难保持聪明。”情人的这种弱点不仅在外人眼中是明显的，就是在被追求者的眼中也会很明显――除非她（他）也在追求他（她）。所以，爱情的代价就是如此，不能得到回爱，就会得到一种深藏于心的轻蔑，这是一条永真的定律。 新闻英语标题的欣赏及汉译 我们在阅读英语报刊时，不仅要学会看借新闻标题，而且最好还能善于欣赏并翻译新闻标题，惟有如此，我们才能较正确地理解英语新闻标题的词汇、语法及修辞等特点，判断出标题的寓意。 欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题时应该兼顾三个方面：准确理解标题，领悟其妙处；适当照顾译文特点，增强可读性；重视读者的接受能力。欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题，对于不太熟悉英语国家历史、文化背景的读者来说，有时并不是很容易的。许多妙不可言的精彩之处，一疏忽就可能从眼皮底下滑过去。因此，这就要求我们平时注意积累，不断熟悉英语国家的历史掌故、文艺作品以及英语的修辞手段等等。一旦真的领会并译出了英语标题中作者苦心营造的深奥内涵，那份喜悦不亚于数学家攻克一道难题。 一、直译或基本直译 如果英语标题的含义明白、直接，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则可直译或基本直译。如：
Looking Back To Look Ahead.回首往昔展望未来。
America's Careening Foreign Policy.摇摆不定的美国对外政策。
Bill Clinton Assumes Office In White HouseAs Us President.
比尔?克林顿入主白宫，就任美国总统。(或译：克林顿入主白宫，新总统始掌大权。)
Olympics Begin In S Swimmer Takes 1st Gold.
奥运会隆重开幕泳将夺首枚金牌。 二、添加注释性词语 即使是明白易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需酌情加上逻辑主语，或新闻人物的国籍、消息的事发地点等等。总之，应兼顾中英语新闻标题之异同，适当增补有关介绍性、注释性词语以利读者理解，避免产生误会。例如：
Li Elected Cppcc Head.李(瑞环)当选为全国政协主席。
Lewis, Xie Voted World's Top Two.路(易斯)谢(军)当选世界最佳男女(运动员)。
Emperor's Visit A Milestone In BilateralTies.天皇访华：(中日)双边关系的里程碑。
Quake Death Toll Tops 5000.(日本限神地区)地震死亡人数己逾五千。
Young Wheelers, Big Dealers.青年摩托车手成了(保险公司)大主顾。 三亿文库包含各类专业文献、文学作品欣赏、应用写作文书、幼儿教育、小学教育、生活休闲娱乐、专八翻译模拟练习09等内容。　
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What had he been afraid of, I asked myself? That, suddenly alone, he would discover that he bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet? But having taken the plunge, he is now on th he is about to be launched into his own inner space to the astronaut. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. “他一直在害怕什么呢？”，我问自已。 怕突然一个人呆着会发现自已厌烦自己，或者 怕会失去自我？但是有了这次偿试， 他便要开始探险了。 他就要发射到自已内心的宇宙之中。 他的所见所感对他来说将会是全新的，一度会新颖的让人惊奇。The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life The other day an acquaintance of mine, a gregarious and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly alone in New York for an hour or two between appointments. He went to the Whitney and spent the &empty& time looking at things in solitary bliss. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in love to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone. 独自生活的报偿 前些日子，我的一个熟人，一位热爱交际并很受欢迎的男士告诉我，他在纽约的两个约会 之间偶然有一两个小时的空闲，他便去了惠特尼博物馆，四处浏览着展品，无比幸福的度过 了那些时光。发现自已独自一人，也能如此的幸福，他感觉像坠入爱河那般震惊。来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样， 大多非常刻苦勤奋， 周末也往往会抽出一 天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识， 也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余 5位均是亚裔学生。 他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工 作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14 位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顾别人劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学 旅程。 参考译文 :Like students from other Asian countries and regions, most Chinese students who come to pursue further education in the United States work on their studies most diligently andassiduously. Even on weekends, they would frequently spend one day, or even two days, to work overtime in their laboratories. Therefore, compared with their American counterparts, they are more academically fruitful. My supervisor (advisor / tutor) is of Asian origin who is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a sharp (an irritable) temper. Nevertheless, he highly appreciates the industry and the solid foundational knowledge of Asian students and has a particularly keen insight into the psychology of Asian students. Hence, of all the students recruited by his laboratory, except for one German, the rest five were all from Asia. He even put a striking notice on the door of his lab, which read, &All the research assistants of this laboratory are required to work 7 days a week, from 10 AM to 12 PM. Nothing but work during the working hours.& This supervisor is reputed on the entire campus for his severity and harshness. In the course of the 3 and half years that I stayed there, a total of 14 students were recruited into his laboratory and only 5 of them stayed on until they graduated with their Ph.D. degrees. In the summer of 1990, ignoring the remonstrations (admonishments / dissuasions) from others, I accepted my supervisor's sponsorship and embarked on the difficult journey of academic pursuit (undertaking further studies in the United States).Michel Gringas is getting ready for bed, a ritual not complete until he straps on his NovaDreamer. 一台真正的梦机器技术能够帮助控制和创造梦 Michel Gringas 正准备睡觉， 在他与新梦想家 捆在一起后，程序才算完成。 &It's the best form of virtual reality,& said Gringas. &It's a reality in which you can do absolutely everything.& &这是虚拟现实的最好方式，&Gringas 说。&在这种现实中，你可以几乎不受限制地做任何 事情。& Gringas is one of thousands who swear by the new technology that reportedly lets users control and create dreams. 据报道，Gringas 是坚信控制和创造梦想这项新技术的千百名用户之一。 &Flying is the most classic example,& said Gringas, a Web designer and videographer from Canada. &When you realize you're having a lucid dream, you just take off and fly!& &飞翔是最典型的例子，&来自加拿大的网页设计者兼电视录像制作人 Gringas 说，&当你意 识到正做一个清晰的梦时，便开始起飞翱翔。& Realizing you're in a lucid dream is the key, and that's where technology developed in a Stanford University lab by world-renowned lucid dreaming expert Stephen LaBerge comes in.意识到是在清醒梦中是关键，这说明由斯坦福大学实验室著名清醒梦专家 Stephen LaBerge 开发的技术便发挥作用了。 &When you do something in a dream, to the brain it's as if you're actually doing it,& LaBerge said. &当你在梦中做事情时，大脑感知好像是在现实中做的，&LaBerge 说。 Lucid dreaming simply means knowing that you're dreaming while you're sleeping. Think Nightmare on Elm Street, but in a good way. 简单说，清醒梦就是当你正酣睡时，你知道你在做梦。想想 Elm 大街上的噩梦，不过用一 种安全的方式。 Control Your Dreams 控制你的梦The NovaDreamer is a mask that senses when you drift into REM or deep sleep. Developed by LaBerge's Lucidity Institute in Palo Alto, the mask emits gentle lights and sounds to provide subconscious cues that tell you you're dreaming without waking you up. 新梦想家是一种意识到自己自然地快速眼动或深入睡眠的面罩。它由 LaBerge 在 Palo Alto 的清醒研究所开发，这种面罩能发出柔和光线和声音，提供下意识暗示，在不吵醒你的前提 下，使你知道自己在做梦。 If you're able to pick up on those cues - LaBerge says that with the right training, anyone can do it - you'll experience a lucid dream. You'll actually be able to control what happens to you during the dream itself. LaBerge 表示，如果你能领悟那些暗示，只需适当的训练，任何人都可以经历一场清醒梦。 事实上，你可以控制梦中发生的事。 &In ordinary dreams we don't know it's a dream until we wake up. And so we don't know the opportunities available there,& LaBerge said. &If you know it's a dream, you can transcend the usual limitations.& &在普通的梦中， 我们只有醒后才知道它是梦。 所以我们不清楚那里可利用的机会， &LaBerge 说。&如果你知道它是梦，就能超越一般局限。& The NovaDreamer sells for about $300 and comes with a workbook to help the budding lucid dreamer hone his or her skills. An accessory to the device is a port that can download information from the mask directly to a PC. The data includes how many REM episodes the user experienced during the night and at what times. 新梦想家售价300美元，还带有一本使用说明书，来帮助训练早期清醒梦者的技能。这装 置的一个附件是移植端对， 能够直接从面罩下载信息导入电脑。 信息包括用者在夜晚经历的 快速眼动出现的次数以及出现的具体时间。 REM sleep is the key to lucid dreaming and LaBerge says people develop patterns for REM sleep. If you can pick up on those, he says, you can better coordinate when you might experience a lucid dream. 快速眼动睡眠是清醒梦的关键，LaBerge 说人们会形成自己快速眼动睡眠的方式。他说，如果你能领悟那些，那当你经历一场清醒梦时，你就能更好地协调。 For Gringas, this dream machine is a dream come true. 梦机器就是使梦想实现。 &While sleeping I could be awake doing other things… flying around, meeting Einstein or Gandhi, or having sex with 15 partners feeding me grapes,& he said. &It's a whole world that you create!& &我睡着却能醒着做其它事情，四处飞翔，遇见爱因斯坦或甘地，还有15名女伴一边喂我葡 萄一边与我做爱，&他说，&这就是你创造的整个世界！& Gringas has created a Web site devoted to capturing dreams by using video and computing technology to re-create his lucid dreams, so everyone who logs on to his site can see what he has seen. Gringas 创建了一个网站，专谈利用影像和电脑技术捕捉梦源，来重新创作他的清醒梦，这 样每个登录他网站的人都能看见他曾看见的。 对于 Gringas 来说，这台Children who are abused and neglected at home are more likely than their peers to do badly at school, to have behaviour problems and to become victims of bullying, according to a report. The first British overview of research on the relationship between how children are treated at home and how they fare at school proves that abuse has a &profound effect& on children’s performance in all aspects of school life, its authors say. The study, published by the NSPCC, includes the finding that maltreatment in the first five years of life almost triples a child’s likelihood of having multiple physiological, behavioural and academic problems at school. Children with special educational needs are more than seven times more likely than their classmates to suffer physical abuse and have almost the same chance of being neglected, according to the research. The study also says that children who have spent a year or more in care, and are more likely than their peers to have suffered maltreatment, are more likely to fail their GCSEs; 8% of youngsters in care achieve five good GCSEs, compared with a national average of more than 50%. Although it is impossible to gauge precisely the numbers of children suffering abuse, often without either their school authorities or other services knowing the truth of their circumstances, one study found one in six young British adults reported at least one serious abusive incident in their childhoods. The report calls on schools to address pupils’ problems &with a careful eye to the possibility of there being problems at home&, and suggests that this approach could lead to early identification of any abuse.英国全国防止虐待儿童协会最近公布的一项研究报告显示， 对于那些在家中总是受到虐 待且处于被忽视地位的孩子们来说， 其学习成绩很有可能会落后于同学们， 举止异常并成为 恃强凌弱者的牺牲品。 据英国《卫报》5月25日报道，该研究报告的作者表示，这是在英国历史上首次进行的 关于孩子在家庭中的处境与其在学校里的表现之间关系的全面研究。 该项研究证明了来自家 庭的虐待会对孩子学校生活的各个方面产生“深远的影响”。 该报告说，一个孩子在其人生头5年里所受到的粗暴对待会使他(她)日后在学校中产生 诸多生理、行为及学业方面问题的概率几乎提高到3倍。 根据此项研究的结果， 那些受到肉体虐待或被忽视的孩子需要接受特殊教育的可能性比 其同班同学要高出7倍有余。 该研究报告还指出，那些在1年及1年以上的时间内处于忧虑状态而且比同龄人更容易 受到虐待的孩子，其无法通过英国中学普通毕业证书考试(GCSE)的可能性也会相应增加； 在整天忧心忡忡的青少年中只有8%的人可以在 GCSE 考试中得到5个优， 而全英国这一指标 的平均值超过了50%。 尽管目前尚无法准确测算出受虐待孩子的人数， 无论是学校还是其它社会服务机构都无 法弄清他们所处的真实环境， 但有一项研究发现， 在较为年轻的英国成年人中有六分之一的 人表示他们在自己的青少年时期至少经历过一次较为严重的虐待事件。 该研究报告呼吁学校， 应将孩子在学校里所表现出的种种问题与其在家中遇到诸多问题 的可能性结合起来，通过此种方法可以使人们尽早发现孩子所遭受的任何虐待。Consistently getting a good night’s sleep may be one of the answers to maintaining a healthy weight, if early research findings are correct. The small study found that when healthy young men slept for only fours hours on two nights in a row, they showed dips in a hormone that suppresses appetite, coupled with increases in an appetite-stimulating hormone. On top of that, the volunteers reported being more hungry after their sleep-deprived nights than after nights when they slept for 10 hours. Though more research is needed, the new findings suggest that &if you do not run a sleep debt, you will be able to curb your appetite more easily and maintain or lose weight,& study leader Dr. Eve Van Cauter, a professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, told Reuters Health. The two appetite-regulating hormones in question are leptin, which is released from fat cells and helps alert the brain that it’s time to stop eating, and ghrelin, which is produced in the stomach and helps trigger hunger. Van Cauter’s team found that when the 12 men in their study slept for four hours on two consecutive nights, their levels of leptin were 18 percent lower and their levels of ghrelin were 28 percent higher than they were after two nights of spending 10 hours inbed. The exact reasons for the hormonal changes associated with sleep deprivation are not yet known. According to Van Cauter, the mechanism may have to do with a small area in the brain where neurons respond to both eating and sleeping. 参考译文： 参考译文： 美国科学家最近在该国医学期刊《内科年鉴》上发表研究报告指出，长期充足和健康的 睡眠可能是很好地控制体重的原因之一。 据路透社12月7日报道，科学家经研究发现，如果健康的年轻男性连续两晚只睡4个小 时，他们体内抑制食欲的激素水平就会下降，同时刺激食欲的激素水平会上升。负责此项研 究的美国芝加哥大学医学教授伊夫?考特博士说，尽管还需要进一步研究，但这项新的实验 结果显示“如果不缺乏睡眠，那么你将可以轻松地控制食欲并成功地保持或降低体重”。 此 项 实 验 中 研 究 的 两 种 可 以 调 节 食 欲 的 激 素 分 别 是 “ 莱 普 汀 ”(leptin) 和 “ 葛 瑞 林”(ghrelin)。前者由脂肪细胞分泌，帮助提醒大脑“已经饱了”；后者由胃分泌，使人感到 饥饿。 实验发现， 与连续两晚睡足10个小时相比， 连续两晚只睡4小时的年轻男子， 体内 leptin 的水平降低了18%，而 ghrelin 水平则上升了28%。 科学家还发现，缺乏睡眠的男子对自己的食量和“饥饿等级”的评估也平均上升了24%， 他们要的食物多是一些甜食， 或者炸薯条和坚果之类的咸食， 还有淀粉含量很高的面包和通 心粉等。考特说，这种与缺乏睡眠有关的激素变化的确切原因还不清楚，这种机制可能与大 脑中某个区域有关，在这个区域中神经元对饮食和睡眠都会作出反应。比“文明”这个词还用得更不确切、更加无拘无束的词简直寥寥无几。文明是什么意思？ 它意指一个建立在平民百姓舆论基础上的社会。 它意味着暴力、武士和暴君的统治、战争 冲突、暴动暴政为立法议会所取代，被法律得以长期维护的独立法庭所代替。这就是文明， 在文明的土壤里，自由、舒适和文化不断发展壮大。如果文明在任何一个国家里占了支配地 位，那么便可给人民群众提供一种更加宽松的较为平静的生活，过去的传统则受人珍重，英 明伟人或勇士们留给我们的遗产则成为咱们大家共同享用的丰富的财产。参考译文： There are few words which are used more loosely than the word ‘civilization’. What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those laws are maintained. That is Civilization ---and in its soil grow continually freedom, comfort and culture. When Civilization reigns in any country, a wider and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people, the traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former wise or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.原文： Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer’s temperament, discovering itself through the camera’s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer w but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all. 参考译文： 照相是一种既兼并客观世界，又表达独特自我的技术。照片描绘业已存在的客观现实， 不过只有造相机才能揭示这种客观现实。 照片反映个别摄影者的气质， 这种气质是通过照相 机剪裁现实而显示出来的。那就是说，摄影术有两个相互对立的观念：第一，摄影术是反映 世界的，摄影者只不过是无足轻重的观察者； 第二，摄影术是无畏探索的主观性的手段， 摄影者决定一切。原文： 长城，东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，横跨中国北部，全长六千多公里，号称“万里长城”，是中 国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶，是世界伟大的建筑奇迹之一。 中国最早的长城， 远在公元前七世纪就已经出现了。公元前221年，秦始皇统一六国后， 把秦、赵、燕三国原有长城连接起来，绵延万余里，奠定今天长城的规模，以后历代均有修 筑。现存长城，是明代修建的。 长城依山势蜿蜒起伏，宛如苍龙凌空飞舞，十分雄伟壮观，是无数中外游人的登临胜地。 参考译文： Starting at Shanhai Pass in the east and ending up at Jiayu Pass in the west, the Great Wall traverses up and down over numerous mountains and valleys in five of China’s northern provinces and two autonomous regions. As it extends over a distance of more than 6000 kms, it is called in Chinese the Wanmlichangcheng which means “Ten Thousand Li Long Wall”. It is a symbol of intelligence of the working people of old days, and also one of the great architectural miracles in the world. Construction of the wall first began in the 7th century B.C. after Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221―206BC) achieved the unification of China in 221 B.C... He had the fortification walls of the three kingdoms Qin, Zhao and Yan linked up to be a continuous wall extending more than ten thousand li (a li = 1/2 kms), which formed the essential size of the present-day Great Wall. Since then the later dynasties continued torepair and build the wall. The great wall as it stands today was restored and reinforced during the Ming Dynasty. The great Wall winds like a giant serpent along the lofty myriad mountains. It is one of the most famous attractions to visitors. 原文： 朱红的帽结子发着光，青缎小帽发着光，帽檐上的一颗大珍珠发着光，二蓝团龙缎面的灰鼠 袍子发着光，米色缎子坎肩发着光，雪青的褡包在身后发着光，粉底官靴发着光。众人把彩 虹挡住，请安的请安，问候的问候，这才看清一张眉清目秀的圆胖白洁的脸，与漆黑含笑的 一双眼珠，也都发着光，听不清楚他说了些什么，虽然他的嗓音很清亮。他的话每每被他的 哈哈与啊啊啊扰乱；雪白的牙齿一闪一闪地发着光。参考译文： The vermillion button on its cap was dazzling, the blue satin cap itself was dazzling, the giant pearl on the brim of the cap was dazzling, the long gown of light blue satin embroidered with intertwined dragons and lined with squirrel fur was dazzling, the cream-colored satin sleeveless jacket was dazzling, the lilac cummerbund was dazzling. and its officials boots with their painted white soles were dazzling, too. Only after everyone crowded around this rainbow, offered it their greetings and enquired its health, could it be observed that its handsome， clean-cut round white face and its coal-black eyes full of mirth were also dazzling. One couldn't make out what this rainbow was saying even though its voice was very clear. Since it was constantly interrupting its. speech with a& hahaha& or an& ahahah&，one could see that its snow-white teeth were dazzling too. 原文： 只有在我过度劳累的时候， 在我长时间不间断地工作的时侯， 在我感到内心空 虚，需要充实的时候，我才会感到寂寞。有时，外出演讲回来，见了许多人,讲了许多话， 心中满是纷乱的体验需要整理，偶而也会觉得孤独。 于是有那么一会儿，我会感到整个房子非常大，空荡荡的。不知此时的自我又藏匿于何 处。这时，我会给花草浇浇水，挨个瞅瞅，仿佛它们是活生生的人一样，或是喂喂两只小猫， 亲手做顿饭菜，这样自我就慢慢地重新找回。译文： I am lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out.Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants, perhaps, and looking again at each one as though it were a person, by feeding the two cats, by cooking a meal. 原文： It seems as if a great deal were attainable in a world where there are so many marriages and decisive battles, and where we all, at certain hours of the day, and with great gusto and despatch, stow a portion of victuals finally and irretrievably into the bag which contains us. And it would seem also, on a hasty view, that the attainment of as much as possible was the one goal of man's contentious life. And yet, as regards the spirit, this is but a semblance. 译文： 在这充满联姻婚嫁、决战厮杀的世界里，每天特定时刻，我们都欣然而又迅速地把一份 食物一去不返地吞入包裹我们的皮囊。 这个世界看上去似乎有很多东西都是可以得到的。 猛 然看来，尽可能地获取也成为纷繁人生的唯一目标。然而，对于精神世界来说，这只不过是 表面现象。
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