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听力原文：Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. Professor OK, no
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听力原文：Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. Professor OK, now lets just talk about a very important skill in this field—translation. So what is translation？ Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may see it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. Translation has its own excitement, its own interest. A satisfactory translation is always possible, but a good translator is never satisfied with it. It can usually be improved. There is no such thing as a perfect, ideal or "correct" translation. A translator is always trying to extend his knowledge and improve his he is always pursuing facts and words. He works on four levels: translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes them—here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified. Secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language
thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, leve lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preferences are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translations is the reflection of individual differences. As a means of communication, translation is used for multilingual notices, which have at last appeared increasingly conspicuou for instructions issued by for tourist publicity, where it is too often produced from the native into the "foreign" language by natives as a matt for official documents, such as tr for reports, papers, articles, correspondence, textbooks to convey information, advice and recommendations for every branch of independent countries, and the growing recognition of the importance of linguistic minorities in all the countries of the world. As a technique for learning foreign languages, translation is a two-edged instrument: it has the special purpose of demonstrating the learners knowledge of the foreign language, either as a form. of control or to exercise his intelligence in order to develop his competence. Well, next, lets discuss something about the standard usage in translation and speech. Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers, but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing. Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists...uh...three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body
first, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situa second, a diverse population with a large third, association among the subgroups and the majority population. Finally, it is worth noting that the term "standard", "colloquial", and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. 11. What is the definition of translation given by the professor？ 12. According to the professor, what is NOT included in the four levels on which a translator works？ 13. What does the professor mean when she says this？ Professor Translation has its own excitement, its own interest. A satisfactory translation is always possible, but a good translator is never satisfied with it. It can usually be improved. There is no such thing as a perfect, ideal or "correct" translation. 14. According to the professor, what is NOT the requirement for slang expressions to be created？ 15. How does the professor clarify the points she makes about slang？ 16. What does the professor mean when she says this？ Professor Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Narrator Listen to part of a talk in a linguistics class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.What is the definition of translation given by the professor？A．It is using common sense to say something simply.B．It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language.C．It is a complicated and artificial process to describe facts.D．It is an activity the translator pretends to be someone else.此题为多项选择题。请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
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1According to the professor, what is NOT included in the four levels on which a translator works?A．Finding certain field of knowledge and learning it.B．Using appropriate language and usage to describe facts.C．A creative process which distinguishes good and bad writing.D．Expressing preferences and showing individual differences.2What does the professor mean when she says this?A．Good translation is satisfactory enough to its translator.B．Translation can always be improved by its translator.C．Perfection and idealism are the excitement of translation.D．Facts and words are not essential to most translators.
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听力原文：Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. Professor So today w
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听力原文：Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. Professor So today were gonna talk about animal experimentation. Do you know why animal experimentation is scientific fraud？ I am an animal lover. Although I have never personally performed vivisection or experimented on animals, I have many friends and former colleagues who have done so. Almost every single one of these people feel an enormous burden and responsibility to see that the animals suffer as little as possible and that no animal in an experiment loses its life for nothing. Scientists for the most part are not in it for the money or the fame, both of which most scientists NEVER see much of, by the way. They want to help make the world a little better while exercising their innate curiosity. For you to demonize the many scientists who experiment while trying to find cures for diseases is really unfortunate and demonstrates that you are terribly uninformed. Am I saying that human life is more important than animal life？ I am not. Animal experimentation is also performed on animals for the betterment of animal health. Am I saying that all animal experimentation is necessary？ Absolutely not. Some of it is very likely a sad waste of animal lives and the cause of needless suffering, and certainly a waste of limited research funding. Am I saying that some of this work has saved human lives？ Absolutely. Satan Jr.s example(insulin)is one such case. As an animal lover, I will be most pleased when the use of animals in science is no longer performed. Do you really want to help make animal experimentation a memory？ Then become a scientist and develop alternative disease models and non-animal based remedies and then make your research widely available to other scientists. If you had really done your homework and focused on something beyond your anger and hatred, you would see that many scientists have already done just this. You can also donate time and/or money to organizations that support the development of alternatives to animal testing. Science, like so many other fields, is slow to evolve. It will take time. The great advances in science that have given us the high standard of medical care humans and animals enjoy today have come from clinical observation, in vitro research, epidemiology, autopsies, serendipity, computer and mathematical modeling, technology, tissue research using the tissue from the species being studied, molecular biology and genetics, post-marketing drug surveillance, the basic sciences of maths, chemistry and physics and the specialization of medical care, including the specialization of physicians and veterinarians. The animal experimentation lobby, however, spends millions annually to convince the public that all medical advances are directly due to animal experiments. Furthermore, animals are not able to communicate about any side effects they may be experiencing. At least half of the side effects experienced by most drugs cannot be accurately communicated by animals. In April 1998, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported on a study which showed that more than 2 million Americans become seriously ill every year because of toxic reactions to correctly prescribed medicine and 106 000 die from those reactions, making drug side effects the sixth most common cause of death in this country! Legal drugs kill more people per year than all illegal drugs combined. People expect me and want me to argue against vivisection on a purely scientific basis. I can do that. However, I cannot and will not forgo the ethical argument. For when all is said and done, I believe that research on animals is ethically wrong, and that nothing "good" can ever come out of something so morally debased. I often cite the hypothermia experiments done on Jews in the concentration camps during World War II. This experimentation on helpless, non-consenting humans who suffered and died as a result of these experiments actually taught scientists a great deal about treating hypothermia in humans. But was it right？ I would argue that it was absolutely wrong, no matter how much useful information we garnered. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. 18. What aspect of animal experimentation does the professor mainly discuss？ 19. What does the professor say about animal experimentation？ 20. What is the evidence to deny animal experimentation？ Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Professor Do you really want to help make animal experimentation a memory？ Then become a scientist and develop alternative disease models and non-animal based remedies and then make your research widely available to other scientists. 21. What does the professor imply when he says this？ Professor Do you really want to help make animal experimentation a memory？ 22. Why does the professor say this？ Professor For when all is said and done, I believe that research on animals is ethically wrong, and that nothing "good" can ever come out of something so morally debased. 23. How does the professor remind students of the cruelness of animal experimentation？Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.What aspect of animal experimentation does the professor mainly discuss？A．How harmful it is to use animals in experiments.B．How useless it is to use animals for medical treament.C．How fast is animal experimentation developed in recent years.D．How is animal experimentation different from other kinds of experimetation.此题为多项选择题。请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
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1What does the professor say about animal experimentation?A．Human life is more important than animal life.B．All animal experimentation is necessary.C．Animal experimentation has saved human lives.D．Animal experimentation is very effective in testing new drugs.2What is the evidence to deny animal experimentation?A．Some side effects cannot be communicated by animals.B．Animal experimentation is extremely cruel to animals.C．Human beings benefit nothing from animal experimentation.D．Animal experimentation is as effective as some people have expected.3What does the professor imply when he says this?A．Ask students whether they are willing to do something for animals.B．Some measures should be introduced to stop animal experimentation.C．The students should pay attention to his question and try to answer it.D．He wants to find out whether the students care about this issue.4Why does the professor say this?A．To emphasize that animal experimentation is immoral.B．To show that animal experimentation is necessary.C．To explain what animal experimentation is good for.D．To remind the students of something discussed earlier.
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听力原文：Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a marketing class. Professor Productio
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听力原文：Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a marketing class. Professor Production and marketing of goods, services, and causes are the essence of economic life in any society. All organizations perform. these two basic functions to satisfy their commitments to society, their customers, and their owners. They create a benefit that economists call utility. Utility is the power of a good or service in satisfying a need. There are four basic kinds of utility, that is, form. utility, time utility, place utility and ownership utility. First, lets have a look at form. utility. Form. utility is created when the firm changes raw materials and component inputs into finished goods and services. For example, RAC uses glass, plastics, metals, circuit boards and other components to create a television set. Ethan Allen produces a sofa with such materials as fabric, thread, wood, springs, and down feathers. The television show Friends starts with writers, actors, scripts, director, producer, technical crew, and sound stage. Although marketing offers these products to the consumers, it is the organizations production department that actually creates the form. utility. But, marketing creates the other three kinds of utility, namely, time utility, place utility and ownership utility. When consumers need goods and services, if they can find the goods and services at the right time and the right place, time utility and place utility are created. For example, Federal Express and Airborne Express provide overnight courier service. They create time utility. People can buy newspapers, snacks, and soft drink at vending machines. These vending machines focus on providing place utility. Now I will explain what ownership utility is. When consumers buy goods and services, the title of goods and services are transferred. In this case, ownership utility is created. Now, lets look at this example. Uh...on planes, in front of the seats, there are GTE Airfone, so that air travelers can make calls, send e-mail messages, retrieve voice mail and even surf the Internet from 35 000 feet above the earth. Customers may swipe a credit card along a special reader and then the telephone is activated. By doing this, the customers buy the service. So, here, you may have seen marketings function in creating utilities. All organizations must create utility in order to survive. To create utility, the foundation is to design and produce market goods, services and ideas that can satisfy consumers needs However, only recently have people noticed that marketing is extremely important for an organization. Then, you may ask what marketing exactly is. If you ask five people to define the term marketing, you may get five definitions. People are continuously exposed to advertisements and personal selling, so marketing may be simply selling. Or... marketing only begins after the goods or services are produced. Actually, marketing involves other activities. For instance, you have to analyze customers needs and seek essential information before you design and produce goods or services. After selling the goods or services, you still need to maintain relationships with costumers. Besides, marketing exists not only in profit-oriented firms but also in thousands of not-for-profit organizations. All of these factors are taken into account in todays definition of marketing. Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives. As we can see, in this definition, all organizational functions are involved. So, we can say, marketing serves the interests of both society and the organizations, or, say, the interests of both the consumers and the enterprises. Is that OK？ ...Maybe... in another way. We see, the four variables of marketing are also included, that is, product, price, promotion and distribution. In addition, this definition also emphasizes creating and maintaining relationship with customers. Finally, it recognizes that marketing applies to not-for-profit organizations as well as to profit-oriented businesses. So, you must have got a clear understanding of marketing now. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. 1. In the lecture, the professor describes the utilities that are created by the two basic functions productions and marketing. Indicate which of the following is by production and which is by marketing. Tick in the correct box for each phrase. 2. Why does the professor cite GTE Airfone as an example？ 3. According to the professor, which of the following activities is not included in marketing？ 4. Why does the professor take Federal Express and Airborne Express as an example in his lecture？ 5. What is the intended meaning of the professor when he says this？ Professor If you ask five people to define the term marketing, you may get five definitions. People are continuously exposed to advertisements and personal selling, so, marketing may be simply selling. Or... marketing only begins after the goods or services are produced. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Professor As we can see, in this definition, all organizational functions are involved. So, we can say, marketing serves the interests of both society and the organizations, or, say, the interests of both the consumers and the enterprises. Is that OK？ ... Maybe... in another way. 6. Why does the professor say this？ Professor Is that OK？Narrator Listen to part of a lecture in a marketing class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.In the lecture, the professor describes the utilities that are created by the two basic functions-productions and marketing. Indicate which of the following is by production and which is by marketing. Click in the correct box for each phrase.此题为多项选择题。请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！
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1Why does the professor cite GTE Airtone as an example?A．To illustrate how place utility is created.B．To illustrate how time utility is created.C．To illustrate how ownership utility is created.D．To illustrate how the above three utilities are created.2According to the professor, which of the following activities is not included in marketing?A．Analyzing customers needs.B．Securing necessary information.C．Designing and producing goods or services.D．Creating and maintaining relationships.3Why does the professor take Federal Express and Airborne Express as an example in his lecture?A．To display how form. utility is created.B．To illustrate how time utility is created.C．To explain how place utility is created.D．To show how ownership utility is created.4What is the intended meaning of the professor when he says this?A．It is very hard to give a definition of marketing.B．The notion of marketing can be interpreted in different ways.C．Marketing is far more complex than people usually think it to be.D．Marketing begins after the goods and services are produced.
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