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雅思阅读真题答案解析——打哈欠
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人打一次哈欠的时间大约为6秒钟，在这期间使人闭目塞听，全身神经、肌肉得到完全松弛。因此可以认为，打哈欠使人在生理上和心理上得到最好的休息，对人体具有重要的生理保护作用。今天聚培训小编就给大家介绍下雅思阅读真题答案解析——打哈欠。 　　打哈欠 28. 68 seconds 【原文参考依据——E段第八行】根据细节信息“psychology professor”和“six seconds”定位到E段第六行的“He(psychology professor)found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds.”所以答案是68 seconds。 29. (complex) distinction 【原文参考依据——E段第十行】根据“male and female”和“gender”定位到E段第10行的“Men and women yawn or half-yawn equally often……which may indicate complex distinction in genders”，所以答案是(complex)distinction。 30. breathing 【原文参考依据——E段最后一行】"……the area also controls breathing”，control=have something to do with。 31. stretch/stretching 【原文参考依据——F段最后两行】根据“link”和“before baby was born”定位到F段最后2行“observed not just yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester(预产期)”，“as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester”与“before baby was born”是同义表达，所以答案是 stretching。 32. brain 【原文参考依据——G段第二行】"……occurs in many people ……because of brain damage caused by a stroke”。 33. E 【原文参考依据——E段第六至八行】 E段六至八行的这句话"He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds”，打哈欠持续约6秒，两次之间间隔约68秒，说的就是打哈欠频率的一个regular pattern，与题目是同义表达，所以答案是E。 34. B 【原文参考依据——B段第一至二行】B段首句“Yawning is an ancient, primitive act”与题目中“an inherent ability”是同义表达，后又举了human, snakes, penguins打哈欠的例子，说明“appears in both animals and humans”，所以答案选B。 35. F 【原文参考依据——F段第三行】"But they do not always co-occur”，co-occur意为同时发生，所以答案选F。 36. D 【原文参考依据——D段最后两行】"It’s also a good indicator if you’reempathizing with me and paying attention”，a good indicator对应positive notice or response，empathizing with me and paying attention对应communicating，所以答案选D。 37. H 【原文参考依据——H段最后一句】 "The multiplicity of stimuli ofcontagious yawing, by contrast, implicates many higher brain regions”.Contagious=infectious，higher brain regions对应superior areas in brains。 38. NOT GIVEN 【原文参考依据——无】尽管D段有提到“several students in Platek’s experiment”，但并没有提及学生“did not comprehend why their tutor ask them to yawn back”的内容，所以答案是NOT GIVEN。 39. YES 【原文参考依据——C段第二行】"He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back”说明“there is a link between yawning and compassion”，所以答案是YES。 40. NO 【原文参考依据——G段倒数第三行】"it is not known whether……”，所以答案是NO。 以上就是关于雅思阅读真题答案解析——打哈欠的详细内容，希望大家能从中受益，不断改进自己的备考方法提升备考效率，从而获得满意的成绩。更多备考信息请登录聚培训考试网站或拨打聚培训考试热线咨询，祝大家都能早日梦圆名校。
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http://jinan.newchannel.org/济南新航道学校IELTS READING雅思阅读高分必备习题集注:本习题集仅供济南新航道内部学员使用,严禁翻印,传阅。http://jinan.newchannel.org/Contents1.Amateur naturalist 业余自然学家(P3)2.Communicating Styles and Conflict 交流的方式与冲突(P6)3.Health in the Wild 野生动物自愈.(p10)4.The Rainmaker 人工造雨(P13)5.Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter 舒梅克彗星撞木星(P16)6. A second look at twin studies 双胞胎研究(P19)7.Transit of Venus 金星凌日(P22)8.Placebo Effect—The Power of Nothing安慰剂效应(P25)9.The origins of Laughter 笑的起源(P29)10.Rainwater Harvesting 雨水收集(P32)11.Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists科学偶然性(P36)12.T erminated! Dinosaur Era! 恐龙时代的终结(P40)13.TV ADDICTION 电视上瘾(P43)14.E I nino and Seabirds 厄尔尼诺和水鸟(P46)15.T he extinct grass in Britain 英国灭绝的某种草(P50)16.E ducation philosophy教育的哲学(P53)17.T he secret of Yawn打哈欠的秘密(P57)18.c onsecutive and simultaneous translation交替传译和同声传译(P60)19.N umeracy: can animals tell numbers?动物会数数么?(P63)20.G oing nowhere fast(P66)21.T he seedhunters种子收集者(P69)22.T he conquest of Malaria in Italy意大利征服疟疾(P72)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.文章背景:业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人,平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长,养蜂过程,气候变化,等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据,这种数据叫做“amateur data‖. 本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业余自然学家的数据是否能用,以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据,其可信度有多少等问题。Amateur NaturalistsFrom the results of an annual Alaskan betting contest to sightings of migratory birds, ecologists are using a wealth of unusual data to predict the impact of climate change.A Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound notebook out of an envelope. The book‘s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. He adds it to his growing pile of local journals, birdwatchers‘ list and gardening diaries. ―We‘re uncovering about one major new record each month,‖ he says, ―I still get surprised.‖ Around t wo centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England, began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate- when the first wood anemones flowered, the dates on which the oaks burst into leaf and the rooks began nesting. Successive Marshams continued compiling these notes for 211 years.B Today, such records are being put to uses that their authors could not possibly have expected. These data sets, and others like them, are proving invaluable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phenology. By combining the records with climate data, researchers can reveal how, for example, changes in temperature affect the arrival of spring, allowing ecologists to make improved predictions about the impact of climate change. A small band of researchers is combing through hundreds of years of records taken by thousands of amateur naturalists. And more systematic projects have also started up, producing an overwhelming response. ―The amount of inter est is almost frightening,‖ says Sparks, a climate researcher at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire.C Sparks first became aware of the army of ―closet phenologists‖, as he describes them, when a retiring colleague gave him the Marsham records. He now spends much of his time following leads from one historical data set to another. As news of his quest spreads, people tip him off to other historical records, and more amateur phenologists come out of their closets. The British devotion to recording and collecting makes his job easier- one man from Kent sent him 30 years‘ worth of kitchen calendars, on which he has noted the date that his neighbour‘s magnolia tree flowered.D Other researchers have unearthed data from equally odd sources. Rafe Sagarin, an ecologist at Stanford University in California, recently studied records of a betting contest in which participants attempt to guess the exact time at which a specially erected wooden tripod will fall through the surface of a thawing river. The competition has taken place annually on the Tenana River in Alaska since 1917, and analysis of theresults showed that the thaw now arrives five years earlier than it did when the contest began.E Overall, such records have helped to show that, compared with 20years ago, a raft of natural events now occur earlier across much of the northern hemisphere, from the opening of leaves to the return of birds from migration and the emergence of butterflies from hibernation. The data can also hint at how nature will change in the future. Together with models of climate change, amateurs‘ records could help guide conservation. Terry Root, an ecologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, has collected birdwatchers‘ counts of wildfowl taken betwee n 1955 and 1996 on seasonal ponds in the American Midwest and combined them with climate data and models of future warming. Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds. ―The numbe r of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming,‖ she says.F But not all professionals are happy to use amateur data. ―A lot of scientists won‘t touch them, they say they‘re too full of problems,‖ says Root. Becau se different observers can have different ideas of what constitutes, for example, an open snowdrop. ―The biggest concern with ad hoc observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken,‖ says Mark Schwartz of the University of Wisconsin, Milwa ukee, who studies the interactions between plants and climate.‖ We need to know pretty precisely what a person‘s been observing- if they just say ?I note when the leaves came out‘, it might not be that useful,‖ Measuring the onset of autumn can be particul arly problem-atic because deciding when leaves change colour is a more subjective process than noting when they appear.G Overall, most phenologists are positive about the contribution that amateurs can make. ―They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world,‖ says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root, for example, tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its collector. ―You always have to worry- things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of records because they‘re not rigorous enough,‖ she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records, professional researchers are now trying to create standardized recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that well-designed studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. ―It‘s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers,‖ says Root.H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate chan ge. ―Because the public understand these records, they accept them,‖ says Sparks. It can also illustrate potentially un pleasant consequences, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting peopleinvolved is great for public relations. ―People are thrilled to think that the data they‘ve been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific –it empowers them,‖ says Root.Questions 27-33Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-HWhich paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.27. The definition of phenology28. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records29. How people reacted to their involvement in data collection30. The necessity to encourage amateur data collection31. A description of using amateur records to make predictions32. Records of a competition providing clues for climate change33. A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur naturalists Questions 34-36Complete the sentences below with NO MORETHA N TWO WORDS from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet34.Walter Coates‘s records largely contain the information of.35. Robert Marsham is famous for recording the of animals and plants on hisland.36.According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number ofwaterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased . Questions 37-40Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37. why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs?A Scientific method was not used in data collection.B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data.C Amateur data is not reliable.D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.38. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate that?A Amateur records can‘t be used.B Amateur records are always unsystematic.C The color change of leaves is hard to observe.D Valuable information is often precise.39. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used?A Using improved methods.B Be more careful in observation.C Use raw materials.D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.40.What‘s the implication of phenology for ordinary people?A It empowers the public.B It promotes public relations.C It warns people of animal infestation.D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page.文章背景:交流的方式与冲突。从古希腊时期开始,一位叫做hippocrate 的人就开始通过分类人的性格来更好的处理人与人的冲突及如何更好的了解自己。本文主要阐述了四种性格类型: sanguine类型的人活泼积极向上。Phlegmatic是冷静而具有分析性的性格,melancholic类型的人体贴而具有同情心。Choleric类型的人大胆而且直接。在workplace, 一个团队需要四种性格的人都有才能保证正常的运转。Communicating Styles and ConflictKnowing your communication style and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive force for resolving conflict.Section AAs far back as Hippocrates‘ time (460-370 B.C) people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen (130-200 A.D). These days there are any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.Section BThe value in self-assessments that help determine personality style, learning styles, communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships.The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren‘t trying to be difficult, but th ey need different or more information than you do. They‘re not
they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do, but it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to collect.When used appropriately, understanding communication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they areissues of style, information needs, or focus.Section CHippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today‘s world, they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below:Section DThe sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication an often speak quickly, putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to make. Because of their enthusiasm they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times and their focus is usually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures.Section EThe phlegmatic person-cool and persevering-translates into the technical or systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly, methodical way of approaching tasks, and their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves, and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.Section FThe melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people-sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone‘s opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs for others and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this communication style, like phlegmatic people, need time to consider thechanges in order to adapt to them.Section GThe choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this style are brief in their communication-the fewer words the better. They are big picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs. They don‘t do detail work easily a nd as a result can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct, they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome someone challenging them, but most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change, the more the better.Section HA well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for success.We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand – whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work and another at home.The good news about communication styles is that we all have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford said, ―Whether you think you can or you can‘t, you‘re right!‖Questions 27-34Reading passage 3 has eight sections A-H.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.List of headingsi Summarizing personality typesii Combined styles for workplaceiii Physical explanationiv A lively person who encouragesv Demanding and unsympathetic personalityvi Lazy and careless personalityvii The benefits of understanding communication stylesviii Cautious and caringix Factual and analytical personalityx Self-assessment determines one‘s temperament27 Section A28 Section B29 Section C30 Section D31 Section E32 Section F33 Section G34 Section HQuestions 35-39Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this35 It is believed that sanguine people dislike variety.36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics.37 Managers often select their best employees according to personality types.38It is possible to change one‘s personality type.39 Workplace environment can affect which communication style is most effective. Question 40Choose the correct letter A, B, C or DWrite your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet.The writer believes using self-assessment tools canA help to develop one‘s personality.B help to understand colleagues‘ behavior.C improve one‘s relationship with the employer.D directly resolve conflicts.READING PASSAGE 3文章背景:野生动物存在一种先天性的本领那就是生病后其本能可以让其借助某些物质到治病的效果。例如某些鸟类例如Macaws会吃泥土以解食物中存在的毒素。更有趣的是,某位科学家观察到大猩猩总是会吃某种树叶,吃的时候表情痛说明并非好吃,后来该科学家发现大猩猩吃树叶是为了利用其自身不能消化树叶排出肠道的parasite(寄生虫)。这一点表明动物先天是有自我医治的本能的.Health in the WildMany animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to learn from them.For the past decade Dr Engel, a lecture in environmental sciences a t Britain‘s Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behavior in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps(nor people, locals use the pith for the same purpose).Given that the plant is known locally as ―goat-kille r‖, however, it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately, and succumb.Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, consume dirt- a behavior known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth. The current belief is that soil-and particularly the clay in it-helps to detoxify the defensive posions that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at theUniversity of California, Davis, Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gillardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their blood streams than those that had not, suggesting that the hypothesis is correct.Other observations also support the idea that clays is detoxifying. Towards the tropics the amount toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount of earth eaten by herbivores. Elephants lick clay from mud holes all year around, except in September when they are bingeing on fruit which, because it has evolved to be eaten, is not toxic. And the addition of clay to the diets of domestic cattle increases the amount of nutrients that they can absorb from their food by 10-20%.A third instance of animal self-medications is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of gut parasites. In 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilla. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigested leaves were found on the forest floor.Dr Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purpose-this was, indeed, one of the earliest interpretations of a behavior pattern as self-medication. However, he guessed wrong about what the mechanism was. His(and everybody else‘s) assumption was that Aspilla contained a drug, and his sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious.It was Dr Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem. He did so by watching what came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and dragged them form their lodgings.Following that observation, Dr Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used t to improve the health of live-stock. People might also be able to learn a thing or two-and may, indeed, already have done so. Geophagy. For example, is a common behavior in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays, appropriate to different medical conditions.Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition, which gave their owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet, as Dr Engel points out, Rwandan mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite-the main ingredient of many patent medicines sold over the counter in the west for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes be good for you, and to be ―as sick as a parrot‖ may, after all, be a state to be desired.Questions 1-4Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1.Dr. Engel has been working on animal self-medication research for 10 years.2.Animals often walk a considerable distance to find plants medication.3.Birds, like Macaw, often eat clay because it is part of their natural diet.4.According to Dr. Engel, research into animal self-medication can help to inventnew painkillers.Questions 5-9Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR NUMBER from passage.Write your answers in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.Date Name Animal Food Mechanism1987 MichaelHuffman andMohanmediSeifu Chimpanzee 5______ofVeroniaContainedchemicals,6___, that can killparasites1999 James Gilardiand hiscolleagues Macaw Seeds(contain7_____)andclayClaycan8____thepoisonouscontents infood1972 RichardWrang-ham Chimpanzee Leaves withtiny 9_____onsurfaceSuch leavescan catch andexpel wormsfrom intestinesQuestions 10-13Complete the summary below using words from the box. Write your answers, A-H, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.Though often doubted, the self-medicating behavior of animals has been supported by an increasing amount of evidence. One piece of evidence particularly deals with10___, a soil-consuming behavior commonly found across animals species, because earth, often clay, can neutralize the 11____content of their diet. Such behavior can also be found among humans in Africa, where people purchase 12__at market stalls as a kind of medication to their illnesses. Another example if this is found in chimps eating leaves of often 13____taste but with no apparent medicinal value until its unique structure came into light.A.Mineral B plants C unpleasant D toxic E clay tablets F nutritional G geophagy HharmlessREADING PASSAGE4You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.文章背景:本文主要讲述了某种人造制雨器。The RainmakerSometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton‘s case, out of the rain. ― I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert,‖ he remembers. ―It had been raining and the bus was full of hot, wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet?‖The answer, of course, was condensation. Back home in London, a physicist friend, Philip Davies, explained that the glass, chilled by the rain outside, had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point, causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued, Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. ―I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert, simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.‖Today, a decade on, his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his ―seawater greenhouse‖. Local scientists, working with Paton under a license from his company Light Works, are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago, Marco Goldschmied, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, called it ―a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of peopleliving in coastal water-starved areas around the world.‖The design has three main parts (see Graphic). The greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot, dry desert air blows in through the front wall of perforated cardboard, kept wet and cool by a constant tickle of seawater pumped up from the nearby shoreline. The evaporating seawater cools and moistens the air. Last June, for example, when the temperature outside the Abu Dhabi greenhouse was 46°c, it was in the low 30s inside. While the air outside was dry, the humidity in the greenhouse was 90 percent. The cool, moist air allows the plants to grow faster, and because much less water evaporates from the leaves their demand for moisture drops dramatically. Paton‘s crops thrived on a single litre of water per square metre per day, compared to 8 litres if they were growing outside.The second feature also cools the air for the plants. Paton has constructed a double-layered roof with an outer layer of clear polythene and an inner, coated layer that reflects infrared light. Visible light can stream through to maximise photosynthesis, while heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer, away from the plants.At the back of the greenhouse sits the third element, the main water-production unit. Just before entering this unit, the humid air of the greenhouse mixes with hot, dry air from between the two layers of the roof. This means the air can absorb more moisture as it passes through a second moist cardboard wall. Finally, the hot saturated air hits a condenser. This is a metal surface kept cool by still more seawater-the equivalent of the window on Paton‘s Moroccan bus. Drops of pure distilled water from on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.The greenhouse more or less runs itself. Sensors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature, humidity and sunlight. On windless days, fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. ― once it is tuned to the local environment, you don‘t need anyone there for it to work,‖ says Paton. ― we can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug, and in future we could make it entirely independent of the grid, powered from a few sol ar panels.‖The net effect is to evaporate seawater into hot desert air, then recondense the moisture as fresh water. At the same time, cool moist air flows through the greenhouse to provide ideal conditions for the crops. The key to the seawater greenhou se‘s potential is its unique combination of desalination and air conditioning. By tapping the power of the sun it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. In practice, it evaporates 3000 litres of seawater a day and turns it into about 800 litres of fresh water---just enough to irrigate the plants. The rest is lost as water vapour.Critics point out that construction costs of ?25per square metre mean the water is twice as expensive as water from a conventional desalination plant. But the comparison is misleading, says Paton. The natural air conditioning in the greenhouse massively increases the value of that water. Because the plants need only an eight of the water used by those grown conventionally, the effective cost is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator. And costs should plummet when mass production begins, he adds.Best of all, the greenhouse should be environmentally, friendly. ― I suppose there might be aesthetic objections to large structures on coastal sites,‖ says Harris, ―but it is a clean technology and doesn‘t produce pollution or even large quantities of hot water.‖Questions 27-31Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27. Paton came up with the idea of making water in desert by pure accident.28. the bus Paton rode in had poor ventilation because of broken fans.29. Paton woke up from sleep to discover that his towel was wet.30. Paton started his greenhouse project immediately after meeting up with his friend.31. Paton later opened his own business in the Persian Gulf.Questions 32-36(图形题)Questions 37-40Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passageWrite your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.The greenhouse Paton built is installed with37___to keep the air flowing if the wind stands still, and it is expected in the future to rely on electricity provided solely by 38___. Despite the high construction costs compared to desalination plants, the plants grown in Paton‘s greenhouse need much less water, and if produced in large quantities the 39___could be reduced remarkably. In addition to all these advantages, it is also40___, because it is clean and pollution free.READING PASSAGE5文章背景:Shoe-maker彗星(comet)是由美国天文学家夫妇Shoemaker以及天文爱好者David H. Levy发现的。这是他们发现的第9颗彗星因此以他们的名字命名,该彗星于日距木星(Jupiter)表面4万公里时因受到强大的引力(Gravity)而分裂为21个小碎块(fragment),并于格林尼治标准时间日20时15分开始以每小时21万公里的速度陆续进入木星大气层,撞向木星的南半球,形成了彗星撞木星的天文奇观。多块碎片的撞击威力中,以碎片G的威力最大。它于7月18日07时32分(UTC)撞向木星,威力达六万亿吨TNT炸药(其当量相当于全球核武器储备总合的750倍),所造成的疤痕比地球直径长。因发生地点十分遥远,对地球并无任何影响。Questions 27-31Choose the most suitable headings for paragraph B-F from the list of headings below. Write appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.List of Headingsi Camera settings for observationii Collisions on stageiii Size of the cometiv String of pearlsv Scientific explanationsvi Hubble Space Telescopevii First discovery of the squashed cometviii Power generated from the collisionsix Calculations, expectations and predictionsx Change of the fragment‘s shape27Paragraph B28Paragraph C29Paragraph D30Paragraph E31Paragraph FShoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with JupiterA The last half of July 1994 witnessed much interest among the astronomicalcommunity and the wider public in the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. The comet was discovered on 25 March 1993 by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy, using a 450 mm Schmidt camera at the Mount Palomar Observatory. The discovery was based on a photographic plate exposedtwo days earlier. The Shoemakers are particularly experienced comet hunters with61 discoveries to their credit. Their technique relied on the proper motion of acomet to identify the object as a non-stellar body. They photograph large areas of the sky, typically with an eight minute exposure, and repeat the photographs witha stereo-microscope reveals any bodies which have moved against the backgroundof fixed stars.B As often in science, serendipity played a large part in the discovery ofShoemaker-Levy9. The weather on the night of 23 March was so poor that the observers would not normally have bothered putting film into their camera.However, they had a box of old film to hand which had been partially exposed by accident some days previously, so decided to insert it into the camera rather than waste good film. Fortunately, two of the film plates, despites being fogged round the edges captured the first image of a very strange, bar-shaped object. This object, which Carolyn Shoemaker first described as a squashed comet, later became known as comet Shoemaker-Levy9.C Other, more powerful, telescopes revealed that the comet was in fact composed of21 cemetery fragments, strung out in a line, which accounted for the unusualshape. The term string of pearls was soon coined. Some graphic proofs obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope shows the main fragments which at that time spanned a linear distance of approximately 600,000 km. Initially the fragments were surrounded by extensive dust clouds in the line of the nuclei but these later disappeared. Some of the nuclei also faded out, while others split into multiple fragments.D The size of the original comet and each of the fragments was, and still is,something of a mystery. The first analysis of the orbital dynamics of the fragments suggested that the comet was originally some 2.5 km in diameter with an average fragment diameter of 0.75 km. Later work gave corresponding diameters of approximately 10 km and 2 km and these values are now considered more likely.There was considerable variation in the diameters of different fragments.E Further calculations revealed that the cemetery fragments were on course tocollide with Jupiter during July 1994, and that each fragment could deliver an energy equivalent to approximately 500,000 million tons of TNT. The prospect of celestial fireworks on such a grand scale immediately captured the attention of astronomers worldwide.F Each fragment was assigned and identity letter A-W and a coordinated program ofobservations was put in place worldwide to track their progress towards impact with Jupiter. As the cemetery fragments reached the cloud tops of Jupiter, they were traveling at approximately 60 km/s and the chain of fragments had spread out to cover approximately 30,000,000 km. The impacts occurred during 16-22 July. All took place at a latitude of approximately 48 degrees south which nominally placed them in the SSS Temperature Region, however, visually they appeared close to the Jovian Polar region. The impacts all occurred some 10-15 degrees round the limb on the far side of the planet as see from Earth. However the rapid rotation of the planet soon carried the impact sites into the view ofEarth-based telescopes. The collisions lived up to all but the wildest expectations and provided a truly impressive spectacle.G Jupiter is composed of relatively small core of iron and silicates surrounded byhydrogen. In the depths of the planet the hydrogen is so compressed that it further from the center, the pressure is lower and the hydrogen is in its normal molecular form. The Jovian cloud tops visible from Earth consist primarily of methane and ammonia. There are other elements and compounds lurking in the cloud tops and below which are thought to be responsible for the colors seen in the atmosphere.H The smaller cemetery fragments plunged into Jupiter, rapidly disintegrated and three of the smallest fragments, namely T,U and V left no discernible traces whatsoever. However, many of the cometery fragments were sufficiently large to produce a spectacular display. Each large fragment punched through the cloud tops, heated the surrounding gases to some 20,000 K on the way, and caused a massive plume or fireball up to 2,000 km in diameter to rise above the cloud tops. Before encountering thicker layers of the atmosphere and disintegrating in a mammoth shock wave, the large fragments raised dark dust particles and ultra-violet absorbing gases high into the Jovian cloud tops. The dark particles and ultra-violet absorbing gases manifested themselves as a dark scar surrounding the impact site in visible light.I Some days after collision the impact sites began to evolve and fade as they becamesubject to the dynamics of Jupiter‘s atmosphere. No one knows how long they will remain visible from Earth, but it is thought that the larger scars may persist for a year or more. The interest of professional astronomers in Jupiter is now waning and valuable work can therefore be performed by amateurs in tracking the evolution of the collision scars. The scars are easily visible in a modest telescope, and a large reflector will show them in some detail. There is scope for valuable observing work from now until Jupiter reaches conjunction with the Sun in November 2004.J Astronomers and archivists are now searching old records for possible previously unrecognized impacts on Jupiter. Several spots were reported from 1690 to 1872 by observers including William Herschel and Giovanni Gassini. The records of the BAA in 1927 and 1948 contain drawings of Jupiter with black dots or sports visible. It may be possible that comet impacts have been observed before, without their identity being realized, but no one can be sure.Questions 32-35Write the appropriate letters A-J in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.32Shoemaker-Levy 9 comets had been accidentally detected.33The collisions caused a spectacular vision on Jupiter.34Every single element on Shoemaker-Levy 9 was labeled.35Visual evidence explains the structure of Shoemaker-Levy 9.Questions 36-40Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.The core of Jupiter, which is enclosed by hydrogen, consists of 36…………………and 37………………………….Hydrogen is in metallic form as it is squeezed by pressure generated from the depths of the planet. The pressure is gradually reduced from the center to the outside layers, where hydrogen is in normal form of 38………….Far from the ground, methane and ammonia structures the 39………….., which can be observed from earth. Colors seen in the atmosphere is largely due to other particles 40……………..in the cloud.READING PASSAGE6文章背景:双胞胎研究。科学家一直致力于研究双胞胎从而区分环境和基因对人的性格以及智商的影响。科学家们主要对于identical twins(同卵双胞胎)和fraternal twins(异卵双胞胎)进行研究以确定环境和基因哪一个会对人有更大的影响。研究主要考虑random mating(父母的择偶方式),Gene-environment interaction(基因与环境的互相作用)Genetic mechanisms(基因结构)。出了对双胞胎自身的研究之外,目前研究已经延伸到了对其家人及父母的研究。A second look at twin studiesMore than a century after Galton's observation, twin studies remain a favorite tool of behavioral geneticists. Researchers have used twin studies to try to disentangle the environmental and genetic backgrounds of a cornucopia of traits, from aggression to intelligence to schizophrenia to alcohol dependence.But despite the popularity of twin studies, some psychologists have long questioned assumptions that underlie them--like the supposition that fraternal and identical twins share equal environments or that people choose mates with traits unlike their own. The equal environments assumption, for example, has been debated for at least 40 years. Many researchers have found evidence that the assumption is valid, but others remain skeptical.Overall, twin studies assumptions remain controversial, says psychologist James Jaccard, PhD, a psychologist who studies statistical methods at the University at Albany of the State University of New York. In response, though, researchers are working to expand and develop twin study designs and statistical methods. And while the assumptions question remains a stumbling block for some researchers, many agree twin studies will continue to be an important tool, along with emerging genome and molecular research methods, in shedding light on human behavioral genetics.The classical twin study design relies on studying twins raised in the same family environments. Monozygotic (identical) twins share all of their genes, while dizygotic (fraternal) twins share only about 50 percent of them. So, if a researcher compares the similarity between sets of identical twins to the similarity between sets of fraternal twins for a particular trait, then any excess likeness between the identical twins should be due to genes rather than environment.Researchers use this method, and variations on it, to estimate the heritability of traits:The percentage of variance in a population due to genes. Modern twin studies also try to quantify the effect of a person's shared environment (family) and unique environment (the individual events that shape a life) on a trait. The assumptions those studies rest on--questioned by some psychologists, including, in recent work,: Random mating. Twin researchers assume that people are as likely to choose partners who are different from themselves as they are to choose partners who are similar for a particular trait. If, instead, people tend to choose mates like themselves, then fraternal twins could share more than 50 percent of their genes--and hence more similarities on genetically influenced traits, because they would receive similar genes from their mothers and fathers.Equal environments. Twin researchers also assume that fraternal and identical twins raised in the same homes experience equally similar environments. But some research suggests that parents, teachers, peers and others may treat identical twins more similarly than fraternal twins.Gene-environment interaction. Some researchers think that interactions between genes and environment, rather than genes and environment separately, may influence many traits. A recent study from Science by Avshalom Caspi, PhD, of King's College London, for example, suggests that a gene might moderate propensity for violence, particularly in people who are severely maltreated as children. Many twin study designs don't take this type of complication into account.Genetic mechanisms. Traits can be inherited through different genetic mechanisms. For traits governed by dominant genetic mechanisms, a dominant gene inherited from one parent trumps a recessive gene inherited from the other parent: If a person inherits a recessive gene for blue eyes from one parent and a dominant gene for brown eyes from the other parent, then the dominant brown gene wins, and the person's eyes are brown.Additive genetic mechanisms, in contrast, mix together--a plant that receives one red gene and one white gene might, if the genes are additive, turn out pink. Epistatic mechanisms are complex cases where interactions among multiple genes may determine the outcome of one trait. Twin studies, in general, assume that only one type of genetic mechanism--usually additive--is operating for a particular trait.Twin researchers acknowledge that these and other limitations exist. But, they say, the limitations don't negate the usefulness of twin studies. For traits that are substantially influenced by heredity, the approximately two-fold difference in genetic similarity between the two types of twins should outweigh any complications, says John Hewitt, PhD, director of the Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado at Boulder.And the extent to which different assumptions matter may depend on which trait is being studied. Studies have suggested, for example, that people are more likely to select mates with similar levels of intelligence than they are mates with similar levels of neuroticism, extra version and other personality traits. So, researchers who use twins to study intelligence might have to worry more about nonrandom mating than researchers who study personality.Twin study designs and statistical analysis methods are also constantly evolving andimproving. The original twin study design has expanded to include studies of twins' extended families, longitudinal studies and other variations. Some of these variations allow researchers to address previous limitations--they can investigate the effects of nonrandom mating, for example, by including the spouses of twins in studies. In fact, says psychologist Dorret Boomsma, PhD, of Vrije Universiteit in the Netherlands, all of these assumptions can be tested, given the proper data. She argues that they should not be seen as assumptions at all, but instead as mechanisms whose relevance can be tested using study designs that go beyond the classical twin study design.Analysis methods, likewise, don't remain static. In the age of molecular genetics, meanwhile, the classical twin study design is only one aspect of genetics research. Twin studies estimate the heritability of a trait, but molecular genetics attempts to pinpoint the effects of a particular gene.The future of twin research will involve combining traditional twin studies with molecular genetics research, according to Hewitt, who believes that day is already here. Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writers in reading passage 1? On your answer sheet please writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1.The environment assumptions for twin studies have been challenged for a longtime.2.Scientists only developed three methods to study human behavioral genetics.3.Questioning previous on assumptions has made twin studies a useless toll.4.Identical twins share more similarities than fraternal twins.5.Because of an addictive genetic mechanism, people will inherit dominant genesfrom their parents.6.Numerous genetic elements may join together to determine the result of one trait.7.Twin studies investigate the effects of a single gene.Questions 8-12Complete the summary below.Choose your answer from the list below and write them in boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words than spaces so you will not use them all.Twin studies are constantly evolving and improving. The classical twin study designis on the basis of studying twins raised in the 8﹍﹍﹍Modern twin studies try to quantity the effect of a person‘s family and 9﹍﹍﹍on a trait. Twin researchers acknowledge that some assumptions and limitations exist and expand the original twin study to include studies of twins‘ extended family,10﹍﹍﹍and other variations. In the time of 11﹍﹍﹍,the classical twin study has its limitation. It does not pinpoint the implication of the particular gene, although it helps to assess individual‘s 12﹍﹍﹍.behavioral genetics environment assumptions longitudinal studies unique environment acknowledges molecular genetics heritability appropriate figures restrictions same family identicalobstacles accuracies distinctREADING PASSAGE 7文章背景:金星轨道在地球轨道内侧,某些特殊时刻,地球、金星、太阳会在一条直线上,这时从地球上可以看到金星就像一个小黑点一样在太阳表面缓慢移动,天文学称之为“金星凌日”。日上演的“金星凌日”是直到2117年以前所能看到的最后一次,凌日时间长达6小时,我国大部分地区处于最佳观测地区。Transit of VenusA A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directlybetween the Sun and earth, obscuring a small portion of the solar disk. During a transit, Venus can be seen from earth as a small black disk moving across the face of the Sun. The duration of such transit is usually measured in hours. A transit is similar to a solar eclipse by the moon, but, although the diameter of Venus is almost 4 times that of the Moon, Venus appears much smaller because it is much farther away from Earth. Before the space age, observations of transits of Venus helped scientists use the parallax method to calculate the distance between the Sun and the Earth.B Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena andcurrently occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. Before 2004, the last pairs of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882. The first of pair of transits of Venus in the beginning of the 21st century took place on8 June 2004 and the next will be on 6 June 2012. After 2012, the next transits ofVenus will be in December 2117 and December 2125.C A transit of Venus can be safely observed by taking the same precautions usedwhen observing the partial phases of a solar eclipse. Staring at the brilliant disk of the Sun with the unprotected eye can quickly cause serious and often permanent eye damage.D Venus, with an orbit inclined by 3.4°relative to the Earth‘s, usually appears to passunder the Sun in the sky at inferior conjunction. A transit occurs when Venus reaches conjunction with the Sun at or near one of its nodes, the longitude whereVenus passes through the Earth‘s orbital planes, called the ecliptic. Although the inclination between these two orbital planes is only 3.4°,Venus can be as far as 9.6° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction. Since the angular diameter of the Sun is about half the degree, Venus may appear to pass above or below the sun by more than 18 solar diameters during an ordinary conjunction.E Ancient Greek, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Chinese observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet‘s motions. The early Greeks thought that the evening and morning appearances of Venus represented two different objects. Hesperus –the evening star and phosphorus-the morning star. Pythagoras is credited with realizing they were the same planet. In the 4th century BC, Heraclides Ponticus proposed that both Venus and Mercury orbited the Sun rather than Earth. There is no evidence that any of these cultures knew of the transits. Venus was important to ancient American civilizations, in particular for the Maya, who called it Noh Ek, ―the Great Star‖ or Xux Ek, ―the Wasp Star‖; they embodied Venus in the form of the god Kukulkan. In the Dresden Codex, the Maya charted Venus‘ full cycle, but despite their precise knowledge of its course, these is no mention of the transit.F Aside from its rarity, the original scientific in observing a transit of Venus was what it could be used to determine the size of the solar system by employing the parallax method and Kepler‘s third law. The technique involved making precise observations of the slight different in the time of either the start or the end of the transit from widely separated points on the Earth‘s surface. The distance between the points on the Earth was then used as a baseline to calculate the distance to Venus and the Sun via triangulation.G Although by the 17th century astronomers could calculate each planet‘s relative distance from the Sun in terms of the distance of the Earth from the Sun , an accurate value of this distance had not been determined.H In 1631, Johannes Kepler was the first person to predict a transit of Venus. His methods were not sufficiently accurate to predict that the transit would not be visible in most of Europe, and as a consequence, nobody was able to make arrangements to observe the transit. The first European scientific observation of a transit of Venus was made by Jeremiah Horrocks from his home in Much Hoole, near Preston in England, on 4 December 1639. His friend, William Crabtree, also observed this transit from Salford, near Manchester . Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1761 and a near miss in 1639. Although he was uncertain of the exact time, he calculated that the transit was to begin at approximately 3:00 pm. Horrocks focused the image of the sun through a simple telescope onto a piece of card, where the image could be safely observed. After observing for most of the day, he was lucky to see the transit as clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 3:15 pm, just half an hour before sunset . Horrocks‘ observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess as to the size of Venus, as well as to make an estimate of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. He estimated the distance of the Sun from the Earth at 59.4 million miles-about half the correct size of 93 million miles, but a more accurate figure than any suggested up to that time. However,Horrocks‘ observations were not published until 1661, well after his death. Questions27-32On your answer sheet please writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage27. The volume of Venus is about 64 times larger than the moon.28. Venus‘ next pair of transits in the 21st century will be on June6,2012.29. Severe and permanent eye injury can be caused by observing the transit of Venuswith the naked eye.30. The ancient Greeks held misconceptions of Venus.31. Observations of transits of Venus could help scientists to testify Venus‘ full cyclewhich was charted by the Maya.32. Johannes Kepler didn‘t accurately predict the transit of Venus as his methodswere not refined.Questions 33-36Write the appropriate letter A-H in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 The first successful anticipation of transits of Venus.34 More correctly estimating the distance between earth and sun.35 The difference between a transit of Venus and a solar eclipse.36 It was suggested that Venus and Mercury do not orbit the Earth.Questions 37-4037 Why observing transits of Venus is important?A It helps us to determine the size of our solar system.B It provides evidence to support Kepler‘s third law the parallax method.C It helps scientists to record the time from start to finish of the transit.D It helps us to determine the distance between points on the Earth.38 Which of the following statements about the transit of Venus in 1631 is true?A Johannes Kepler was the only person who predicted it.B Nobody was able to observe it in Europe.C Nobody was certain of the exact time.D Johannes Kepler had predicted transits in 1631 and 1639.39 Which of the following statements about the transit of Venus in 1639 is true?A The transit began at approximately 3:00 pm.B Horrocks was lucky to see the phenomenon because of clouds obscuring theSun.C Horrocks made a guess as to the size of Sun.D His observations were published in 1661.40 The passage focuses on the transits of Venus to showA the influences it played on human well-beings.B the value of understanding our solar system‘s formation.C the development and significance of astronomy.D the unfortunate events some astronomers encounters.READING PASSAGE 8文章背景:安慰剂效应。又名伪药效应、假药效应、代设剂效应(英文:Placebo Effect,源自拉丁文placebo解“我将安慰”),安慰剂效应于1955年由毕阙博士(Henry K. Beecher)提出,亦理解为“非特定效应”(non-specific effects)或受试者期望效应。指病人虽然获得无效的治疗,但却“预料”或“相信”治疗有效,而让病患症状得到舒缓的现象。有人认为这是一个值得注意的人类生理反应,但亦有人认为这是医学实验设计所产生的错觉。这个现象无论是否真的存在,科学家至令仍未能完全理解。Placebo Effect—The Power of NothingWant to devise a new form of alternative medicine? No problem. Here‘s the recipe. Be warm, sympathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic. Your treatment should involve physical contact, and each session with your patients should last at least half an hour. Encourage your patients to take an active part in their treatment and understand how their disorders relate to the rest of their lives. Tell them that their own bodies possess the true power to heal. Make them pay you out of their own pockets. Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like. Refer to the knowledge of an earlier age: wisdom carelessly swept aside by the rise and rise of blind, mechanistic. Oh, come off it, you‘re saying. Something invented off the top of you r head couldn‘t possibly work, could it?Well yes, it could—and often well enough to earn you a living. A good living if you are sufficiently convincing or, better still, really believe in your therapy. Many illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at just the right time you‘ll get the credit. But that‘s only part of it. Some of the improvement really would be down to you. Not necessarily because you‘d recommended ginseng rather than camomile tea or used this crystal as opposed to that pressure point. Nothing so specific. Your healing power would be the outcome of a paradoxical force that conventional medicine recognizes but remains oddly ambivalent about: the placebo effect.Placebos are treatments that have no direct effect on the body, yet still work because the patient has faith in their power to heal. Most often the term refers to a dummy pill, but it applies just as much to any device or procedure, from a sticking plaster to a crystal to an operation. The existence of the placebo effect implies that even quackery may confer real benefits, which is why any mention of placebo is touchy subject for many practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), who are likelyto regard it as tantamount to charge of charlatanism, In fact, the placebo effect is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected and misunderstood.One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practioners‘ skill in deploying the placebo effect to accomplish real healing. ―Complementary practitioners are miles better at producing non-specific effects and good therapeutic relationships,‖ says Edzard Ernst, professor of CAM at Exeter University. The question is whether CAM could be integrated into conventional medicine, as some would like, without losing much of this power.At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger opens the superficial blood sadness pumps the tear glands.But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research to date has focused on the control of pain, because it‘s one of the commonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the endorphins natural counterparts of morphine that are known to help control pain. ―Any of the neurochemicals involved in transmitting pain impulse or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response,‖ says Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida who studies the placebo effect in denta}