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谈全国大学英语四级考试翻译中定语结构的处理
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谈全国大学英语四级考试翻译中定语结构的处理
关注微信公众号2012年12月英语四级六级语法冲刺：定语从句_沪江英语学习网
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定语从句在听力、阅读和翻译中经常出现，是需要重点把握的语法点之一。
在把握定语从句的时候大家要注意以下几点：
1. 定语从句的作用主要是用来修饰先行词；
2. 定语从句和主句之间需要有关系词来进行连接；
3. 关系词在从句中代替先行词，并且充当一定的成分。根据关系词在从句中成分的不同，关系词是有所不同的。
Great changes have taken place in the factory
we are working.
由where引导的从句
在这个例句中，factory是先行词，由where引导的定语从句来修饰；同时由where替代的这个先行词在从句中作状语。如果仍然不能分清结构，可以把句子拆分：
主句： Great changes have taken place in the factory.
从句： We are working in the factory.
关系词如何选择？可以分三步走：
第一步，首先确定先行词；
第二步，然后确定它在定语从句中做什么成分；
第三步，之后可以进行具体分类。
1. 先行词是人：如果在从句中做主语，关系词用who；做宾语，用who 或whom；做定语,用whose
He is the person who/whom we are looking for.
2. 先行词是物：在从句中做主语或宾语都用which；作定语用of which, 或whose；
This machine which I have looked after for years is still working perfectly.
1) 如果先行词在从句中做状语，表示时间、地点和原因，关系词就要使用when，where和why. 如例1的情况就是先行词在从句中充当地点状语，因此用where.
2) 在限定性定语从句中，which, who, whom 都可以被that 取代。所以例2、例3中的关系词也可以省略。
3) 非限制性定语从句通常标志，从句和主语之间用逗号隔开。
This is a critical problem in the company, which need to be solved immediately.
这个句子就是非限定性定语从句，在这种情况下，关系词通常用which。
真题示例：
The prevention and treatment of AIDS is _______(我们可以合作的领域) .
1. 已有谓语is,空白处一定是从句
2. 汉语意思已经是完整的一句话，因此，一定是定语从句，并确定先行词：领域，the field 或a field,不用想，一般用which引导
3. 先行词要提前，所以仅按顺序译“我们可以合作的”：we can cooperate
确定介词，在……领域，用in,答案为：in the/a field which we can cooperate
实战演练：
1. I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear.
2. The pen ________ he is writing is mine.
A. with which
B. in which
C. on which
D. with that
3. The engineer ________ my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom
B. on whom
C. with which
D. with whom
4. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside.
5. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _________for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
6. There is no such place ________ you dream of in all this world.
7. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, ________he could see________was going on inside house.
B. what C. what D. that
8. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, ________ from east to west. Those ________ run from north to south are called avenues.
B. who 　　
9. I shall never forget those years ________ I lived in the country with the farmers, _________has a great effect on my life.
10. Can you lend me the dictionary ______ the other day?
A. about that you talked
B. what you talked
C. which you talked
D. that you talked about
答案及解析：
答案：1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. D. 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. D
1. 当先行词被same修饰时，定语从句由that或as引导，但意思不同。用that引导定语从句指同一物，而用as引导定语从句指同类事物。
2. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构, 常用来引导定语从句. with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.
3. with whom引导定语从句。with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.
4. 因为先行词是the time，且在定语从句中作状语，所以用when引导。此题的先行词与定语从句被主句谓语分开了，要善于辨别。
5. 非限定性定语从句。先行词为the exciting moment , 将先行词放入从句为For the first time in the years their team won the world cup at the moment, 先行词放入从句作时间状语。 句中for the first time in years为强词调结构。 答案为D。
6. 当定语从句的先行词前有such, so, as等词语时，由as引导，并且as在定语从句中作主语或宾语，as在此题中作dream of的宾语。注意：在表示“如此…以致…”的such /so…that…结构中，that不作任何句子成份。
7. through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。
8. 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系，所以用现在分词。Those指街道，先行词为物，所以不用who而用that来引导定语从句。
9.前一空定语从句的完整句为I lived in the country with the farmers those years. 先行词在从句中作非主宾表成分，先行词与时间相关。后一定语从句的完整句子在理解基础上的意思转换为The experience has a great effect on my life. The experience= I lived in the country with the farmers those years。所以整句为先行词，在从句中做主语。因此，答案为B。
10. 限定性定语从句。先行语the dictionary, 放入从句为you talked about the dictionary the other day. 先行词短语结构在从句中作宾语，从句可用about which you talked the other day 或 which/ that/ 省略引导词 you talked about the other day. 答案为D。
近期：沪江四六级将考后放出信息
相关热点：欢迎你， 　 　
2018年12月大学英语六级基础语法：定语从句
11:46:04 来源：网络
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　　语法一直是英语考试的框架，下面频道为备考的同学们整理了英语六级基础语法知识，希望对大家有所帮助。　　　　英语六级基础语法：定语从句　　一、概念　　定语从句的概念，在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。　　例如： 1) The man who lives next to us is a fool.　　2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.　　上面两句中的the man和the house是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。　　二、关系词(连接词)　　1.关系代词引导的定语从句　　引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when,
why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时还做定语从句的一个成分。　　2.关于that, which的用法注意点　　1)只能用that，不用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况　　a)不定代词，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词　　There is nothing that I can do.　　I mean the one that was bought yesterday.　　b)先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰　　This is the very book that I want to find.　　The last place that I visited was the hospital.　　c)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时　　This is the first composition that he has written in English.　　d)先行词既有人，又有物时　　He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.　　2)不用that, 只用which的情况　　a)引导非限定性定语从句时which　　The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.　　b)介词后用which　　We depend on the land from which we get our food.　　3.关系副词引导的定语从句　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。　　1)先行词是表示地点名词时(country, school,
room…)，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。　　Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born.　　He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.　　2)先行词是表示时间名词时(year, month, day, night…)，而关系词代替先行词在定语　　从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。　　His father died that year in which (=when) he was born.　　I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the
city.　　3)先行词是the reason，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语，一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for + which的结构。　　Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?　　但是这里要指出的是，如果介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思，则我们只能保留介词+Which的形式。如 I know English in
which I wrote the love letter.　　4.判断关系代词与关系副词　　方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要　　求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词　　
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& & &&新东方四六级名师团队点睛指导：
　　如果想达到85分以上，词汇应该错6个以内。
　　Jump for the sun, at least you land on the moon. 目标定的高一点有好处。
　　4200单词要求对于4级考试，高三毕业是1800个单词。
　　我喜欢这里： I like here.&&& Right: I like it here.
　　I can succeed.&&& Right: I can do it.&& I can make it.
　　注意生活中的英语： Nike胜利女神。 Just do it.
　　生活中的英语： Did you have a pleasant journey? (这时要用降调)
　　I am very much frightened because a girl named Monika stands beside me. Oh, thank god! He&s not the president now. (我很害怕)
　　I was just screwed up. (我一团糟)
　　四级考试中常见的考察词汇的题型：
　　I 押韵题型（押头韵、押尾韵）；
　　答案总在相似中，如果有三个一样，基本上就在其中了。
　　54. The rain was heavy and _A_ the land was flooded.
　　A consequently&& B continuously&& C constantly&& D consistently
　　continue v. 继续，连续； continually adv. 时断时续地； continuously adv. 连续不断地。
　　说不停的咳嗽时，continually是间歇的时断时续的咳嗽，continuously是一直不停的咳嗽。
　　consequently adv. 因此，所以；(heavy rain大雨, light rain小雨)
　　constantly adv. 始终如一地，连续发生地；constant temperature 恒温
　　consistently adv. 一贯地，一致地； consistent adj.& consistent policy 一贯的政策。
　　36. I hate people who _C_ the end of a film that you haven't seen before.
　　A revise&& B rewrite&& C reveal&& D reverse
　　rewrite v. 重写，改写； revise vt. 修改，修正； reveal vt. 揭示，揭露；
　　reverse vt. 颠倒，使反转，使反向。(vers是词根，表示转动；re是前缀，表示向相反方向)
　　42. There were no tickets _D_ for Friday&s performance.
　　A preferable&& B considerable&& C possible&& D available
　　performance n. 表演，演出，演奏； perform vt.& possible adj. 可能的
　　动词后加able构成形容词通常表示&可&的& read -& readable& accept -& acceptable
　　consider vt. 考虑； considerable adj. (数量或尺寸)相当大(或多)的。
　　preferable adj. 更好的，更可取的；
　　available* adj. 可获得的，可利用的，可支配的。(重点词)
　　33. In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total _D_ for living expenses.
　　A acceptable&& B applicable&& C advisable&& D available
　　living expenses 生活费； acceptable adj. 可接受的；
　　apply vt. 申请，应用； applicable adj. 可应用的，适当的，合适的；
　　advise vt. 建议； advice n. 建议； advisable adj. 明智的，可取的。
　　54. It is our _A_ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.
　　A consistent&& B continuous&& C considerate&& D continual
　　achieve unity through peaceful means 通过和平手段取得统一； consistent policy 一贯政策
　　II 构词法题型(词的转化，合成，派生)；
　　构成符合形容词的名词和数量词一律用单数。(见下面2个例题)
　　31. Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _B_ movie could not hold our attention.
　　A three-hours&& B three-hour&& C three-hours&&& D three-hour&s
　　267. Professor White wrote a _C_ report yesterday.
　　A two-thousand-words&& B two-thousands-word
　　C two-thousand-word&&& D two-thousands-words
　　以ly结尾的不全是副词； friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, lively adj.
　　考试中常见的否定前缀： un-、dis-、in-、im-
　　56. _B_ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others.
　　A Dislike&& B Unlike&& C Alike&& D Liking
　　like vt. 喜欢； dislike vt. 不喜欢，厌恶； unlike prep. 不象&；
　　alike adj. & adv. 同样的(地)，相象的(地)； liking n. 爱好，嗜好；
　　take a liking for喜欢&，对&产生好感。
　　III 近义词含义比较；
　　44. There were some _A_ flowers on the table.
　　A artificial&& B unnatural&& C false&& D unreal
　　unreal adj. 不真实的(不是真实世界所拥有的，虚幻的)； Ends justify means 不择手段；
　　false adj. 具有欺骗性的，假的，伪造的； false coin/passport/hair，a false tooth/false teeth
　　unnatural adj. 不自然的，经常用来修饰人的行为举止，表示做作的，矫揉造作的。
　　artificial adj. 人造人为的 artificial leg 假肢artificial leather 人造皮 genuine leather 真皮
　　54. When people become unemployed, it is _C_ which is often worse than lack of wages.
　　A laziness&& B poverty&& C idleness&& D inability
　　laziness n. 懒惰； poverty n. 贫穷； poor adj. 贫穷的；
　　idleness n. 无事可做(中性，有时也有贬义含义)； inability n. 没有能力，没有办法。
　　69. A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough _A_.
　　A nuisance&& B trouble&& C worry&& D anxiety
　　invade 进攻，侵略； nuisance n. (具体的)令人讨厌的东西； trouble n. 烦恼，麻烦，问题；
　　worry n. 担心，发愁； anxiety n. 焦虑。 What a nuisance. 真是烦。
　　IV 搭配关系问题；
　　extent n. 程度； to... extent 到达&程度，在&程度之上； extent 只能和to搭配。
　　object vi. 反对； object + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。
　　objection n. 反对； objection + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。
　　V 形相近，意相远；
　　65. In Britain, the best season of the year is probably _A_ spring.
　　A late&& B last&& C latter&& D later
　　late adj. 晚的，晚于通常时间的； late spring 晚春、暮春； last adj. 最后的，最终的；
　　later adj. 更晚的（late的比较级）、时间概念后一半的；只适用于表示某个世纪的后半期；
　　The later twentieth century. 二十世纪的后一半。
　　latter adj. （两者中）后者的； former adj. （两者中）前者的；
　　59. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _B_ in the market.
　　A batteries&& B bargains&& C baskets&& D barrels
　　battery n. 电池； bargain n. 特价商品； It&s really a bargain. 你真会买东西，不是说真便宜。
　　basket n. 篮子； barrel n. 桶； wonderful bargain 物美价廉的商品；bargain v. 讨价还价；
　　53. Remember that customers don&t _D_ about prices in that city.
　　A debate&& B consult&& C dispute&& D bargain
　　-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------
　　41. The bridge was named _A_ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.
　　A after&& B with&& C by&& D from
　　cause 事业； be named after 以&的名字命名；
　　42. There were no tickets _D_ for Friday&s performance.
　　A preferable&& B considerable&& C possible&& D available
　　preferable adj. 更好的，更可取的；
　　358. _C_ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.
　　A Inferior to&& B Superior to&& C Prior to&& D Preferable to
　　具有比较意味的形容词只要与介词to搭配即可表示其比较级。 super- 表示在&上方，超过&
　　inferior adj. 低于&的，劣于&的； superior adj. 高于&的，优于&的； prior adj. 在&之前的
　　Revolutionary War 特指美国独立战争；second adj. 第二的（含有比较意味，也与to搭配）
　　He is second to none. 首屈一指，无与伦比；
　　30. Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.
　　A of&& B to&& C with&& D from
　　43. It wasn't such a good dinner _C_ she had promised us.
　　A that&& B which&& C as&& D what
　　such & that & 如此& 以至于& ； sb + be + ___ + sth 空格处应为能加双宾语的动词；
　　加双宾语的动词的用法：动词 + sb + sth（主动形式）； sb + be + pp + sth（被动形式）；
　　59. American women were _D_ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard&& struggle. [the right to vote 选举权]
　　A ignored&& B neglected&& C refused&& D denied
　　deny v. 否认，拒绝；deny sb sth 拒绝给予某人某物；
　　44. They decided to chase the cow away _C_ it did more damage.
　　A unless&& B until&& C before&& D although
　　45. _B_ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.
　　A Each&& B Any&& C Either&& D One
　　common sense 常识； each 这个词在英语中强调的是个体与众不同的特点；
　　any 这个词强调的是很多东西在一起的共性； either 两者之间任何一个；
　　31. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at _C_ chemist&s.
　　A each&& B some&& C any&& D certain
　　46. All _D_ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
　　A what is needed&& B for our needs&& C the thing needed&& D that is needed
　　当all作定语从句的先行词时，从句只能用that来引导； all that = what
　　47. _A_ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
　　A When compared&& B Compare&& C While comparing&& D Comparing
　　本题的关键是弄清compare与mountain的关系； when 可以直接加过去分词；
　　before(after) + being + 过去分词；
　　44. After _A_ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.
　　A being interviewed&& B interviewed&& C interviewing&& D having interviewed
　　They lose their health to make money, and they lose their money to restore health.
　　48. _C_ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist. [专家]
　　A That was from Stephen&& B It was Stephen whom
　　C It was from Stephen that&& D It was Stephen that
　　本题重点是强调句式； 当被强调部分指人且在句子中作宾语时，其余部分可用whom引导；
　　49. If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller _D_.
　　A suit&& B set&& C one&& D pair
　　50. Many new _A_ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.
　　A opportunities&& B necessities&& C realities&& D probabilities
　　51. He must have had an accident, or he _A_ then.
　　A would have been here&& B had to be here&& C should be here&& D would be here
　　must have + 过去分词 表示对过去行为的肯定推测；
　　与过去事态相反用：情态动词 + have + 过去分词 来体现虚拟语气；
　　must 一定，必须； needn't, don't have to 不必；
　　53. You _A_ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
　　A needn&t have done&& B must not have done
　　C shouldn&t have done&& D can not have done
　　should have + 过去分词 本应该，本应当； shouldn't have done本不应该，本不应当；
　　44. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _D_ it.
　　A mustn&t have done&& B wouldn&t have done
　　C mightn&t have done&& D didn&t have to do
　　52. It was essential that the applications forms _C_ back before the deadline.
　　A must be sent&& B would be sent&& C be sent&& D were sent
　　It be essential that 后面一定用虚拟语气，且句子谓语动词固定为(should) + 动词原型；
　　It was essential that the applications forms send back before the deadline.
　　53. We _D_ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
　　A just have had&& B have just had&& C just had&& D had just had
　　when 还可以表示①刚..就& （有动作先后关系）、②恰在此时；
　　44. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _D_ I heard voices.
　　A as&& B while&& C after&& D when
　　45. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _C_ something occurred which attracted my attention.
　　A unless&& B until&& C when&& D while
　　64. It was essential that these application forms _D_ back as early as possible.
　　A must be sent&& B will be sent&& C are sent&& D be sent
　　非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子（或者句子，短语）
　　1.当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。（它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语）。
　　独立主格的结构1：名词（代词）+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
　　现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。 作题时要通过判断动作与名词（代词）之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词（代词）发出时使用现在分词，而名词（代词）是受动者时则用过去分词。
　　54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.
　　A followed&& B following&& C to follow&& D being followed
　　49. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.
　　A considered&& B be considered&& C considering&& D having considered
　　call off &取消； cancel vt. 取消； 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
　　独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
　　36. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
　　A to be encouraged&& B been encouraged&& C being encouraged&& D be encouraged
　　as well as 和（相当于and）； be encouraged不会考。
　　动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励；
　　been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对；being encouraged 正在被鼓励
　　2.短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
　　非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）
　　句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
　　43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
　　A performed&& B performing&& C to be performed&& D being performed
　　perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；
　　to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；
　　一些特殊的动词：
　　第一点：forget 忘记； [反义] remember 记得；
　　这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为；这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
　　注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。
　　forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事； forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事；
　　remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事； remember doing sth. 记得做过某事；
　　62. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
　　A once offering&& B him once offering&& C him to offer&& D to offer him
　　offer vt. 提出，提供； offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
　　him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。
　　动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。
　　动作发出者 + 动名词；当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词；当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词（宾格）+ 动名词。
　　形容词物主代词：his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格：him, her, me, you, us, them。
　　第二点：want 想要； want to do sth. 想做某事； want doing 客观需要或缺乏。
　　48. Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
　　A cut&& B cutting&& C to cut&& D being cut
　　注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。
　　18. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
　　A cleaning&& B to clean&& C being cleaned&& D cleaned
　　第三点：mean 意味； mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲& ；mean doing 意味着，&的意思是&
　　25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble.& [reception desk 接待台]
　　A making&& B to make&& C to have made&& D having made
　　-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------
　　55. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
　　A to erect&& B be erected&& C erecting&& D being erected
　　watch 看电视用，看比赛用； see 看电影用；
　　感官动词watch, see, hear； 感官动词 + 名词（代词）+ do
　　be erected 强调的是动作的结果； being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
　　56. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
　　A gives up&& B gives in&& C gives away&& D gives off
　　give up 放弃； give in 屈服，让步； give off 释放，放出（烟和气体）；
　　give away 泄露，走漏风声；婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程；赠送礼品。
　　57. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
　　A to be informed&& B on informing&& C informed&& D informing
　　keep sb. + 分词； inform v. 通知，告知； inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
　　keep me informed 使我被告知。
　　60. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
　　A after which&& B for which&& C with which&& D at which
　　fight with sb. （注意要看整个句子）； fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。 fight for 为&而战。
　　I fight with him. 我和他打起来了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩对付她。
　　61. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.
　　A all in all&& B above all&& C after all&& D over all
　　all in all 总而言之；above all 首先，尤其是；after all 毕竟，终究；overall 全面的，总体的
　　in a word 总之，in short 简而言之，in conclusion 最后，总之，to sum up总之，总而言之。
　　62. _B_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
　　A For now&& B Now that&& C Ever since&& D By now
　　now that 既然，由于（相当于since）； ever since 自从&以来。
　　与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式：
　　now that 既然，由于； in that 因为； except that 除&之外。
　　except后面加名词或代词；except that后面加句子。
　　63. What you have done is _D_ the doctor&s orders.
　　A attached to&& B responsible to&& C resistant to&& D contrary to
　　be attached to 连接，附属； This school is attached to Beida. 这所学校附属于北大。
　　responsible to 对&负有责任； resistant adj. 反抗的，抵抗的； water resistant 防水的。
　　be contrary to 与..相反（相违背）。
　　64. John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.
　　A not going&& B not to go&& C not having been going&& D not to be going
　　regret doing 后悔做过某事； regret to do sth. 遗憾的做某事（应用语境非常有限）。
　　63. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.
　　A out of work&& B out of stock&& C out of reach&& D out of practice
　　out of work 失业； out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着； out of practice 缺乏练习。
　　65. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
　　A carried out&& B carried off&& C carried on&& D carried forward
　　in spite of 尽管； carry on 坚持，继续。
　　66. Mrs. Brown is supposed _A_ for Italy last week.
　　A to have left&& B to be leaving&& C to leave&& D to have been left
　　be supposed to do sth. 应该（理应）做某事。
　　37. He&s watching TV? He&s _D_ to be cleaning his room.
　　A known&& B considered&& C regarded&& D supposed
　　regard as 把&认作
　　67. My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.
　　A treated&& B adjusted&& C adopted&& D remedied
　　treat 对待，处理； I&ll treat you. 我请客，应用于真正请客之前。It&s on me. 应用于结帐时。
　　adjust vt. 调整，调节； adopt vt. 收养，领养； remedy vt. 弥补，补救，修正；
　　68. A new technique _C_, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
　　A working out&& B having worked out
　　C having been worked out&& D to have been worded out
　　yields 产量； work out 作出，推出
　　关于百分数之前介词的用法
　　increase to 80 percent 增加到80% （增加到用to）
　　increase by 60 percent增加了60% （表示增加的幅度用by）
　　55. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.
　　A by&& B for&& C to&& D in
　　69. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.
　　A hurt&& B damaged&& C spoiled&& D harmed
　　spoil vt. 宠坏，溺爱
　　70. When Mr. Jones gets old, he will _B_ over his business to his son.
　　A take&& B hand&& C think&& D get
　　take over 接管接收； hand over 移交，交出； think over 仔细考虑； get over 克服，战胜。
　　-------------------------1991-06-------------------------
　　41. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let&s have _A_ one this month.
　　A another&& B more&& C the other&& D other
　　不定代词：1 两者中的一个用one；另一个则用the other； 2 很多东西中的一个用one；
　　剩下的所有叫the others； 3 很多东西中的一个用one；剩下的所有里面再拿一个叫another；
　　在剩下的里面再拿一个还叫another（单数概念）； 4 很多东西中拿了若干出来用some；
　　剩下所有叫others； other 后通常要加可数名词的复数形式； more 要用在数词的后面
　　once more 再来一个（用于很不正式的场合） vravo 再来一个（用于正式场合）
　　44. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.
　　A the other&& B any other&& C another&& D other
　　neither 两者中任意一者都不
　　42. It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.
　　A impression&& B reaction&& C comment&& D opinion
　　reaction n. 反应； reaction to 对&作出反应。
　　43. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _D_.
　　A finish what I did&& B finished what I did
　　C would finish what I was doing&& D finished what I was doing
　　as soon as所引导的时间状语从句与主句的时态搭配有一种情况是主从句都用一般过去时。
　　45. We are interested in the weather because it _B_ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.
　　A benefits&& B affects&& C guides&& D effects
　　affect vt. 影响； effect n. 影响。
　　46. Will all those _D_ the proposal raise their hands?
　　A in relation to&& B in contrast to&& C in excess of&& D in favor of
　　in relation to 与&相比； in contrast to 与&形成对照；
　　in excess of 超过，超出（一定的限定范围）； in favor of 赞同，支持。
　　47. Children are very curious _D_.
　　A at heart&& B in person&& C on purpose&& D by nature
　　at heart 在心理，在内心； heart 强调的是内心的感情，mind 强调的是思维，头脑，soul 灵魂
　　in person 亲自，本人； on purpose 有意的，故意的； by nature 生性（天性）使然。
　　48. The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.
　　A objected to having&& B were objected to have
　　C objected to have&& D were objected to having
　　58. The man in the corner confessed to _B_ a lie to the manager of the company.
　　A have told&& B having told&& C being told&& D be told
　　confess v. 忏悔； confess to 承认，坦白。
　　49. The teacher doesn&t permit _C_ in class.
　　A smoke&& B to smoke&& C smoking&& D to have a smoke
　　permit v. 允许，准许； permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事； permit doing 允许做某事。
　　-------------------------2000-06-------------------------
　　21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _D_ it.
　　A postpone&& B refuse&& C delay&& D cancel
　　22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _A_ you need.
　　A all the information&& B all the informations
　　C all of information&& D all of the informations
　　23. Not until the game had begun _C_ at the sports ground.
　　A had he arrived&& B would he have arrived&& C did he arrive&& D should he have arrived
　　24. Young people are not _B_ to stand and
they want art they can participate in. [参与，参加]
　　A conservative&& B content&& C confident&& D generous
　　conservative adj. 保守的； conservative party 保守党； content adj. 甘愿的，满足的；
　　confident adj. 自信的，有信心的； generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的。
　　25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _C_.
　　A granted&& B implied&& C exaggerated&& D remedied
　　maintain 坚持认为； medium n. 媒体单数，media n. 媒体复数；
　　grant vt. 授予，给予； imply vt. 隐含，暗示； exaggerate v. 夸大，夸张，高估；
　　remedy vt. 弥补，补救，修正。#p#副标题#e#
　　26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _A_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. [victims 受害人]
　　A unrecorded&& B to be unrecorded&& C unrecording&& D to have been unrecorded
　　27. I have no objection _B_ your story again. [object to + 动名词]
　　A to hear&& B to hearing&& C to having heard&& D to have heard
　　28. The clothes a person wears may express his _B_ or social position.
　　A curiosity&& B status&& C determination&& D significance
　　status n. 身份，地位； significance n. 意义，重要性；
　　29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _D_ opportunity to change his mind.
　　A accurate&& B urgent&& C excessive&& D adequate
　　accurate adj. 精确的； urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的； excessive adj. 过多的，过度的；
　　adequate adj. 充足的，足够的。
　　30. You will see this product _B_ wherever you go.
　　A to be advertised&& B advertised&& C advertise&& D advertising
　　31. The early pioneers had to _C_ many hardships to settle on the new land.
　　A go along with&& B go back on&& C go through&& D go into
　　go through 经历
　　32. The suggestion that the major _B_ the prizes was accepted by everyone.
　　A would present&& B present&& C presents&& D ought to present
　　suggestion, suggest 所引导的句子都用虚拟语气。 should + （动词原形）
　　34. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _B_ at the next town.
　　A to stop&& B stopping&& C stop&& D having stopped
　　suggest& + doing也可以
　　33. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _A_ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
　　A whose&& B which&& C that&& D what
　　whose指代的就是他前面的male drinkers.
　　35. I didn't know the word. I had to _C_ a dictionary.
　　A look out&& B make out&& C refer to&& D go over
　　look up 查阅； look up a word in a dictionary 在字典中查单词；
　　reference n. 参考书目； reference room 资料室；
　　36. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _D_ his arguments in favour of the new theory. [sufficient 充足的，足够的；grounds 论据；arguments 论点]
　　A to be based on&& B to base on&& C which to base on&& D on which to base
　　base vt. 以&作基础，基于&& which引导从句时，如果从句是介词结尾则介词应在which之前。
　　on which (he is) to base
　　37. There are signs _A_ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
　　A that&& B which&& C in which&& D whose
　　sign n. 迹象； fact n. 事实； evidence n. 证据；后面常加同位语从句来说明具体内容。
　　同位语从句用that（不能省略）引导。
　　38. I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news. [or else 否则，要不然]
　　A or else&& B and then&& C or so&& D even so
　　39. It is said that the math teacher seems _A_ towards bright students.
　　A partial&& B beneficial&& C preferable&& D liable
　　partial adj. 偏袒的，偏爱的（经常与to或towards搭配）
　　40. In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _C_ trouble over the figures. [figures 数目，数据；extra 额外的，附加的]
　　A extensive&& B spare&& C extra&& D supreme
　　41. - &May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?&
　　- &I'm sorry. Mr. Williams _A_ to a conference long before then.&
　　A will have gone&& B had gone&& C would have gone&& D has gone
　　当要表达将来的行为在将来的某时间之前完成用将来完成时，将来完成时结构：will have + p.p.
　　42. You _D_ you should have kept your distance.
　　A shouldn't follow&& B mustn't follow
　　C couldn't' have been following&& D shouldn't have been following
　　should have + p.p. 本应该； shouldn&t have + p.p. 本不应该
　　43. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _D_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
　　A have allowed&& B allow&& C allowing&& D allows
　　part-time 兼职； full-time 全职； flexible working patterns 弹性工作制； training 培训；
　　retraining 再培训； take advantage 利用；
　　44. Everybody _A_ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
　　A assembled&& B accumulated&& C piled&& D joined
　　assembled 聚集； secretary 书记。
　　45. Putting in a new window will _B_ cutting away part of the roof.
　　A include&& B involve&& C contain&& D comprise
　　involve 引起，与&直接有关
　　46. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _C_ obtaining fresh water is not the least. [the least 最高级]
　　A with which&& B for which&& C of which&& D which
　　42. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _C_ obtaining water is not the least. [the least 最高级]
　　A for which&& B to which&& C of which&& D in which
　　47. In the _C_ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million. [in the event of 万一，如果]
　　A face&& B time&& C event&& D course
　　in the face of 面对； in the time of 在&时期； in the course of 在&期间。
　　48. The manager would rather his daughter _D_ in the same office.
　　A had not worked&& B not to work&& C does not work&& D did not work
　　would rather + 动词原形； would rather + 句子（用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词用一般过去时）
　　49. _D_, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
　　A Although much he likes her&& B Much although he likes her
　　C As he likes her much&& D Much as he likes her
　　如果用although引导则应改成：Although he likes her very much, &
　　50. The British constitution is _B_ a large extent a product of the historical events described above. [无论是在空格前还是后，如果出现了名词extent要找介词就着to]
　　A within&& B to&& C by&& D at
　　to a large extent 在很大程度上。#p#副标题#e#
　　倒装：倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。
　　谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装。谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装。
　　谓语中的一部分通常是指：1、系动词；2、助动词；3、情态动词。
　　全部倒装的五条原则：
　　1. There be句型（表示有）；
　　2. 以There或now开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go；
　　There you go again. 你又去那里了。
　　3. 以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be； Here you are. 拿去。
　　4. 以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；
　　在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主语是代词则用陈述句语序。
　　5. 以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。
　　部分倒装的六条原则：
　　1. so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装；
　　nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；
　　2. 省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装；
　　3. as, though表示&尽管&时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装；
　　系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。
　　例如：She is beautiful.&& They are students.
　　四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。
　　26. _B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
　　A Being published&& B Published&& C Publishing&& D To be published
　　当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。
　　being published 正在被出版； to be published 将要被出版。
　　此句恢复正常语序应为： As it was published at such a time &
　　4. 表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；
　　常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly (& when), scarcely (& when) ；
　　seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。
　　常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；
　　under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。
　　5. only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）
　　43. Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.
　　A permitted are freshmen&& B freshmen are permitted
　　C are freshmen permitted&& D are permitted freshmen
　　freshmen 新生； make up for 弥补，补偿； make-up tests 补考（缓考）。
　　6. 注意两个表达形式：come what may 无论发生什么情况； say what you will 畅所欲言。
　　-------------------------1991-06-------------------------
　　强调句式的补充内容：被强调部分是疑问词时的情况。
　　60. When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.
　　A why it does&& B what it does&& C what it is&& D why it is
　　prevent sb. from doing sth. 妨碍（阻止）某人做某事。
　　强调部分本为： it is what that prevents so many &
　　又因为句中有疑问词，应写为： what is it that prevents so ...
　　但强调句式在句中作宾语成分，故正确写法为： what it is that &
　　50. I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.
　　A more than to go&& B than going&& C more than going&& D rather than to go
　　than 除构成固定短语外就要与比较级搭配，不会单独出现； rather than + 动词原形；
　　平行结构，遇到平行结构时应做的两步：
　　1 找出连接词，2 使要填部分与已给出的对应部分形式完全一样。
　　51. I appreciate _D_ to your home.
　　A to be invited&& B to have invited&& C having invited&& D being invited
　　appreciate + 动名词（不能加动词原形，不能加句子）。
　　41. I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.
　　A you to keep&& B your keeping&& C that you keep&& D that you will keep
　　your keeping 动名词的复合结构。 you keeping 也是正确的。
　　52. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.
　　A regard&& B counting&& C account&& D observation
　　take sth. into account 考虑。
　　54. Important people don&t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.
　　A take away&& B take over&& C take up [占据]&& D take in
　　55. When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.
　　A got off&& B got across&& C got away&& D got over
　　got over it 克服战胜。
　　56. Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.
　　A rate&& B speed&& C pace&& D growth
　　pace 节奏； rapid pace of modern life现在生活快节奏。
　　57. San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _B_.
　　A is rarely&& B rarely is&& C hardly is&& D is scarcely
　　rarely, usually 都是频度副词。通常频度副词的位置在系动词之后，表示实在意思的词前面。
　　58. The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
　　A having known&& B being known&& C knowing&& D known
　　know 没有现在分词；know 用主动形式时只能和两个介词搭配：of, about。
　　known for 以&而著名。
　　60. I couldn&t find _A_, and so I took this one.
　　A a large enough coat&& B an enough large coat
　　C a large coat enough&& D a coat enough large
　　enough 修饰形容词时要放到形容词后面。
　　61. I always _B_ what I have said.
　　A get to&& B hold to&& C lead to&& D see to
　　本题所有选项中的to都是介词，其后加动词动名词的形式。
　　hold to 坚守，信守； see to 负责做，处理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）
　　62. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.
　　A when&& B then&& C than&& D until
　　no sooner & than 一&就&
　　63. Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
　　A what&& B which&& C that&& D whose
　　evidence 证据、sign 迹象、fact 事实，后面都要带同位语从句，且从句用that引导。
　　64. He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in New York. [too & to，太&而不能&]
　　A too much to&& B enough to&& C very much to&& D much so as to
　　65. He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.
　　A sorry&& B guilty&& C ashamed&& D miserable
　　guilty adj. 有罪的； be ashamed of 因&而羞愧（不好意思）的； miserable adj. 悲惨的。
　　66. The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.
　　A in&& B at&& C during&& D over
　　ceremony n. 典礼，仪式。要表达在某典礼（仪式）上用介词at。
　　at the graduation ceremony 在毕业典礼上。
　　67. What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
　　A do you suppose&& B you suppose&& C will you suppose&& D you would suppose
　　do you supposed 常做插入语。
　　68. _D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us. [despite prep. 尽管； as for 关于，至于]
　　A As for&& B Besides&& C Except&& D Despite
　　69. How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.
　　A have&& B has&& C having&& D to have
　　influence on 对&造成影响，很大的影响中形容词用的是strong。
　　70. He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.
　　A was almost hurt&& B was hurt himself&& C was to hurt himself&& D was hurting himself
　　hurt oneself 自残； be to + 动词原形，将要做某事；
　　-------------------------1993-06-------------------------
　　41. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.
　　A to prepare&& B to be prepared&& C preparing&& D being prepared
　　be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
　　42. Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.
　　A and&& B but&& C or&& D an order
　　and 在这里表示一种结果，翻译成&那么（和）&。只有两种情况下and才会这样翻译：
　　1. 省略句 ＋ and + 句子； 2. 祈使句 ＋ and + 句子。
　　47. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.
　　A are often seeing&& B will often see&& C often see&& D have often seen
　　43. I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.
　　A an expense&& B a charge&& C a purchase&& D an order
　　order n. 定购，订单； purchase n. 购买。
　　45. By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
　　A have found&& B will be finding&& C will have found&& D are finding#p#副标题#e#
　　如果一个句子的时间状语是由by引导的，则时态要选择完成时态。
　　将来的行为在将来的某个时间之前就已完成用将来完成时。
　　solution to a problem 一个问题的解决方案。
　　46. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.
　　A take on&& B get on&& C put up&& D look up
　　take on 承担； take on responsibility 承担责任。
　　47. Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
　　A not to want anyone&& B not wanting anyone&& C wanted no one&& D to want no one
　　dinner n. 正餐（多指晚餐）； supper n. 夜宵，晚餐； breakfast n. 早餐； lunch n. 午餐；
　　brunch n. 早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]
　　48. We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.
　　A inform&& B informs&& C informed&& D has informed
　　desire v. 要求，表要求时后面加句子要用虚拟语气， (should) + 动词原形。
　　其他同样用法的词还有ask, demand, request, require.
　　49. Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
　　A obviously&& B surprisingly&& C particularly&& D normally
　　not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。 vary vi. 变化。
　　vary from & to & 从一种形式变化到另一种形式。vary between & and & 在两者之间进行变化。
　　29. Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from individual to individual and from face to face.
　　A change&& B vary&& C alter&& D convert
　　individual n. 个人，个体； individualism n. 个人主义。
　　44. The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.
　　A alter&& B shift&& C transfer&& D vary
　　50. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.
　　A before&& B until&& C since&& D when
　　It + 系动词 + 一段时间 + before引导的句子 在&之前花费多少时间。
　　54. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
　　A since&& B when&& C after&& D before
　　51. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail. [keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神]
　　A in&& B at&& C for&& D on
　　52. There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.
　　A retain&& B endure&& C maintain&& D survive
　　retain vt. 保持，保留； endure v. 忍受； maintain vt. 维持，保持，坚持认为；
　　survive vi. 生存； vt. 活过 & （宾语为某种灾难）。 survive a flood 活过一场洪水。
　　前缀sur表示过 & ，外，超； vive 表示生活，强调活着。
　　54. They usually have less money at the end of the month than _C_ at the beginning.
　　A which is&& B which was&& C they have&& D it is
　　less & than句子前后要平衡结构。
　　55. In the course of a day students do far more than just _A_ classes.
　　A attend&& B attended&& C to attend&& D attending
　　far more than 远远多于，远不止于；也要句子前后平衡结构。
　　56. The French pianist [n. 钢琴师] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.
　　A turned up&& B turned in&& C turned out&& D turned down
　　turn up 后面不加宾语表示出现，后面加宾语表示将声音调高，调大；
　　turn in + 宾语 上缴，交出； turn down 将声音调低，调小；拒绝；
　　refuse sb. 指直接的回绝； turn sb. down 则指委婉的拒绝；
　　turn out + 动词不定式 最终证明是，结果是。
　　57. Many difficulties have _B_ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.
　　A risen&& B arisen&& C raised&& D arrived
　　因本句未加宾语，估不应选不及物动词，可排除C项； arrive vi. 到达，抵达；
　　rise vi. 升起，升高（侧重指旗帜或太阳升起）；数量的增高（侧重指水位、价位）；
　　the sun rises in the east and sets in the west 太阳东升西落。
　　arise vi. 升起，升高，出现，发生（经常与抽象名词联用）。
　　69. A completely new situation will _B_ when the examination system comes into existence.
　　A arise&& B rise&& C raise&& D arouse
　　33. Last year the advertising rate _D_ by 20 percent.
　　A raised&& B aroused&& C arose&& D rose
　　58. He made such a _D_ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.
　　A genuine&& B minimum&& C modest&& D generous
　　name after 以&的名字来命名。genuine adj. 真正的，货真价实的； genuine leather 真皮；
　　minimum adj. 最低的，最小的； modest adj. 谦虚谨慎的，适度的；
　　generous adj. 慷慨的，慷慨大方的（修饰贡献等用这个）。
　　59. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _D_, of course, made the others jealous.
　　A who&& B that&& C what&& D which
　　which在这里是引导非限定性定语从句，which引导非限定性定语从句有2个特点：
　　1. which前面有逗号与其他句子分开。 2. which指的是前面整句话的内容。
　　as也可以引导非限定性定语从句，指的都是一句话的内容。
　　which指一句话的内容只能置于该句之后，而as既可以在后也可以在前。
　　67. _C_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.
　　A That&& B Which&& C As&& D It
　　60. In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _B_.
　　A gaps&& B intervals&& C length&& D distance
　　interval n. 间隔（即可指空间间隔，也可指时间间隔），四级考试中专考时间间隔的概念。
　　interval是固定与介词at搭配的。
　　23. Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _D_.
　　A gaps&& B rate&& C length&& D intervals
　　at regular rate 以规则的速度； at regular interval 以规则的时间间隔；
　　61. Mr. Johnson preferred _A_ heavier work to do.
　　A to be given&& B to be giving&& C to have given&& D having given
　　64. Our company decided to _D_ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.
　　A destroy&& B resist&& C assume&& D cancel
　　65. She is _C_ a musician than her brother.
　　A much of&& B much as&& C more of&& D more as
　　be of 具有某种性质、品质或特点；
　　66. Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe _B_ by the judge.
　　A service&& B sentence&& C crime&& D crisis
　　sentence n. 判决，判刑； crisis n. 危机； economic crisis 经济危机；
　　68. The residents, _C_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
　　A all their homes&& B all whose homes&& C all of whose homes&& D all of their homes
　　当给出了句子的主语，且后面有两部分谓语动词，这两部分谓语动词之间又没有连接词，
　　时态也不同时，离主语近的谓语动词应为从句的组合成分。
　　69. You can't afford to let the situation get worse. You must take _D_ to put it right.
　　A decisions&& B directions&& C sides&& D steps
　　take steps 采取措施，采取行动； take measures 采取措施；
　　70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.
　　A follow&& B had followed&& C would follow&& D have followed
　　if only 如果，要是...就好了，其后面的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
　　1. 如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气。
　　2. 如果if only后面的句子表示与过去的事实相反，这时谓语动词用过去完成时体现虚拟语气。
　　47. If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible
　　A approve&& B will approve&& C can approve&& D would approve
　　如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时，
　　也可以用would + 动词原形。#p#副标题#e#
　　-------------------------1995-06-------------------------
　　42. Mark often attempts to escape _C_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
　　A having been fined&& B to have been fined&& C being fined&& B to be fined
　　escape + 动名词。
　　44. It is recommended that the project _A_ until all the preparations have been made.
　　A not be started&& B will not be started&& C is not started&& D is not to be started
　　recommend vt. 推荐，建议，后面加句子要用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式：(should) + 动词原形
　　45. I wish I _D_ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
　　A have slept&& B slept&& C might have slept&& D could have slept
　　wish 后面的句子要用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。
　　might经常被翻译成或许。
　　46. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _D_ him.
　　A had telephoned&& B must have telephoned
　　C would telephone&& D would have telephoned
　　otherwise, or等表示&否则&的词，后面句子都要用虚拟语气。
　　48. While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news [最新的消息], it is unlikely that television _A_ the newspaper completely.
　　A will replace&& B have replaced&& C replace&& D replaced
　　49. An Olympic Marathon [马拉松] is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately [大约] _B_ from Marathon to Athens [雅典].
　　A distance&& B the distance&& C is the distance&& D the distance is
　　50. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _D_ to suspend your tent.
　　A there&& B them&& C where&& D which
　　介词 + which + 动词不定式(to do sth.) 整体做定语。
　　本句可改写为：You will want two tress about ten feet apart, to suspend your tent from.
　　只要见到有介词出现在空格之前，而选项中有which, them, there, where等词则应选which。
　　51. As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had _C_ to ask my boss.
　　A many&& B most&& C much&& D more
　　当many没有修饰任何其他词而单独出现时表示很多人。 much在这里相当于many things。
　　52. _A_ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.
　　A Until&& B Before&& C From&& D Since
　　until recently 直到最近； not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。
　　53. The survival of civilization as we know it is _C_ threat.
　　A within&& B towards&& C under&& D upon
　　under threat 受到威胁。
　　55. In some countries, _D_ is called &equality& [平等] does not really mean equal rights for all people.
　　A which&& B one&& C that&& D what
　　that可以引导主语从句，但只做引导词而不充当任何成分。
　　56. I walked too much yesterday and _A_ are still aching now.
　　A my leg muscles&& B my muscles of leg&& C my leg's muscles&& D my muscles of the leg
　　英语中一个名词修饰另外一个名词时第一个名词要用单数。 apple trees, eye drops
　　57. Radio, television and press _B_ of conveying news and information.
　　A are the most three common means&& B are the three most common means
　　C are the most common three means&& D are three the most common means
　　几个词修饰一个名词时修饰词的顺序应为：1. 定冠词the应该放在最前面（离名词最远）的位置；
　　2. 数词应放在第二位；3. 最后考虑其他形容词。
　　58. Liquids are like solids _C_ they have a definite volume.
　　A with that&& B for that&& C in that&& D at that
　　三个与that的搭配的表达形式：now that, in that [因为], except that。
　　59. When a fire _C_ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.
　　A broke off&& B broke down&& C broke out&& D broke up
　　break out （火灾、战争）突然发生，爆发；
　　60. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could _D_. [make up for 弥补]
　　A stand up to&& B put up with&& C come up with&& D make up for
　　61. Then the speaker _B_ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.
　　A went after&& B went into&& C went for&& D went on
　　go after 追求，设法得到； go into 谈论，叙述； go for 袭击/支持； go on 继续。
　　62. The students was just about to _C_ the questions, when suddenly he found the answer
　　A arrive at&& B submit to&& C give up&& D work out
　　63. When there are small children around, it is necessary to put bottles of pills out of _B_.
　　A hand&& B reach&& C hold&& D place
　　out of reach 够不着； within reach 够得找。
　　64. The _D_ of blood always makes him feel sick.
　　A form&& B look&& C view&& D sight
　　form n. 形式，形状； view n. 风景，景色/视野，视域； look 指的是主观有意识的看；
　　sight n. 看见，瞥见（不强调主客观）。
　　66. Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as _B_ sickness
　　A normal&& B ordinary&& C average&& D regular
　　sickness of mind 精神病； normal adj. 正常的； average adj. 平均的，中等水平的；
　　regular adj. 有规律的，规则的； ordinary sickness 一般性疾病。
　　68. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only _C_ to his confusion.
　　A extended&& B amounted&& C added [add to 增加]& D turned
　　70. It took him several months to ___ the wild horse.
　　A tend&& B cultivate&& C tame&& D breed
　　tame vt. 驯服； breed 强调的是繁殖，侧重指大批量的繁殖。
　　It take sb. sometime to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。
　　主谓一致：指的就是给出主语，要求判断谓语动词是用单数还是复数的问题。
　　一、就近原则：
　　指句子的主语由两部分单词或短语构成时，由离谓语动词近的那部分主语来决定谓语动词的单复数。
　　只有当以下单词或短语连接主句的两部分时就近原则才适用：
　　1. or 或者； 2. either & or & 不是&就是& ，&或& ； 3. neither & nor & 既不&也不& ；
　　4. not only & but also & 不但&而且& ； 5. not & but & 不是&而是&
　　例如：主语1 or 主语2 谓语动词。 此时由主语2决定谓语动词。
　　10. _C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?
　　A Are&& B Where&& C Is&& D Does
　　如果题目改变为：Either he or his accountants ___ going & 则应选A
　　二、句子谓语动词一定用复数的两种情况：
　　1. 集合名词做主语，集合名词没有复数形式，因为他本身就代表一个复数概念。
　　常见的几个复合名词： people 人民，人们； police 警察； cattle 牛； poultry 家禽。
　　2. 表示数量的复数名词 + 不可数名词，整体做主语时
　　例如：去年出口了八百万顿煤。 Eight million tons of coal were exported last year.#p#副标题#e#
　　三、谓语动词一定用单数的六种情况：
　　1. 句子的主语是由从句充当的、动词不定式短语作主语、动名词短语作主语；
　　2. 表示时间、重量、长度、价值四方面的词做主语；
　　399. -- &How many days?&
　　0&&& -- &Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?&
　　A are&& B were&& C was&& D is
　　3. 表示单数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词也用单数；
　　因为此结构中短语只是对主语提供附加说明情况，所以谓语动词也用单数。
　　当以下这些标志性的介词或介词短语出现在此结构中时可以不管中间的附加说明情况：
　　with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as
　　注意：表示复数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词应用复数。
　　4. each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六个词中任何一个所构成的复合代词作主语时；
　　some经常构成的三个复合代词：something, somebody, someone；
　　no经常构成的三个复合代词：nothing, nobody, no one； either of + 短语；
　　5. 通常由and连接两部分这种形式做主语谓语动词要用复数，但在以下两种情况下则应用单数；
　　1& and连接的两部分指的是同一事物；
　　2& and连接的两部分被no, each, every中任何一个词修饰时；
　　例如：每位男士和女士都要着装得体。 be supposed to do sth. 理应，应该做某事。
　　Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly.
　　11. Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition.
　　A are shown&& B has been shown&& C has shown&& D show them
　　many a(an) 很多，相当于many； many a(an) + 可数名词单数，做主语时谓语动词用单数。
　　6. many a (an) + 可数名词单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
　　9. Not only Joan but her sisters _B_ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.
　　A have known&& B know&& C knows&& D is knowing
　　not only & but also & 的一种变形形式，not only & but &
　　另一种变形形式not only & but & as well
　　combination n. 密码； combination to the safe 保险箱密码； securities有价证券。
　　-------------------------2000-01-------------------------
　　41. Sh she has a headache because she _A_ too long.
　　A has been reading&& B had read&& C is reading&& D read
　　had read 过去完成时要与一般过去时搭配。
　　has been reading 现在完成进行时：指某行为从过去一点到现在一直在进行。
　　42. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _B_, drawing millions of visitors every year.
　　A attention&& B attraction&& C appointment&& D arrangement
　　tourist attraction 旅游胜地； attention n. 注意力； appointment n. 委任的职位，约会；
　　date n. 日期，约会，枣；表示约会时指的是异性之间的私人约会。 arrangement n. 布置，安排
　　blind date 两人第一次见面的约会。 appointment 指公事性质的，比较正式的约会。
　　43. I don't mind _B_ the decision as long as it is not too late.
　　A you to delay making&& B your delaying making
　　C your delaying to make&& D you delay to make
　　mind 后要加动名词； delay v. 耽搁，延误（后面也要加动名词）
　　45. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _A_ in Cuba.
　　A being cultivated&& B been cultivated&& C having cultivated&& D cultivating
　　46. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _C_ on benches, chairs or boxes.
　　A having seated&& B seating&& C seated&& D having been seated
　　注意：seat是及物动词，及物动词用主动形式，后面要直接加宾语。
　　Be seated please. 请坐。 英语中只有及物动词才有被动语态。
　　47. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _B_ comfortably.
　　A is worn&& B wears&& C wearing&& D are worn
　　当wear表穿戴时，而句子的主语是被穿戴的东西时，wear是不及物动词，没有被动语态。
　　65. The coming of the railways in the 1830s _A_ our society and economic life.
　　A transformed&& B transported&& C transferred&& D transmitted
　　字根trans在四级中着重考的含义是&从一个地方到另一个地方&。
　　transform 改革，变革，改变； transport 运输； transfer 转移，移动；
　　transmit 传送，播送；疾病的传染，传播； transplant 移植。
　　48. Some diseases are _D_ by certain water animals.
　　A transplanted&& B transformed&& C transported&& D transmitted
　　49. Wouldn't you rather your child _B_ to bed early?
　　A go&& B went&& C would go&& D goes
　　would rather的两种用法：1 would rather + 动词原形；
　　2 would rather + 句子（句子谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气）。
　　50. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _B_ will happen to her private life. [wonder后面要加疑问词]
　　A that&& B what&& C it&& D this
　　51. The words of his old teacher left a _C_ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them. [lasting adj. 持久的，永久的； liberal adj. 开明的，心胸开阔的]
　　A long&& B lively&& C lasting&& D liberal
　　52. Mike's uncle insists _D_ in this hotel.
　　A staying not&& B not to stay&& C that he would not stay&& D that he not stay
　　insist的两种用法：1 insist on & 坚持，坚决要求；
　　2 insist + that引导的从句（从句谓语动词为[should] + 动词原形）
　　53. We agree to accept _D_ they thought was the best tourist guide.
　　A whatever&& B whomever&& C whichever&& D whoever
　　they thought是插入语，可以不看； tourist guide 导游。
　　56. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _C_ it forces people to test relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.
　　A by which&& B to which&& C in that&& D so that
　　句子的意思是：如果冲突以后能回家反省一下自己是好事情。
　　in that 因为； conflict n. 冲突； relative merits 相比较而言的优点； so that 以至于。
　　57. He is _A_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.
　　A optimistic&& B optional&& C outstanding&& D obvious
　　optimistic adj. 乐观的； pessimistic adj. 悲观的； be optimistic about 对&持乐观态度。
　　optional adj. 随意的，任选的，非强制性的； optional courses 选修课；
　　outstanding adj. 卓越的，杰出的； obvious adj. 明显的。
　　58. Sometimes I wish I _B_ in a different time and a different place.
　　A be living&& B were living&& C would live&& D would have lived
　　wish后加的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
　　与现在事实相反，wish后的句子经常用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。
　　59. The director was critical _C_ the way we were doing the work.
　　A at&& B in&& C of&& D with
　　be critical of 对...爱挑剔的，批评。
　　60. In a sudden _B_ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.
　　A attack&& B burst&& C split&& D blast
　　within reach 够得着； out of reach 够不着； burst 爆发，迸发；
　　burst可以与很多词语搭配表示突然发作：
　　1 能与人的情绪（喜、怒、哀、乐）搭配； 2 能与掌声、笑声搭配。
　　61. _D_ she realized it was too late to go home.
　　A No sooner it grew dark than&& B Hardly did it grow dark that
　　C Scarcely had it grown dark than&& D It was not until dark that
　　no sooner在句首时句子要用部分倒装；hardly要与when搭配；scarcely也要与when搭配。
　　62. In Britain people _C_ four million tons of potatoes every year.
　　A swallow&& B dispose&& C consume&& D exhaust
　　swallow 吞，咽； dispose 去掉，处理，安排； consume 消费，消耗； consumer 消费者；
　　exhaust 将资源消耗殆尽；如果与人在一个句子中搭配则表示使人精疲力竭。
　　63. I'd _A_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.
　　A take into account&& B account for&& C make up for&& D make out
　　take into account 考虑； make up for 弥补，补偿。#p#副标题#e#
　　65. She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it _D_ enough to eat.
　　A mild&& B slight&& C light&& D tender
　　mild adj. 不辣的； hot adj. 辣的； extra hot 极辣的；
　　light adj. 清淡的，容易消化的；蛋糕点心等松软的； muffin n. 松饼；
　　slight adj. 轻微的，少量的； tender adj. 肉嫩的。
　　steak n. 牛排；rare 三成熟的；medium 七成熟的；well-done 全熟的；medium rare 五成熟。
　　66. We take our skin for granted until it is burned _A_ repair.
　　A beyond&& B for&& C without&& D under
　　take sth. for granted 把什么事当成理所当然的而不重视； beyond prep. 超}