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高中英语审核员
中国现代教育网
www.30edu.com
全国最大教师交流平台
中国现代教育网 www.30edu.com
全国最大教师交流平台
纵观近几年高考，虽然专家们一直强调在试题中要淡
化语法，但语法的考查始终贯穿在各种题型中。词汇有如
英语语言的“肉”，而语法则是英语语言的“骨”，掌握
语法这个“骨”，就掌握了英语语言的架构。所以说语法
学习是不可忽视的。基于这种认识，我校高二英语组的老
师们，在多年从事教学和高考辅导的基础上，积累了丰富
的经验，他们结合教学实际精心编写了这册《高中英语语
法精讲精练》校本教材，希望能给同学们在英语语法学习
上以帮助。
绥芬河市高级中学
高二英语教研组组长
中国现代教育网
www.30edu.com
全国最大教师交流平台
目录 Contents
冠词----------------------------------------------------------1
代词---------------------------------------------------------15
形容词、副词------------------------------------------------ 37
动词的时态与语态---------------------------------------------44
主谓一致-----------------------------------------------------54
非谓语动词---------------------------------------------------61
情态动词虚拟语气---------------------------------------------68
定语从句-----------------------------------------------------77
名词性从句---------------------------------------------------82
状语从句-----------------------------------------------------87
倒装句-------------------------------------------------------92
简单句并列句-------------------------------------------------96
中国现代教育网
www.30edu.com
全国最大教师交流平台
专题一专题一
一、冠词的定义
冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用，只能用在一个名词前，帮助说明这个名词的含义。
英语中冠词有两种，一种是定冠词(The Definite Article），一种是不定冠词（The Indefinite
Article）。（有人把不用冠词的情况叫“零冠词”）
the 与 this, that 同源，意义接近于
this, these, that 或 those，但指示意义较弱。它在
辅音前读/??/，在元音前读/?i/，在特别强调或单读时读/?i:/，例如：
Li Ming is the /?i/ author of the /??/ book.李明是该书的作者。
不定冠词与数词
one 同源，有“一个”的含义，它有两种形式：a
a 用在以辅音
音素开头的词前，an
用在以元音音素开头的词前，例如：
She is an honest /'?nist/ student.她是一个诚实的学生。
There is a house near the river.河边有所房子。
二、不定冠词的用法
a 和单数可数名词连用，有类指作用，即指某类人或事物，不需翻译。
A dog is intelligent.(= Dogs are intelligent.= The dog is intelligent.)
狗是聪明的。
I like a child．我喜欢小孩。
A big family is hard to support．大家庭难支撑。
2. 复数可数名词也有类指作用：
Dogs are intelligent．
I like children．
Big families are hard to support．
3. 用于首次提到的对话任何一方不知道的人或物,
表泛指，即同类中任意一个，有“一个”
或“某个”的意思：
A dog is coming．
I see a child．
I have to maintain a family．
He is a teacher．
They call him a fool．
There is a man standing in the river.
An old cock is sitting in a tall tree.
4.不加冠词的不可数名词，表类指，即某类东西：
I am fond of milk．
Air is important to animals．
Honesty is the best policy．
John hates darkness．
5.表示单位，有“每一”的意思，用于速度、价格、频率等,可换用“per”，但“per”显
得较为专业。
The cloth is 10 yuan a metre.这布每米 10 元。
He can walk 100 kilometres a day.他一天能走 100 公里。
6.在一定情况下也可修饰不可数名词，表示特殊含义。
1)与物质名词连用可表示：
①（风、雨等）“一阵；一场”。
Air is invisible but we can feel its motion when there is a wind.
空气是看不见的，但有风时我们能感觉到它在流动。
Early in the day or after a rain you can find the air is much fresher.
在清晨或下雨之后，你会发现空气要新鲜得多。
②（酒、饮料等）“一份；一种；一片”。
A coffee，please.请来一杯咖啡。
After a dark cloud comes a clear sky.乌云过后是晴空。
He received a (good) education.他受到过良好教育。
You should buy a (kind of) medicine to treat your wound.
你该买点药治治你的伤。
2）与抽象名词连用可表示：
①“一种”或“一类”。
He feels it a pleasure to help others.
他把帮助别人看作是一种乐趣。
“You don't understand,” said Joe, a cruel light shining in his eyes.
“你不懂。”乔说，眼睛里闪着凶狠的光。
②（某动作的）“一次”。
Why not have a try? 何不试一试？
You must be tired from the long flight. Please take a rest today．
长途飞行您一定累了，今天就请好好休息吧。
③动词的“同源宾语”名词前一般也用不定冠词。
She slept a peaceful sleep and dreamed a good dream.
她睡了一个踏实的觉，做了一个好梦。
Under the leadership of the Party, we are living a happy life.
在党的领导下，我们现在过着幸福的生活。
④当抽象名词被赋予特指含义时（即抽象名词具体化），前边可用不定冠词，表示一个人
的特性或具有某种特征的具体事物。
It came as a surprise that the Boss had dismissed his secretary.
没想到老板把他的秘书给开除了。
The newly-built National Stadium or the Bird's Nest is a great success.
新建的国家体育馆鸟
巢，是个巨大的成功。
7.一些表示重量、长度、时间等的词组中，不定冠词使用特别普遍，例如：
a pair of shoes, a hundred,
twice a week, at a blow, at a stretch, one at a time, a handful of, in
a word, at a glance
8.用于某些固定词组
a few, a little, a lot , a couple of
a large number of 许多
as a rule 通常；照例
for a while 一会儿
in a minute 立即
a great deal of 许多
a large amount of 许多
a large quantity of 许多
all of a sudden 突然
as a matter of fact 其实
have a word with 与…说句话
in a sense 从某种意义上说
in a word 简言之；总之
make a decision 作出决定
make a fool of sb.愚弄某人
at a loss 茫然；不知所措
do ab. a favor 帮某人一个忙
have a gift for 对…有天赋 have an effect on 对…有影响
keep an eye on 照看；注意
make a dive for 向…扑去
make a fortune 发财
make a difference 有影响；起作用
make a promise 许下诺言
pay a visit to 对…进行访问等等。
9.一日三餐
breakfast, lunch, supper 前一般不用冠词，当前边有形容词而表示“一顿、一次”
等意思时，就要加上冠词
a 来表示“一顿…的午饭、晚饭”等：
have lunch /supper
He is very fat and often has a big supper.
10.“a most +形容词”结构中，most
不含有比较的概念，只用来加强语气，是“极”“很”
“非常”的意思，相当于
very。而“the most＋形容词”表示“最……”，如：
a most important thing 很重要的事
the most important thing 最重要的事
Lesson 3 is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult lesson in Book II.
11.序数词前加不定冠词
a，表“另一个”或“又一个”。不表顺序，侧重在原有基础上量
Would you like a second cup of tea?
a second cup of tea 等于 another cup of tea.
The author will modify the manuscript a second time.
作者要对那部书稿进行第二次修改。
12.专有名词前用不定冠词有两种可能：
①表示某姓名的某人或和…相似的人或地方：
A Mr. Smith was in charge of the laboratory.
负责实验室的是一位叫史密斯的先生。
He wishes to be an Edison.他希望成为像艾迪生那样的人。
Only a Lu Shun could have written that.
只有鲁迅那样的作家才能写出那样的作品。
There doesn’t seem to be a Shenyang city in our province.
我们省好像没有一个叫沈阳的城市。
②表示某人的作品或某厂家的产品：
I have a Van Gogh.我有一幅梵高的画。
I bought a Underwood yesterday.
我昨天买了一台安德伍德牌打字机。
13.“of/at + a/an + 名词”结构中不定冠词的含义:
此结构中不定冠词表“同样的”=the same
The children are of an age.这些孩子同龄。
No two men are of a mind.没有两个人是同一条心的。
Those boxes are of a size.那些盒子一样大。
a 和 one 都有“一”的意思，但意义不同：
more than a year 一年多（不到两年）
more than one year 不止一年（两年、三年等）
at a time 每次；在同一时间
at one time 曾经有一次
14.不定冠词在形容词、副词前后的位置关系：
冠词总是放在名词前面，若这个名词有形容词修饰，冠词通常放在形容词前面，若形容
词前还有副词，则冠词需放在副词前面，如：
This is a car—a good car—a very good car．
He can answer the question—the difficult question—the most difficult question．
名词前若有
such, many 或 what, 冠词 a 应在其后面：
I never met such a man．
He has lived here many a year．
What a beautiful park it is！
如果所用副词为
so, how, as, too 或 no less，冠词 a 就放在它们所修饰的形容词后：
It is so（or too）big a dog．
How big a dog it is!
Ii is as big a dog as yours．
It is no less big a dog than yours．（=It is as big a dog as yours．）
特殊：quite/rather 修饰单数名词前的形容词时，冠词位置有两种，如：quite/rather big a
a quite /rather big dog。
注意：如果名词前有
all, both, half, double, twice, three times 等，定冠词 the 必须放在它后面：
All the guests have come．
Both the brothers study Spanish．
I bought it at half the price（double the price）．
（但：He has waited half an hour or a half hour）．
三、定冠词的用法
the 可与单数可数名词连用，表示“一类”东西，而不指哪一个。
The dog is intelligent．(A dog is intelligent.= Dogs are intelligent.)
I play the piano．
The palm grows in many countries．
Tomatoes are good for the liver．
2. The 有特指的作用，可用在单数可数名词前，隐约表示“这/那个”，这时所指是那个人或
东西是很清楚的：
I bought a house yesterday afternoon．The house is across the river．（指新买的房子）
I want to see the boss．（你知道 the boss 指谁）
What is the price of this pencil？
Open the window，please．（当然是指这个房间的窗子）
The government does not allow gambling．
The enemy was defeated．
The moon is rising．
3. The 也可和复数可数名词连用，隐约地表示“这/那些”，这时指那些人或东西也是很清楚
I bought several houses yesterday．The houses are across the river．
I met some nice people at the party．
It seems I have seen the gentlemen somewhere．
Open the windows，please．
Where are the children？
4.The 也有表示集体的作用，用在复数可数名词前，隐约地表示“所有（那些）……”：
They are the teachers of our school．
The cities of this country are dirty．
Have you ever seen the Seven Wonders？
The members of the club are Indians．
the 可用在不可数名词前限定其意义，隐约地表示“这”或“那”：
I offered him the tea which I made．
The sugar produced here is excellent．
He has obtained the experience of an expert．
The bread has been eaten up．（你知道指哪块面包）
Please pass me the salt．
6.虽然第一次谈到，但若说话双方都知道或说话者认为对方也明白的事物前，要加定冠词
以表示特指。
We go to the company every day.我们每天去公司。
Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。
7.在第二次提到某物或和它有关的东西，因为是表示特指，所以需加定冠词。
I bought a book, but soon I returned the book.
我买了一本书，但不久我退回去了。
She bought a bike, but when she rode it one of the wheels went
她买了辆自行车，她
骑上去时一个轮子掉了。
8.用在表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词前（包括天体）。（但如果天体名词有形容词、
分词、介词短语或定语从句等修饰则通常用不定冠词）。如：
the moon, the sky, the sun, the earth, a red sun, a blue earth, a
bright moon, a changing world
The sun is down.太阳落山了。
A red sun rose in the east.一轮红日从东方升起。
9.还可和一个形容词或分词连用表一类人或东西。
Take care of the old.照顾老年人
The rich must help the poor.富人必须帮助穷人。
the dead 死者 the deaf 聋人 the blind 盲人 the young 年轻人，the old 老年人，the living 活
着的人，the dying
临死的人，the wounded
伤员，the disabled 残疾人
10.和某些名词连用表一个阶级或阶层。
the working class 工人阶级
the science circles 科学界
11.下面各类专有名词不加冠词，也无复数：
continent—Asia
country—Japan
province—Guangdong
state—California
county—Henrico County
harbour—Pearl Harbour
island—Rhode Island
hill—Bacon Hill
mount Mount—Everest
cape—Cape Comorin
lake—Lake Geneva
bridge—Westminster Bridge
park—Hyde Park
street—Fifth Avenue
square—Times Square
person—William Shakespeare
domestic animal—Bobo
deity—Jupiter
day—Monday
planet—Jupiter
festival—Labour Day
month—February
12.下面各类专有名词前需加
republic—the French Republic
railway—the Trans Siberian Railway
state—the Irish Free State
river—the Mekong River
empire—the British Empire
plateau—the Tibetan Plateau
kingdom—the United Kingdom
ocean—the Pacific（Ocean）
peninsula—the Indian
sea—the Japanese Sea
basin—the Yangzi Basin
canal—the Sue Canal
valley—the Rhine Valley
pole—the North Pole
desert—the Gobi Desert
注：湖名前一般不加冠词
13.“普通名词+of+专有名词”这类词组前均需加
the Cape of Good Hope
the House of Representatives
the Strait of Gibraltar
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
the City of New York
the Society of Natural History
14.复数专有名词前都加
the Himalayas
the Great Lakes
the Rocky Mountains
the Stuarts
the United States
the Philippines
15.由普通名词和另外一些词构成的专有名词前多数要加定冠词
①某些建筑物
the Great Wall, the Peace Hotel, the Capital Square
②某些组织机构
the Ministry of Education 教育部
the Department of Foreign Affairs 外交部
Tsinghua University，Beijing University 无冠词。）
③某些国家名
the United Kingdom 联合王国
the United States 美国
④报纸、会议、条约等的名词前
the Times 泰晤士报
the Daily Mail 每日邮报
16.在序数词、形容词最高级以及
main, only, same, chief 等修饰名词时，前面一般要加定冠
the second bag, the longest river, the only man, the same effects
17.在有些国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族全体人员。这类形容词一般以-sh，
-ch，-ese 结尾。
the Irish，the Swedish，the Chinese
18.首次发明物的名称前，常用定冠词。
Who invented the telephone? 谁发明的电话？
The compass was invented in China.
指南针是中国发明的。
Walt invented the steam engine.瓦特发明了蒸汽机。
19.用在姓氏或姓氏复数名词前，表这一姓氏夫妇俩或全家人。
The Greens are watching TV now．
I was at the Wang's yesterday.
10 的复数名词之前，指某世纪的某个年代。
In the 1870s when Marx was already in his fifties，he found it important to study the situation
in Russia.
在 19 世纪 70 年代，马克思五十多岁的时候，他发现学习俄国形势是重要的。
festival 组成的节日之前（以
day 组成的节日前无冠词）。
the Spring Festival 春节
the Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节
Christmas Day 圣诞节
May Day 五一国际劳动节
▲在美式英语中，“在秋季”用
in the fall；中国一些传统节日前要用定冠词。如：
the Spring Festival, the Mid-Autumn Day
22.在表演奏的动词后，西洋乐器的名词前通常用定冠词（中国民族乐器名前不加冠词)：
play the piano, play the violin, play erhu（拉二胡）
23.表接触或打击身体某部位时，身体部位名词前通常加
①在“动词+sb.+介词+the+部位”结构中，部位前用
the，而且不能省略。动词是
hit, strike, knock, slap, pat 等，身体部位是 head, shoulder, back 等时，介词多为 on（in 多与
the face 连用）；动词是
catch, grasp, seize, pull, take, lead 等，部位是 hand，collar 等时，
When I felt upset，my head teacher patted me on the shoulder.
当我感到心烦意乱时，班主任拍了拍我的肩膀。
They pulled her by the hair.他们扯她的头发。
He took me by the hand.他牵着我的手。
I hit him on the chin.我冲他的下巴打了一拳。
▲被动式也与此相似：
He was hit on the head.他被击中头部。
He was cut in the hand.他的手割破了。
②在“be+blind/lame/wounded/hurt+in+the+部位”中，表示“身体某一部位残疾或受伤”。
He is blind in the left eye.他左眼瞎了。
He was wounded in the back.他背部受了伤。
24.用在“the+比较级+ of the two”结构中，表示“两者中较（更）...”的含义。
Of the two laptop computers，which is the more fashionable?
这两台笔记本电脑中，哪一款更时髦？
25.用在方位名词前和一些表时间的词组中
on the left/right, in the east, in the evening, in the end, in the daytime
26.当 English, German 等表示某国语言的名词后出现了
language 时，前面的
German 就是形容词了，前必须加定冠词
the。如：the English language
27.除了以现在为基准的时间外，表示一般的时间关系时，next
last 前应当加上定冠词
The next train to Hong Kong is at 10:00.
下一趟去香港的火车是十点。
This maybe the last chance.
这可能是最后的机会。
Next 和 the next 所表达的时间概念不一样，如
next Monday
指从说话时刻算起
“下一个星期一”；the next Monday
指从过去或将来某时算起“下一个星期一”：
He’ll leave here next week.他下周将离开这里。（以现在为背景）
He’ll get there on Monday, and then leave the next week.
他将于星期一到那里，然后下周离开。（从将来某一周算起）
He left there the next week.他于后一周离开了那里。（从过去的某一周算起）
28. “by + the + 计量词”表“按…计/论/换”
They are paid by the month.他们按月计酬。
Meat is sold by the pound.肉是按磅销售的。
Electric current is measured by the ampere.
电流是按安培计量的。
29.带定冠词的常用习语：
at the moment 此刻
by the day 按天计
for the time being 暂时
by the way 顺便说一下
in the distance 在远处
on the increase 在增长
on the go 非常忙碌
on the way 在路上
at the same time 同时
by the hour 按小时计
in the dark 在黑暗中
on the other hand 另一方面
in the way 挡路
on the air 在播送
on the spot 当场
make the bed 铺床
all the best 一切顺利；万事如意
at the age of 在...岁时
at the end of 在...快结束时
burn the midnight oil 开夜车
all the year round 一年到头
at the cost of 以...为代价
at the mercy of 任凭...摆布
with the exception of 除...以外
四．不用冠词的情况
1.非普通名词构成的专有名词前；说明称号、职位、头衔等的名词做专有名词的同位语或
补足语；表独一无二的头衔、职位；物质名词、抽象名词、称呼语前一般不加冠词。例如：
Li Ming, China, water, friendship, uncle, professor
Professor Li, may I ask you a question?
Lincoln became president again.
Time waits for no man.时不待人
①抽象名词或物质名词有限制性定语时要用定冠词表特指。
The milk in the bottle has gone bad.
②抽象名词或物质名词前，或其前加上表示某特殊性质或类别的修饰词，指概念的“一种”
“一类”“一次”等时，可用不定冠词。
Physics is a science.
It's a pleasure to go with you.
2.可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格、数词等限制时，就不再加
This pen is yours.
3.季节、月份、星期、节日、假期、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。
Spring is the best season of the year.
May, March, Sunday, lunch, supper etc.
注意 ①表示一日三餐名词如果有了形容词修饰，要用不定冠词；如果后面有定语修饰，
可用定冠词表示特指。
We ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of silver.
吃了晚饭，就去看一个大神殿，神殿的地板是银制的。
The dinner given by Mr. Smith was very nice.
史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。
②专有名词、月份、季节、星期等可用定冠词来表示特指，用不定冠词来表示泛指。如：
He joined the Army in the spring of 1992.
1992 年的春天参军的。
The accident happened on a Sunday in July.
事故发生在六月的一个星期天。
4.在 daybreak, dawn, dusk（黄昏）, noon, midnight, night, sunrise(日出)，sunset(日落)等名词
前不用冠词。
5.学科名称、球类、棋类名词前不加冠词。
Do you study English?
I take part in all kinds of after-school activities —I play football, basketball, volleyball, table
tennis and I go to theater club.
6.表示泛指的复数名词前不加冠词。
They are students.
7.与 by 连用的交通工具名称因表抽象概念，前不加冠词。
by car, by bike, by train, 但 take a bus, in a boat, on the bike
但名词前有表时刻的词语时，就要用
I'll go by the ten o'clock train. 我将乘坐十点的火车去。
8.在 turn（变成）后作表语的职业、职位名词前不用冠词，而
become 后，除表独一无二的
职位名词外，要用冠词。
Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer.
9.不定冠词可以用在被形容词比较级修饰的名词前，表示“一个更…的”。
The MP4 player is too expensive for me. I want a cheaper one．
MP4 太贵了，我要一个更便宜一点的。
10. 一个人具有双重身份或兼有数职时，只用一个冠词。
A well-known singer and dancer will appear on the stage and give a performance. 一个著名
的歌唱家兼舞蹈家将登台表演。
One of the guests was a journalist and novelist.
有一个客人既是新闻记者又是小说家。
11.在一个以普通名词（或形容词最高级）+ as (though）开始的让步状语从句中，前面不用
Child as he is, he knows right from wrong.
尽管他是个孩子，他明辨是非。
Shortest though he is, he runs fastest in our class.
尽管他最矮，但在班上是跑得最快的。
12. 表伴随动作的“名词+副词/介词短语”作独立结构时，名词前不用冠词。
He settled in an armchair, coat off, head up, and pipe in mouth.
The soldier dashed out, rifle in hand.
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
He entered the forest，gun in hand.
Our teacher came into the classroom，papers in hand.
我们的老师走进了教室，手里拿着试卷。
The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth．
老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。
13.kind(s)/sort(s)/type(s)/variety/varieties/diversity/diversities of 等表示种类的结构后，名词前
不用冠词。
What kind of curtain will you suggest for a sitting room?
你看起居室用哪种窗帘好？
14.man 泛指
“人类”、word
作“音讯”解时。
New arts have been born in the course of the history of man．
在人类历史发展过程中，新的艺术不断诞生。
He sent word to us to wait for him in his office.
他带信来要我们在他办公室等他。
15.某些固定词组，习惯用法构成中，不用冠词。
①成对使用的词组
husband and wife, young and old, hand in hand, sun and moon, bread and butter, knife and fork,
step by step, year after year, year in year out, day after day, neck and neck, ... arm in arm, face to
face, day and night, day by day, from beginning to end, shoulder to shoulder, heart and soul, war
and peace, from morning till night
②介词词组
at(to/from)school,in(to)class,in(to/at/from)college,to(into/in,/from)church, to(in/into/out of) prison,
in bed(hospital), at night(noon/midnight), to(at)sea, by car, at work, at war, at first, at present, at
rest, at war, at hand, at home, at risk,…
③表示时间、地点、方式、状态的一些短语中不用冠词。
ahead of time 提前
at hand 在手边；在附近
by accident 偶然
by mistake 错误地
in danger 处于危险中
in place of 代替
in silence 沉默地（无声地）
in surprise 惊奇地
at first hand 第一手
at first thought 乍一想
at present 目前；现在
by way of 经由...
in advance 提前
in need of 需要
in sight 看得见
in uniform 穿着制服
by means of 借助…手段
in possession of 拥有
at first sight 乍一看;初看起来
on second thought(s)转念一想
④有些词组中，具体名词表抽象意义时就不用冠词：
in hospital 住院
in the hospital 在医院（参观或工作）
in front of 在前面
in the front of 在…的前部
out of question 不成问题
out of the question 根本不可能
at table 在餐桌边进餐
at the table 坐在桌边
make beds 制作床
make the bed 整理床铺
at table 进餐等
at the table 在桌子旁
by day 在白天
by the day 按日计
by radio 通过无线电
by the radio 在收音机旁
in case of 如果万一
in the case of 至于
in charge of 负责, 主管
in the charge of 由…负责(亦可说
under the charge of)
in red 身穿红衣服
in the red 亏损，负债
keep house 料理家务
keep the house 居家不出
go to school 去上学
go to the school 到学校去
for a moment 一会儿片刻
for the moment 暂时，目前
a most 非常
the most 最
by sea 由海路
by the sea 在海滨
go to war 交战
go to the war 参军
in future 从今以后
in the future 在将来
in office 执政；当权
in the office 在办公室
in person 亲自
in the person of 以…的资格
in place of 代替
in the place of 在…的地方
in sight of 看得见
in the sight of 从…观点来看
in a way 在某种程度上
in the way 挡路；碍事
on earth 到底
on the earth 在地球上
on fire 着火
on the fire 在准备中
out of office 下岗
out of the office 离开办公室
take air 传播；泄漏
take the air 吸新鲜空气；兜风
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
with child 怀孕
with a child 带着孩子
16.以人名、地名等专有名词命名的建筑物、场所、学校等名词前不加冠词: Zhong Shan
五、冠词的省略
指的是可使用冠词，但省略不用的情况。
1.当两个或两个以上名词并列时，在不引起误会和歧义时，后面的名词常省略冠词。
Please take good care of the flowers and plants in the garden.
2.有些由两样东西构成的自然成对使用的事物，习惯上已形成固定搭配，通常只在其前使
用一个冠词。
a knife and fork,（一副刀叉），a cup and saucer（一副茶杯与茶托），a horse and cart(一
辆马车)，a needle and thread(针线)等。
3.副词最高级前的冠词可省略。
Of all his novels，I like Olive Twist best.
在他所有的小说中，我最喜欢看《雾都孤儿》。
4.part 前的 a 常省略。（表示一个国家领土的一部分时必须省。）
Wales is part of the UK.
So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg．这样，琥珀
屋就成了沙皇在圣彼得堡的冬宫的一部分。
This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
这充满诗意的田园景色只是画面的一角。
5.新闻标题、书名、通知说明、广告语等常省略冠词以使行文简练。
Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class
中国国家主席强调工人阶级的作用
Fundamental Issues in Present-day China
《当代中国的基本问题》
Hospital Ahead! 前面有医院！
DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION
汽车行驶时请勿和司机讲话
1. ---You mean you know the man?
　---I know________ man exactly like him.
　　 A. other 　
2. Wouldn't it be_________ wonderful world if all nations live in ________peace with one
　　 A. a, / 　
B. the, / 　
C. a, the　
D. the, the
3. ---I hear that as many as 1,500 people were killed in the earthquake.
　---Yes, ________ news came as ________ shock to us.
　　 A. a, a 　
B. the, a 　
C. /, / 　
4. At midnight they reached ________ small village ________ east of ______ Everwhite
　　 A. a,/, the 　
B. a,/, / 　
C. the, the, the　 D. the, an, an
5. Nanjing lies on ________ Changjiang River and has ________ population of more than four
　　 A. the, the 　 B. the, / 　
C. the, a　
6. Bill Clinton took ________ office on January 20th, 1993 and left ________ office on January
20th, 2001.
　　 A. /, / 　
B. his, his 　
C. the, the　
D. an, his
7. We learn to go all out to work for ____ good of ____ society.
　　 A. the, / 　
B. /, / 　
C. /, a 　
D. the, the
8. Paris is ____ most beautiful city, where you can see ____ famous Eiffel Tower.
　　 A. a, the 　
B. a, / 　
C. the, a　
D. the, the
9. ---What about ____ bike? ---Do you think it all right to buy him ____ bike as ____ birthday
　　 A. the, the, the 　B. a, the, a 　 C. the, a, the　 D. the, the, a
10. He had decided to give it up, but on ____ second thoughts he decided to try ____ third time.
　　 A. the, a 　
B. /, / 　
11. Towards ____ morning, ____ heavy rain began to fall.
　　 A. the, a 　
B. a, a 　
C. the, / 　
12. ---Excuse me, where are ____ books for biology?
　---Follow me. They' re on this shelf. Do you want ____ new or used book?
　　 A. a, a 　
B. a, the 　
C. the, a 　
D. the, the
13. Young as he is, David has gained ____ rich experience in ____ society.
　　 A. /, / 　
B. the, the 　
14. ---My son is lost. Did you see a
boy passing by?
　---I saw ____ boy hidden behind ____ tree over the re. You may go and have a look.
　　 A. a, a 　
B. the, the 　
C. a, the　
15. Mary climbed to the top of the mountain in ____ hurry, looked down and found in ____
surprise t hat ____ whole town took on a new look.
　　 A. a, the, the 　 B. a, /, the 　 C. /, /, the 　
D. /, /, a
16. In ____ old society many young women died by so curious and cruel ____ custom.
　　 A. an, a 　
B. /, the 　
C. the, a 　
17. ---You’re sure to help me find ____ bed for my new house?
　---Sure, but not now. I'm heading for ____ bed and a good sleep.
　　 A. a, a 　
B. the, a 　
C. a, / 　
18. The wheel is thought to be _____ first invention of _____ transportation.
　　 A. the, the 　 B. a, a 　 C. a, / 　
19. Some people say that ____ British are _____ funny people.
　　 A. the, a 　
B. /, the 　
C. /, / 　
20. Don’t worry about _____ mistakes. They’re _____ natural part of learning.
　　 A. /, a 　
B. the, / 　
C. /, the 　
D. the, the
21. ---Selma looks especially pretty tonight. 　 ---Yes, she always looks her best in _____ of that
　 　 A. the dress 　
B. a dress 　
C. dress 　
D. the dresses
22. --- _____did you think of the exhibition?
　---Oh, it was ____ success.
　　 A. How, really a B. What, great 　 C. How, / 　
D. What, quite a
23. The child had only _____ slight temperature, but the doctor regarded _____ illness as serious
enough for ____ hospital treatment.
　　 A. /, /, the 　
B. a, /, / 　
C. a, the, /　
D. /, the, the
24. ---Did you have ____ wonderful time yesterday? 　　 ---Yes. I was on _____ top of _____
　　 A. /, the, a 　 B. a, /, the 　 C. a, a, the 　 D. a, the, the
25. I don’t usually have _____ breakfast, but I always eat _____ good lunch.
　　 A. /, / 　
B. /, a 　
C. the, / 　
26. ---I hear there'll be ____ talk on English study tomorrow morning.
　---Do you mean ____ speech our teacher asked us to listen to?
　　 A. a, the 　
B. the, a 　
C. the, the 　
27. Mr. Stock runs _____ small business, who is in ____ Mexico on business.
　　 A. a, a 　
B. /, / 　
C. a, the 　
28. Although _____ motor car has been with us for almost a century, I have never been able to
drive_____ American one.
　　 A. a, the 　
B. a, / 　
C. the, an　
D. the, the
29. Xi'an was _____ starting point of _____ world-famous Silk Road.
　　 A. /, / 　
B. a, a 　
C. the, /　
D. the, the
30. ---What does "on _____one hand…on _____other" means?
　---What _____ great fun! You're asking me such a simple question.
　　 A. the, the, / 　 B. the, the, a 　 C. /, the, a　 D. /, the, /
31. Alexander Gramha Bell invented ____telephone in 1876. (MET1991)
　　 A. /;　
32. After watching ____TV, she played ____violin for an hour.
　　 A. /; /　
D. /; the （ MET1991 11）
33. - --Where's Jack?
---I think he's still _____in bed, but he might just be in
____bathroom.
D. /; the （ MET1992 36）
34. Many people are still in ___habit of writing silly things in ___public places.
D. /; the （MET 1993 19）
35. She is ___newcomer to ___chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.
　　 A. the　
D. the （NMET1994 20）
36. Wouldn’t it be ___wonderful world if all nations lived in ___peace with one another?
　　 A. /　B. /　C. the　D. the （NMET1994 23）
37. Many people agree that ___knowledge of English is a must in __international trade today.
　　 A. /　
D. /; the （NMET 1996 13）
38. Paper money was in ___use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ___thirteenth
　　 A. /　
C. /; the　
D. /; /（NMET 1999 8）
39. It is not true in ___that people in ___fifties are going to university for further education.
A.90s; their　
B. the 90s; /　 C.90s; /
D. the 90s; their（1999.上海 6）
40. Most animals have little connection with ____animals of ___different kind unless they kill
them for food.
　　 A. a　
D./; the (NMET2000 10)
1~5 DABAC 6~10 AAADD 11~15 ACACB 16~20 CCDAA 21~25 BDCBB
26~30 ADCDD 31~35 CDDCC 36~40 AACDB
专题二专题二..
一、代词的定义
是用来代替名词或起名词作用的短语的词。
二、代词的分类
按意义、特征及语法功能可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、
不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。
yours yourself
yours yourselves
their theirs themselves
每个人称代词，不管是单数还是复数，都有
5 种形式：
1）作主语，要用主格形式：
I saw her．She saw me．It astonished them．
2）作宾语，要用宾格形式：
She saw me．I saw her．They looked at it．
3）表示所有，要用形容词性物主代词：
This is my house．Mary brought her umbrella．The dog wagged its tail．
在这种代词后可加
own 来加以强调，表示某人自己的，而非任何别人的。
This is my own（=my，and not any other's）house．
Mary brought her own umbrella．
4）如果形容词性物主代词所修饰的名词刚刚提到过，可以用其名词性物主代词，以避免重
复前面的名词，它的意思等于“形容词性物主代词+前面刚提过的名词”：
That is Mary's house, and this is mine（=my house）．
I left my umbrella at home，but Mary brought hers（＝her umbrella）with her．
5）如果宾语和主语表示同一人或物，就要用反身代词：
I hate myself．She looks at herself in the mirror．
The matter speaks for itself．（本身就可说明问题）
这种自身代词也可用来强调前面的名词或代词：
I myself（=I, and nobody else）will do it．
Mary herself made the dress．
Confucius himself（=Even Confucius）was not without faults．
I have never seen my father himself．
代词的用法
1．人称代词
人称代词指“我”“你”“他”等词，有人称、数、格、性的变化：
1)人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语。在正式场合中，作表语的代词通常
采用主格形式，但在现代英语中，尤其在口语中，也可用宾格形式。
I have an English book.
She is in Dalian.
It has two legs.
He gave me three books.
If I were her, I would take the advice.
Who is it?
①在复合句中，若主句和从句的主语相同，从句的主语一般用代词，主句的主语用名词。
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
②电话用语中常用主格作表语。
-I wish to speak to Mary. 我想和玛丽通话。
-This is she(speaking)．我就是玛丽。
③人称代词作同位语时，要根据所同位的名词词组在句中的成分选择主格或宾格。
We, Tom and I, prepared a meal for her.
在强调句式中，强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格，如：
It was he that / who did it.
It is her that we are talking about.
think...to be, suppose...to be, look upon...as...等后也多用宾格。人称代词单独使用时，一
般用宾格：
People supposed the best singer to be him.
人们认为最好的歌手是他。
He looked upon me as her.他把我当成了她。
Who's standing there? Me.谁在那边站着？我。
3)she 和 he 可用于拟人，she
可指月亮、土地、国家、船只、党派、猫、鸟等柔美、可爱
的东西，he
可指雄性动物或强壮凶猛的动物，如：
The moon has risen. She is round and bright.
月亮升起了，她又圆又亮。
Give the cat some meat. Maybe she is hungry.
The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.
4)在比较状语从句中，than
和 as 后的人称代词的主格和宾格在不引起歧义时，主格可用宾
格替换（特别是口语中）。如：
He is older than I / me.他比我年龄大。
He is as old as I / me.他和我一样大。
His wife likes the dog better than he (likes it).
他妻子比他更爱狗。
His wife likes the dog better than (she likes) him.
他妻子爱狗胜过爱他。
5)人称代词的排序：
几个人称代词同时作主语或宾语时，排列顺序通常为：
1)单数人称代词并列：按“二三一”人称顺序排列，尊重对方与第三方，自己谦让放在后。
You and I were fated to meet．你我注定要相遇。
He and I decided to have the expenses on our trip.
我和他决定均摊旅行费用。
I didn't know you and she were on such intimate terms.
我不知道你和她关系这么密切。
You, she and I should work together and play together.
我、你和她应当一起工作、一起玩。
★三人称单数两性并用，常遵循先男后女的规律。
He and she are classmates.他和她是同班同学。
2)复数人称代词并列:
按“一二三”人称顺序排列。
We and you both have a long way to go.
我们和你们都有很长一段路要走。
You and they must undertake the responsibility.
你们和他们都得承担责任。
We, you and they are all Chinese.我们、你们、他们都是中国人。
3)但上司或长者对下属说话按“一二”人称排列（以示地位、尊严）；承认错误、承担责
任或检讨工作失误等时用“一三二”人称排列（以示主动承担责任）。
I and you try to finish it.我和你去弄好它。
It was I and Peter that made the teacher angry.
是我和彼得惹老师生气了。
We and the children broke the vase.
我们和孩子们把花瓶打碎了。
I, he and you will be punished by the teacher.
4)有不定代词时为“人称代词+不定代词”,如：
I and one or two others visited the Great Wall.
代词的活用
代词有时可当名词用，使句子不仅简单而且更形象。
Is the new baby a he or she? 新生儿是男的还是女的？
I noticed that，as usual，there were more shes than hes in this room．我注意到，这屋子
里同往常一样，女人多于男人。
That me you saw is in fact somebody else.
你所看到的那个我实际上是别人。
But silly we，like foolish children，rest well pleased with coloured vellum，leaves of gold.
只有愚蠢的我们，如同愚蠢的孩子那样，才沉醉于彩色仿羊皮纸和金箔之中。
The person she loves is the other him.她爱的是另一个他。
2. 物主代词
物主代词是用来表示所有关系的。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两
种。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，仅在名词前作定语；名词性物主代词功能相当于名
词（等于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，避免了名词的重复），可作主语，表语和宾语。(名
词性物主代词是在形容词性物主代词基础上变的，规律是无
s 结尾的加
s 结尾的不变，
mine 特殊)。
(1) This is my school.（作定语）这是我的学校。
(2) Her name is Kate.（作定语）她的名字叫
(3) This isn't my shirt. Mine is over there.
(名词性物主代词作主语)这不是我的衬衫，我的在那边。
(4) Those new books are not yours, but theirs.
（作表语）那些新书不是你们的，而是他们的。
(5) She's an old friend of mine.（作介宾）她是我的老朋友。
(6) My bike is broken. May I use yours?
（作宾语）我的自行车坏了，可以用你的吗？
1）its 与 it's 的区别：这两个词读音相同，但
its 是形容词性和名词性的物主代词，而
it's 是 it is 或 it has 的缩写。
It's a room.这是一个房间。
its room 它的房间
It's rained all morning.雨下了一上午。
2）“形容词性物主代词+ own +名词”结构表强调，另外还可以在
very 表示进一
步的强调，如：
It's nice if a man can have his own plane.
一个人要是能拥有自己的飞机就好了。
I want to have my very own computer.
我想拥有完全属于我自己的计算机。
3）“a（an，some，any）+名词+ of one's own”该结构表示“某人自己的……”名词前还
this, that, these, four, those, several, another, no, which 等修饰，但不能用 the。
如：a car of my own 我自己的汽车
Students need those stories of their own.
学生们需要哪些他们自己的小说。
4）介词+the+身体部位词。这里的定冠词不能用形容词性物主代词（参见冠词部分）。如：
The teacher caught him by the arm.老师抓住了他的胳膊。
I patted him on the shoulder.我拍了拍他的肩膀。
He looked me in the face.他正视着我。
He pulled me by the sleeve. 他楸住了我的衣袖。
5）在短语中，常用
one's 代表形容词性物主代词。
to one's joy, lose one's way, earn one's living, try one's best, take one's time, make up one's
6）书信的结尾套语中常用到名词性物主代词
yours 结尾，指写信人的谦称，相当于中文书
信信末的“xxx
敬上”。结尾套语一般从正文下方
2 到 3 行从中间偏右处开始书写。结尾
语措辞的变化依据情况而定，常有以下几种：
①写给单位或不相识的人的信和贸易关系信件常用
Yours truly，Truly yours, Yours
sincerely，Sincerely yours，Yours faithfully，Faithfully yours 等。
②写给尊长、上司的信常用
Yours respectfully, Respectfully yours, Yours gratefully, Gratefully
yours, Yours appreciatively, Appreciatively yours 等。
③写给熟人或朋友的信常用
Yours, Yours ever，Ever yours，Yours cordially，Cordially
yours，Yours devotedly，Devotedly yours 等。
④写给亲戚或密友的信可用
Yours, Yours ever, Ever yours, Yours affectionately, Affectionately
yours, Lovely yours, Yours lovely 等。
3.反身代词
反身代词又叫自身代词。有些动词需要用反身代词作宾语，表示主语和宾语是同一人或
反身代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语，以及用在习惯用语中，如：
Her father and herself will tell you the secret.作主语。
He is teaching himself English.作宾语。
The man admitted that the thief was himself.作表语。
She is old enough to look after herself.作介宾。
The president himself will attend the meeting.作同位语。
You'd better ask the student himself.作同位语。
●带有反身代词的惯用语
say to oneself 心里想
by oneself 亲自（独自地）
talk to oneself 自言自语
to oneself 暗自
make oneself at home 像在家一样别客气
of oneself f 自动地
in oneself 本质上
amuse oneself 自娱
call oneself…自称为…
devote oneself to 致力于
teach oneself 自学
for oneself 为自己
dress oneself 自己穿
find oneself
in 不知不觉处于
excuse oneself 自我辩解
enjoy oneself 过得愉快
lose oneself 迷路
help yourself to 请吃…；自取…
buy oneself 自己买
absent oneself from…缺席…
devote oneself to…专心于…；献身于…
engage oneself in…忙于…
find oneself…发现自己不知不觉…
occupy oneself in…忙于…
behave oneself 规规矩矩；表现得有礼貌
congratulate oneself…庆幸自己…
dress oneself（in…）自己穿（…）
express oneself 表达自己的意思
help oneself to 随便吃…
make oneself understood 使别人理解
seat oneself 坐
●注意下面介词与反身代词的搭配：
above oneself 趾高气扬；自高自大
by oneself 独自地
beside oneself（情绪上）失去自制力
in oneself 本身
of oneself 自动地
come to oneself 苏醒
among ourselves 我们之间
between ourselves 秘密地；私下地
in spite of oneself 不由自主地
在不强调的情况下，but, except, for
等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。
No one but myself（me）is hurt.
除了我以外没有人受伤。
①反身代词放在连系动词后可以表达“处于正常状态”的含义：
I'm not myself today.我今
天不舒服。
②反身代词作同位语，以加强名词或代词的语气，一般表示“亲自；本身”。
③反身代词通常不能单独作主语，但在非正式语体中，在
and，or，nor
连接的并列主语中，
第二或第三主语可用反身代词，尤其是
My colleague or myself will attend to the work.
我的同事或者我自己会关注这项工作。
Neither Fred nor yourself had anything to do with it.
弗瑞德和你自己都与此事无关。
Jim's elder brother and himself go to school at 7:00 every day.
Jim 的哥哥和
Jim 自己每天
7:00 上学。
④祈使句中第二人称作宾语，通常要用反身代词。
Don't trouble yourself about that. 你不要为这费事了。
4.指示代词
表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等意思的代词叫指示代词，这类词有
this（这个），that（那个），these
those（那些）。
this, that, these, those 的用法
①this 和 these 一般指时间或空间上较近的事物
that 和 those 一般指时间或空间上较远的事物，如：
This is a book and that is a car.
（指空间）这是一本书，那是一辆小汽车。
I have been busy this morning.
（指现在时间）今天上午我一直忙着。
I was busy that morning.（指过去时间）那天上午我很忙。
② this 和 these 常指后面将要讲到的事物，that
和 those 多指前面讲过的事物，如：
I shall say this to you: he is a poor man.
我将对你说这一点：他是一个可怜的人。
He was ill. That's why he didn't come.
他病了，那就是他没来的原因。
③在打电话时，this
表示自己一方，that
表示电话另一方：
A：Hello! This is Mike. Who's that?
Mike.你是哪位？
B: Hello! This is John.喂！我是 John.
④that 和 those 可代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复,如：
The story is more interesting than that you read a few days ago.
这部小说比你前几天读的那部小说更有趣。
The computers made in China are as good as those made in the USA.
中国产的计算机同美国产的计算机一样好。
that 和 those 与 one 和 ones 代替名词时的区别
that 表特指，代替带定冠词或限定词的单数可数名词或不可数名词; one
表泛指，代替带
有不定冠词的单数可数名词，不能代替不可数名词; the one
指代同类事物中特定的某一个，
前面有复数名词时，可用
one 代替该复数名词中的一个；one
或 ones 可代替带形容词的可
数名词，如：
My watch doesn't work. I want to buy a new one.
我的手表坏了，我想买一块新的。（one
The weather in Harbin is colder than that in Dalian in winter.
冬季哈尔滨的天气要比大连冷。( that
指代不可数名词
the weather）
The story he told is different from the one you told.
他讲的故事与你讲的不同。( the one
the story)
There are many new bikes in the shop. He wants to buy one.
商店里有许多新自行车，他想买一辆。(one
bikes 中的一辆)
⑤this 和 that 还可作副词用，表示程度，相当于
I can't speak this well.我说不这么好。
Sometimes it was a bit boring to work here because there wasn't always that much to do.
有时在这里工作有点没意思，因为总是没有那么多工作要做。
⑥ that 和 those 可作定语从句的先行词。在作先行词时，只有
those 可指人。
He admired that which looked beautiful.
他欣赏外表漂亮的东西。
Those who were present were given a present.
凡是出席的人都得到了一份礼物。
⑦指示代词可用于一些惯用法中。
this spring 今年春天
for this once 就这一次
and all that 等等
in this case 既然这样
that morning 那天早晨
to this day 直到今天
by this means 用这种方法
that is 也就是
in those years 那些年里
That's that.就这样决定了。
that is to say 那就是说
for all this（that）尽管如此
with this（that）紧接着；随即
5.相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词，有
each other 和 one another 两组，each other 多指两
者，one another 用于两者以上的人或物之间，这种区别在现代英语中已不明显。相互代词
一般在句中作宾语，用其所有格形式(each other's
或 one another's)作定语，如：
We are all Chinese. We should help one another.
（作宾语）我们都是中国人，我们应互相帮助。
Bill and Tom are good friends. They often help each other in their studies.
Bill 和 Tom 是好
朋友，他们经常在学习上互相帮助。
The students pointed out each other's weak points.
（作定语）
学生们相互指出弱点。
6.疑问代词
主要用来构成特殊疑问句，一般放在句首，在句中充当一定的成分，共有五个：who,
whom, whose, what 和 which。
1) who 和 whom 的用法
who 是主格，作主语和表语，口语中也可作宾语。whom
是宾格，作宾语。提问时，
whom 置于句首是正式用法，但现代英语以
who 开头较普遍。
Whom/Who did you see？你看到了谁？
whom 作介词的宾语，提问时，正式文体是以“介词+whom”开头，普通用法是以
who 开头，而将介词置于句末，但表达被动语态的
by whom 不宜拆开。如：
Who went to the Great Wall yesterday? （作主语）
昨天谁去长城了？
Who is the girl? （作表语）这个女孩是谁？
Whom will you meet this afternoon? （作宾语）
今天下午你要去接谁？
Whom/Who did you give it to? （作介宾）你把它给谁了？
By whom was the window broken？（作介宾）
窗户是被谁打破的？
whose 是所有格，和物主代词一样，可分成形容词性的和名词性的。是形容词性时，放
在名词前作定语，是名词性时就单独使用，在句中作主语、表语等。如：
Whose umbrella is this? （作定语）这是谁的伞？
Whose is this bike? （作表语）这辆自行车是谁的？
3）what 的用法
可用来询问姓名、职业、年龄、时间、尺寸大小、日期、天气、温度、颜色、价格、
人物外貌及动作的对象、目的等，可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
1) what 单独使用，构成特殊疑问句。
What's your name? 你叫什么名字？
What are those in English? 那些用英语怎么说？
What's four and five? 四加五等于几？
What's on the wall 墙上有什么？
What's your age? 你多大了？
What's the time? 现在几点钟？
What's the date today? 今天几号？
What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？
What's the price of these apples? 这些苹果多少钱？
What makes that noise? 什么发出的噪音？
What else did they say? 他们还说了些什么？
What did he die of? 他死于什么病？
What can I do for you? 我能为你做些什么？
What happened after that? 那件事后发生了什么？
2) what 放在名词前，构成特殊疑问句。
What class are you in? 你在哪个班？
What grade are you in? 你在几年级？
What number is your cell phone? 你的手机号码是多少？
What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了？
What colour is your computer? 你的电脑是什么颜色？
What day is it today? 今天星期几？
What size do you want? 你要多大尺寸的？
What sport do you like best? 你最喜欢什么运动？
What tree is the one in full blossom?
开满花的那棵树叫什么树？
What country do you come from? 你是哪国人？
与 how 用于有关度量等的提问中的区别：
what 主要与名词
age, size, depth, height, length, width 等连用，口语中“how +
old/big/deep/high/tall/long/wide”更为普遍：
What age are you? = What is your age? = How old are you?
What height is he? = What is his height? = How tall is he?
What size is it? = What is the size of it? = How big is it?
▲what 构成一些句型或结构：
①询问“某人或某物怎样”用
What about...？
提出委婉建议时也可用
What/How about...?
②询问某人怎么了或某物有何毛病时，用
What's wrong/the matter with...?
③询问对某物的看法时，用
What...think of...？意为“...认为...怎么样？”
What do you think of China? 你认为中国怎么样？
④询问外表如何，用
What…look like?
-What does she look like？她长什么样？
-She looks like her mother，tall and graceful，like a film star.
她长得像她的
母亲，个子高高的，而且举止文雅，看上去像个电影明星。
⑤询问气候等情况时，用
What is/was/...like?
What was the weather like? 天气怎么样？
⑥询问做某事的目的时，用
What...for?
What did you do that for? 你为什么做那件事？
⑦表示“假如…怎么办”用
What if…?
What if we should fail again?
假设我们再失败，那该怎么办？
⑧作插人语的
what's more，表示“而且”。what's worse
表示“更糟糕的是”
She learns quickly，and what's more，she remembers what she has learnt. 她学得很快，而
且所学的全都记得。
⑨表示“等等”，用
and what not。
In her handbag I found a mirror, a lipstick, napkins, and what not.
我在她的包里找到镜子、
口红、纸巾等东西。
what is called 表示“所谓的…”。
This is what is called Gulf War Syndrome.
这就是所谓的海湾战争综合症。
⑾用在一些常用的口语中。
So what? 那又怎么样？
What's up? 怎么回事？
What next? 还有什么？Or what?
还是别的什么？
What if? 若...，那又会咋样？
4）which 的用法
which 提出两种或两种以上可供选择的人或物，在句中作主语、定语和宾语，如：
Which is better, the red one or the green one？（作主语）
哪个更好，红的还是绿的？
Which book is more interesting? （作定语）哪本书更有趣？
Which will you choose? （作宾语）你选择哪一个？
▲1)which, what 的区别
○1二者均可与名词连用，但二者有所不同。当选择余地不大时，一般用
which，当选择余地
较大而到底有多少种可能性还不清楚时，常用
what。如：
Which patent is more important in the first year of life?
（选择余地不大）
What colour are the flowers? （选择余地较大）
如果与指人的名词连用，即使选择余地较大，有时我们也宁愿用
which,如：
Which writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家？
○2二者作代词时区别同上。如：
Which would you like - banana or apple?
What would you like to eat?
which 后才能跟
of 短语，如：
Which of you wants to stay home? 你们中谁想呆在家里？
2）who, what, which 后加上后缀-ever,
构成其强调形式。
Whoever wants the book may have it.
无论是谁想要这书都可以拥有它。
Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。
Take whichever you wish.随便拿哪一个都行。
7．不定代词
用来修饰或代替不定数字或不定范围的人或事物词叫不定代词。不定代词有名词性和形
容词性之分，并有可数与不可数的区别，常见的不定代词有
all, both, each, either, neither,
(a)little, (a) few, much, many, another, other, some, any, such, the same, one 等，以及由 some-,
no-, any-与 thing, body, one 合成的复合不定代词
something, anything, everything, nothing,
somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, none, no one 等。
现将不定代词的用法分述如下：
1) one 的用法
one 泛指任何人或物，可以在形容词和
that，this 等词后代替刚提过的单数可数名词，
在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语等。其所有格形式为
one's，反身代词为
oneself，复数
One should be strict with oneself.
（作主语、宾语）人应该严格要求自己。
②表示“一个人或物”
Chinese is one of the most useful languages in the world.
（作表语）汉语是世界上最有用的语言之一。
③代替上文已出现过的可数名词，相当于
a+该可数名词
I've lost my pen. I want to buy a new one.
（作宾语）我的钢笔丢了，我想买一支新的。
④作同位语
That is the child, the one that you referred to just now.
那就是你刚才提到的那个小孩。
one 和 ones 是泛指，表示同类中的任何一个或几个，it
是特指，指代上文出现过的某一
This book is a good one. May I borrow it? （it 代 this book，one 代替 book）这本书是一本
好书，我可以借吗？
⑥the one 和 the ones 表示特定的人或物，如：
No film is as good as the one I saw last week.
我上周看的电影最好。
Students who do well in examinations are the ones who ask questions in class.考试成绩好的都
是上课爱提问的学生。
⑦one 前可以有形容词修饰，这时它需带冠词或受形容词性物主代词修饰，如：
I have two balls. The old one is on the floor. The new one is in my hand.我有两个球，旧的在
地板上，新的在我手里。
He bought a new pen yesterday. His old one is broken.
昨天他买了一支新钢笔，他那支旧的坏了。
⑧one 可用
this, that, any, some, each, the next, every, which 等修饰，如：
Here are two umbrellas, which one is yours? This one or that one?
这儿有两把伞，哪一把是你的？这把还是那把？
或 ones 带后置定语时，前面要加定冠词，如：
Is this the one you want? 这是你想要的那个吗？
2) some 和 any 的用法
和 any 均表示一些，既修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词；some
一般用于肯定
多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，some
和 any 可用作代词（作主语和宾语），
也可用作形容词（作定语），如：
Some of the students will go to Qing Dao tomorrow.
（作主语）明天有些学生将去青岛。
Is there any left？（作主语）还有剩下的吗？
If you have food, please take some with you.（作宾语）
如果你有食物，请带一些。
There isn't any time left.（作定语）没有时间了。
用于单数可数名词前(=a certain)，表示“某一（个）”，如：
I've read the story in some book.我在某书中读过这个故事。
Some girl is waiting for you at the school gate.
有个女孩在校门口等你。
与数字连用，意为“大概”，“大约”如：
The country has exported some two million bikes this year.
这个国家今年已出口了大约二百万辆自行车。
用于疑问句，表说话人希望得到肯定的回答，或表示请求、建议、邀请等。如：
May I have some water? （请求，期待给予肯定回答）
我可以喝些水吗？
Would you like some apples？（邀请）想吃些苹果吗？
⑤any 可用于肯定句，表“任何的”，修饰单数可数名词，如：
You may choose any student.你可以选择任何学生。
⑥可用作状语，表程度，如：
I can't stay here any longer.我不能再呆在这儿了。
Do you feel any better now? 感觉好些了吗？
3) each 和 every 的用法
①each“每个，各，各自的”强调个体，在句中充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语,every
整体，“每个都”，在句中只能做定语，如：
Each room can seat at least fifty people.
（作定语）每个房间至少能坐
Every one has strong and weak points.
（作定语）每个人都有优缺点。
Each of the students will get a new book.
（作主语）每个学生将得到一本新书。
Each child will find his own personal road to success.
（作定语）每个孩子将会找到他个人的成功之路。
The headmaster shook hands with each of us in turn after the game.（作宾语）比赛后，校长
同我们每个人一一握手。
We each have our own attitude to teaching students.
(作同位语)在教学生问题上，我们每个人有各自的看法。
②each 指两者或两者以上的人或事物中的每一个，every
指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的
There are trees and flowers on each side of the street.
街道的每一边都遮布树和花。
Every student has read a poem.每个学生都读了一首诗。
③every 可以表示“每隔”,构成“every+数词+复数名词”,“every+few+复数名词”,
every+other+单数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”。each
无这种用法。如：
every three days/every third day.每隔 2 天，每 3 天
every other hour/every second hour 每隔 1 小时
every few days 每隔几天
4) both 和 all 的用法
both“两者都”，all
指“三者或三者以上都”,“全体”。在句中可作主语、宾语、定语
和同位语。all
both 作主语的同位语时，需放在
be 动词、第一个助动词或情态动词之后，
实义动词之前，如：
Both of the students are fifteen.
（作主语）这两名学生都是
All but one are present.
（作主语）除一人外，其他的人都到了。
She asked both of them to leave the city.
（作宾语）她让他们两人都离开这座城市。
I have forgotten all about it.
（作宾语）我忘记了所有有关它的事情。
Both plans are good.（作定语）两个计划都是好的。
All men are equal.（作定语）所有的人都是平等的。
You are both too young.（作同位语）你们两个都太年轻。
They all agree to stay here. (作同位语)他们都同意呆在此。
▲①all 除指人外还可指笼统的环境等，表“所有、一切”，作主语时谓语动词用单数，如：
All is over with him.（指情况）他一切都完了。
All goes well.一切顺利。
All is quiet.万籁俱寂。
②all 还可以修饰不可数名词，如：
All hope has gone.所有的希望都破灭了。
③both 和 all 同否定词连用表部分否定，表全部否定要用
neither, none, nobody, nothing, no
Both of them are not singers.（部分否定）他们俩不都是歌手。
Neither of them is a singer.（全部否定）他们俩都不是歌手。
Not all books are good.＝All books are not good.＝Not every book is good.（部分否定）不是
所有的书都是好书。
None of the books are good. （全部否定）这些书都非好书。
5 ) much 和 many 的用法
这两个词都有“许多”的意思，much
表示或修饰不可数名词，many
表示或修饰可数名
词。口语中，much
或 many 多用于疑问句或否定句，在肯定句中它们常用
a lot of, lots of ,
plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of 等等代替。
和 many 在句中可作主语、宾语或定语。many
作主语时谓语动词用复数，much
主语时谓语动词用单数。
Many of the students did well this time．
（作主语）这次许多学生做得好。
Much of the time is free.（作主语）许多时间是空闲的。
I have much to say.（作宾语）我有许多话要说。
I don't have much to do today.
（作宾语）今天我没太多的事要做。
Many people wanted to stay here.
（作定语）许多人想呆在这儿。
There's much water in the bottle.
（作定语）瓶里有许多水。
可用作副词，作状语，修饰比较级，表程度，如：
The city is much larger than that one.
②be not much 意为“不怎么样”，如：
I've visited the country and it is not much.
我拜访过那个国家，并不怎么样。
too 连用，构成“too much+不可数名词”短语，意为“太多的···”或“much
too+形容词或副词”短语，意为“太···”“非常”副词词组，修饰形容词或副词，不修饰动词。
There is too much noise in the classroom.
I'm much too busy to see visitors.
④many a +单数名词，表示“许多”，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
Many a student is fond of music.许多学生喜欢音乐。
⑤在名词前如果有冠词、物主代词或指示代词等词时，要用
many of 或 much of 结构，如：
Many of my books are English.我的许多书是英语书。
6）either 和 neither 的用法
①either 意为“两者之一，两者中任何一个”表示肯定意义；neither
指“两个人或物中
一个也不，两者都不”表全部否定。它们作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。它们可以单
独使用，后面也可跟名词或由介词
of 引起的短语。either
和 neither 在句中可作主语、宾语、
②either 不能在否定句中作主语,
但可在否定句中作宾语。如：
Either of them has a pen.（作主语）
他们两人都有一支钢笔。
Neither is wrong.（作主语）哪个都没错。
“Do you speak German or French?”
“I don't speak either.”（作宾语）
“你讲德语还是法语？”“这两种语言都不说。”
I know neither of the two men.
（作宾语）这两个人我一个也不认识。
There are trees on either side of the road.
（作定语）路两旁有树。
Neither answer is right.（作定语）两个答案都不对。
①either 可放在否定句的句尾，表示“也”，如：
I don't know, either.我也不知道。
②either 可用作连词，“或者、要么”的意思，一般与
or 连用，构成“either...or...”短语，
意为“不是···就是···”、“或者···或者”，当该短语连接并列主语时谓语动词在人称与数上要
同最近的主语保持一致，如：
Either he or I am to blame.
Is either he or you going to the cinema?
Are either you or he going to the cinema?
③either 修饰名词时，前面不用物主代词、指示代词或定冠词，可以说：“either pen”，但
“the either pen”或 “either my pen”。
④either 用作代词时，可以单独使用，也可和
of 连用，of
后接复数名词，名词前要用一个
物主代词，指示代词或定冠词，如：
He doesn't like either of the two places.
他不喜欢这两个地方中的任何一个。
either of 作主语时，动词一般用单数形式，但在否定句和疑问句中，动词也常用复数，
特别在口语中，如：Either of them is good enough.他们两个都足够好。
I don't think either of them are at home.
我认为他俩都不在家。
和 none 的用法
no 表示“不”、“无”只能作定语，修饰不可数名词或可数名词单/复数，相当于
any, not a 或 none of，表示“没有...”。none
用作代词，相当于
no one 或 not any，常同
of 连用，构成"none of ...”结构，none
代可数名词时，指三者或三者以上，作主语时谓语
动词用单数或复数均可。none
代不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，none
在句中作主语或宾
语，但不作定语，不与名词连用，如：
There is no water in the bottle.（作定语）瓶里没有水了。
He has no choice but to lie down.
（作定语）他除了躺下，别无选择。
None of the books are (is) interesting.
(作主语）没有一本书是有趁的。
None of the rubbish has been removed
（作主语）垃圾一点也没被运走。
He knows none of us.（作宾语）我们之中他谁都不认识。
①none but+复数名词（仅仅）作主语时动词用复数：
None but wolves walk like that.除非狼才那么走。
no one 的区别
none 后可接
none of..., 而 no one 相对较少；另外
none 回答以
many/much 引导的特殊疑问句或“any of+限定词+名词”或表示一定范围的一般疑问句，
no one 回答以
who 引导的特殊疑问句和含有
anybody 或无限定范围的一般疑问句。简言之，
none 表数量, no one 表没有人：
-How many students are there in the classroom now?
-Who can answer the question?
8) few 和 little 的用法
few 和 little 均表示数量，few，a few
表示或修饰可数名词；little, a little
表示或修饰不
可数名词。few，little
表示否定意义，“很少”“几乎没有”，a few，a little
表示肯定意义
分别表示“有一些”、“有几个”和“有一点”、“有一些”的意思。
few 被 every，last，past，next，first，some 等词所修饰时，few
表示肯定意义，
few 之前不再有冠词。
He goes to see his uncle every few days.
他每隔几天就去看他的叔叔。
What happened to her in the past few days was a total nightmare.
过去几天里她所遭遇的事简直像是一场噩梦。
▲few, a few , little, a little 均可作代词或形容词，在句中作主语、宾语和定语，如：
Few of the books are for children.
（作主语）这些书中几乎没有适合孩子们的。
There's a little water in the bottle.（作宾语）瓶里有点水。
I know a few of them.（作宾语）他们当中我认识几个。
①有关的固定搭配
not a few 相当多的，
only a few 仅少数，只有几个
make little of 对…不大理解，little or no 几乎没有
little by little 逐渐地，
quite a few 相当多的
not a little 相当多的；非常
②a little 与 a bit 的区别：修饰形容词，二者可互换。修饰名词时，a little
直接加名词，而
bit 需要加
of。作副词用时
not a little 相当于 very“很、非常”，not a bit
意为“一点也不”
。a bit of 有复数 bits of，而 a little 无复数：
He did not feel a bit sorry.他一点也不觉得难过。
He is not a little tired.他很累。
9)复合不定代词的用法
some, any, no 和 every 都可以同 one, body, thing 构成复合不定代词，如：someone,
somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, no one,
nobody 和 nothing。以 some 为首的复合不定代词用法似
some, 以 any 为首的复合不定代词
any , 如：
There is something interesting in today's newspaper.
今天的报纸上有些有趣的事。
Is there anything interesting in today's newspaper?
今天的报纸上有些有趣的事吗？
★复合不定代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语，不作定语。当复合不定代词作主语时，谓
语动词用单数，如：
Does anybody live on the island？
（作主语）有人住在这个岛上吗？
He knows nothing about it.
（作宾语）对于那件事，他一无所知。
She is a singer or something.
（作表语）她是一名歌手或什么的。
①形容词修饰不定代词时一般要后置（当不定代词前有定冠词、指示代词、物主代词时定
语不后置）。如：
There is nothing serious.没什么要紧的。
Everyone has something important in his life. The important something in her life is working.
每个人在一生中都有重要的事情，在她一生中工作为重。
②everyone 或 anyone 用于泛指，后面不可接表示范围的
of 短语，如要接表示范围的
语，就要分开写：every one, every body,如：
Is everyone here today? （泛指）大家都到齐了吗？
Every one of the students has a new book.
（特指）这些学生中每人有一本新书。
③“主语+each+are/were...”结构后的代词用单数；
“主语+are/were+each...”结构后的代词用复数，
They each are sure that he will get there on time.
They are each sure that they will get there on time.
他们每一个人都确信将准时到那儿。
▲人称代词在代替一些如：anybody, everybody, anyone, someone, no one, whoever
person 等这些无明确对象的不定代词或名词时，在正式场合用
he, him 代替，非正式场合可
they, them 代替。
If anyone grasses on us, his life won't be worth living!
谁要是出卖我们，他就别想活了！
Nobody came，did they?谁也没来，是吗？
1.使用不定代词应注意的几个问题
1) every，no 和 other 一般只能作定语。
2)复合不定代词一般可作主语、宾语或表语。其他的不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，
在句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
3) all, both, each 可作同位语。
They both have new bikes.
We are all students from China.
They each got a gift from the boss.
a. all, both, each, other, another, many, much, a few, a little, some, one, somebody, someone,
something, everything 等表肯定意义，而
neither, none, few, little, nobody, nothing 等表否定含
b. both, either, neither, the other 等不定代词名仅指两者；all, every, many, a few, some,
any 等是指三者或三者以上。
c. each 既可指多者或两者中每一个。
d. many, few, the other, another, each, every, one 等不定代词表可数意义，但 much, little 表
不可数意义，而
all, some, any, none 既表可数意义又可表不可数意义。
2.不定代词的用法比较
1) all 和 both
①all 表示三者或三者以上的人或物，both
则表示两个人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语、
表语、定语和同位语。all
在表示抽象的整体概念时，作单数，指“一切”；指人时用作复
数，表“三者或三者以上都”。both
常接可数名词，用作复数，表“两者都”。
② all 和 both 还可以与介词
of 连用，of
后常接名词或代词，名词前一定要有限定词，代
词多用人称代词的宾格，即不可说
all/both of books，但可说 all/both of the books，all/both
of my books，all/both of these books 或 all/both of them。
③al1 和 both 作定语时，名词前可不用限定词表示泛指，也可加其他限定词表示特指。但
all 和 both 要位于其他限定词前，即不可说
the all/both books，但可说 all/both books，
all/both the books，all/both my books，all/both these books。
④all, both 与 not 连用是表部分否定，表示全部否定时要分别用
none, no 和 neither。
(everyone，everybody 和 everything 与 not 连用时表示部分否定，其意义为“并非都，不都”
⑤all 构成的常用短语：
all day long 终日, all at once 同时；突然,
all alone 独自, all over 遍及 , all over
again 再一次, all in all 总之
after all 毕竟；终究,
above all 最重要的是；首先,
sudden 突然, all year round 一年到头 , all along 一直 , all the time 一直；始终 , all right 可
first of all 首先,
in all 总共,
for all I know 就我所知 , all but 几乎；除…之外全都,
by all means 用一切手段；一定, in all directions 朝四面八方, once (and) for all 就此一次，
一劳永逸地，最终地；彻底地
with all speed 以最快速度,
beyond all doubt 毫无疑问, all
the same 仍然; 照样
all the way 沿途一直；始终
all but 除...外全部都,几乎,差不多
2)与 other 有关的几个问题
①every other + 单数名词
“每隔一…”；“所有其他人或物都…”
Please write on every other line.请隔行写。
Every other student in the class went to the library but her.
除她之外，班上其他所有学生都到图书馆去了。
② among others “除了别人外也…”
Our headmaster, among others, has paid attention to this problem.
同其他人一样，我们校长也对这个问题深表关注。
③other than “除了…以外” (other
than 有时可分开)
I never talked about it with anyone other than you.
除了你之外，我从来没有和别人谈起过此事。
There's no other guy here than me.这儿除了我没有别人。
④ another, other, the other, others, the others 的区别
another 指三者或以上中的“又一个、再一个”；
other 是形容词，只做定语，如：other students
the other 指两者中的另一个。常构成
one...the other..“一个...另一个...”
others 泛指别的人或物。常构成
some...others...“一些...其他一些...”
the others 特指一定范围中其余的人或物。常构成
some...the others“一些...其余...”
3）such 和
可代替或修可数与不可数名词，含义为“这样的人；如此的事”
I don't think I can give my approval to such an arrangement.
我觉得我不能赞成这样的安排。
He was angry at having spent so much money for such simple repairs.他很气愤，这么简单的
修理就要花那么多的钱。
Such were the words of John Steinbeck when he received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1962.
这是约翰·斯坦贝克在
1962 年获得诺贝尔文学奖时所说的话。
②such 作主语时后面的
be 动词要随着其后名词的单复数而变化，为此，也有人将此看成是
个系表结构的倒装形式，such
Such is his fate.这就是他的命运。
Such were the results.结果就是这样。
③such 应位于
no, one, another, some, many, all 等词之后。
such 前面有
no 时，不能再用不定冠词，因为
no such = not such (a/an)
④“such+a(n)+形容饲+单数名词” =“ so+形容词+ a /an +
单数名词”结构。（复数名词
和不可数名词不能这样转换）
such a good boy = so good a boy
⑤如果是可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词，无论有无修饰语，都用
such 而不用
Such things often happen in our daily life.
这样的事经常发生在我们的日常生活中。
⑥当名词被
many, much, few, little 修饰时，要用 so 而不能用
such,但被 a lot of 修饰时要用
⑦the same 常与
as，that，with，to 等连用：
as 连用时，as
后接的是从句，表示“同类的”，但该从句常用省略形式。
Your condition is not the same as mine.
你的情形跟我的不同。
Do the women doctors here get the same pay as their male colleagues？这儿女医生的薪水是
否与男性同事的一样呢？
that 连用时，that 后也接从句，表示“同一的”，该从句一般不用省略形式。
This is the same skirt that she was wearing a year ago.
这就是她一年前穿的那条裙子。
（比较：This is the same skirt as she was wearing a year ago.
这条裙子与她一年前穿的那条裙子一样。）
with 连用，表示“适合于；与…一样”。
Riding a motorcycle is the same with riding a bike.
骑摩托车和骑自行车是一样的。
to 连用，表示“对…也是一样”。这时候有
The same to you!此说法是在别人向自己祝
福后给别人以同样的祝福。
It is all the same to me.这对我完全一样。
same 必须跟定冠词连用，the same
在句中可作主语，表语，宾语和定语，当
same 作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，如：
The same has happened once.
（作主语）同样的事情曾经发生过。
What I want to do is the same.
（作表语）我要做的也是同样的（事情）。
I'll do the same.（作宾语）我将做同样的（事情）。
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