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这个填什么?怎么翻译这句话?Before the first non-stop flight was made in 1949,it__necessary for all planes to land for refuelling.这句话的意思是什么呀？怎么翻译最好呢？为什么填此答案？
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had been意思：在制造出第一架连续飞行的飞机之前,所有飞机必须着陆才能加油
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扫描下载二维码汉译英篇1、公务员考试难度增大近几年掀起的“公务员热”使国家公务员考试成为中国竞争最激烈的考试之一。 自 1995 年国家公务员考试推行以来，报考公务员日渐升温，这两年更是热得发烫。到现 在，我国公务员人数达 600 万。 《中国青年报》和腾讯网联合开展的一项最新在线调查显示，73%以上的年轻人愿意当 公务员。在 17,330 名调查对象中，约 83%的人说，他们主要看重公务员工作稳定，医疗和养 老都有保障。此外，55%的人说，当公务员能获得“切实利益” 。 去年，近 100 万人报考了国家公务员，而最后只有 1 万多人被录用。今年， “公务员热” 继续升温。据《中国青年报》报道，由于 10 月 16 日晚报名人数太多，国家公务员报名网站 不得不暂停运转，进行系统维护。 通常情况下，很多职位都出现“几百人抢一个”的情况。如，今年中央办公厅秘书处的 5 个职位就吸引了 3,880 个人报考。报道说，总体上是 50 人“抢”一个职位。 国家公务员之所以如此有诱惑力，不仅是因为收入稳定、医疗有保障风险小、权力大、 实惠多也是其中的重要原因。2、中国全球竞争力名列第 54 位据一份报告称，世界经济论坛公布最新全球竞争力排名，中国下滑 6 个榜位，名列第 54 位。 全球竞争力排名是综合官方公布的硬数据和世界经济论坛对世界范围内 125 个经济体所 做的年度综合调查得来的。世界经济论坛发布的《 全球竞争力报告》中提到，由于 实行谨慎的宏观经济调控政策，中国经济发展一直保持着高增长、低通胀的势头：同时，中 国是全球储蓄率最高的国家之一，国债可管理水平也位居世界前列。 但是，报告中说，目前中国包括国有控股银行在内的一些行业内，还有许多结构性弱点 亟需解决。此外，我国的科技B透率（包括互联网、电脑等）较低，中学和大学的入学率仍 然低于国际标准。世界经济论坛全球竞争力网络总裁兼首席经济学家W古斯托?洛佩兹-克拉 罗斯（Augusto Lopez-Claros）说，中国还需要改善公共机构和私人机构的环境质量。 世界经济论坛建立者和执行主席克劳斯?施瓦布（Klaus Schwab）说： “报告对世界各国经 济状况进行了详细评估，这为政策制订者和商界领导者们完善经济政策和进行机构改革提供 了重要依据。 ”3、 “陪读妈妈”赔上青春随着越来越多的中国孩子来新加坡求学， “陪读妈妈”已逐渐成为新加坡社会的一个特殊 群体。作为中国学生出国留学的选择地，新加坡无疑具有其独特的优势：法律健全，环境优 美，社会治安良好，双语社会，华人居多，生活容易适应，又允许妈妈陪读。然而，事实上， 新加坡远非人们想象中的教育天堂。 中国学生大多是通过新加坡设在中国的中介公司介绍来新。来新前，中介公司的宣传天 花乱坠。可是来新后，多数妈妈发现由于生活、学习费用以及工作证的原因，生计问题迫在 眉睫。试想，如果中介公司能够公正、客观地介绍新加坡的求学和生活情况，来新求学的孩 子和妈妈们就能根据自己的经济状况在权衡利弊之后做出明智的选择。 再者， 对于多数陪读妈妈来说， 这里没有家的感觉， 新加坡人好像总是对她们有所防范， 她们感觉孤立、无助，很难融入当地人的生活圈子。 “十年树木、百年树人” 。教育本身就是一项长期的工程，短期行为根本无法留住人，更 无法留住人才。4、美国经济虽然美国经济在过去几年中已实现了转型，但某些问题自美国建国之初以来一直待续至 今，依然悬而未决。其中之一便是围绕着政府在一个基本上属于市场性质的经济中的恰当角 色所展开的持久争论。以自由企业为基础的经济体制，其普遍特征便是私有制和个人创新精 神，政府介入应相对微弱。然而，人们发现，政府的干预时不时地也是必要的，以确保经济 机会人人均等，能为全部民众所获得，并防范肆无忌禅的权力滥用，平抑通货膨胀，刺激经 济增长。 自殖民地时期以来，美国政府或多或少地参与到经济决策中来。例如，联邦政府曾在基 础设施方面进行过巨额投资， 它也提供了私营业主们没有能力或不愿意提供的社会福利项目。 在过去数十年中，政府也以无数的方式支持并促进农业发展。5、臭氧空洞开始缩小，50 年内“填满”澳大利亚一研究小组的成员称：南极洲上空的臭氧层空洞很快会呈现出缩小的趋势，到 2050 年，就可以恢复了。 臭氧层保护地球不直接受到太阳的紫外线辐射。 人们是在约 30 年前首次发现这个臭氧层 空洞的。当时，臭氧层空洞的面积是澳大利亚面积的 3 倍，而澳大利亚的本土面积为 300 万 平方英里。 据塔斯马尼亚的政府科学家介绍，科学数据表明在消耗大气层臭氧的氯（Chlorine）的含 量正在下降。这应该归功于自 1987 年《蒙特利尔议定书》 （Montreal Protocol）通过以来，对 冰箱和空调中氟氯碳化物（CFCs）的使用实行的禁令。根据《蒙特利尔议定书》 ，发展中国家 承诺，到 2005 年，氟里昂产品的消耗量和生产量都将减半，到 2007 年则减少 85%。 即便在实施禁令后，大气中的氯含量仍在不断攀升，并在 2000 年达到了顶峰。这主要是 由于旧冰箱和车载旧空调所造成的。自那以后，氯含量开始稳定，现在并呈现缓慢下降的趋 势。 大约从 2005 年开始，臭氧空洞开始逐步收缩变小，直到本世纪中将会消失，但填满后仍 有 10 年比较容易受到破坏。6、人工智能现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置，虽然几乎不被人察觉，但它们的普通存在却节省 了许多人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏；我们的金融服务完成于自动柜 员机旁， 它们还会机械地、 有礼貌地感谢我们； 我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶着。 有一些机器人系统已能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术，其精确性远远超过技术娴熟的 医生用双手所能达到的水平。 人们希望人工l能能够模仿人脑的活动。但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数 十年，甚至数百年。 在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究人员发现，人脑中的近 1000 亿个神经细胞要比以前 想象的更聪明，人类的感知也比以前想象的更复杂。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环 境里，能够识别仪表盘上毫米之间的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅 速排除 98%的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系 统也不能达到这种能力。7、医疗研究中的动物实验有一种理论认为动物享有被禁止用于实验的权利。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强 有力的回应，他们的言论迷惑了公众，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。动物权利运 动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，因为它依赖公共资金的资助。很少有人懂得医学研究 的过程。当听到医学研究虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。 科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，要用通俗易懂的方式――用公众能理解的语言， 而不是分子生物学的语言。我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴 儿的免疫接种，其革宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。对很多人来说，动物实验说得好是浪费， 说得不好是残忍。 有很多事情可以做。科学家可以利用中学课堂，展示实验结果。他们应该对报刊的读者 来信及时做出反应，以防动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得一副有欺 骗性的真理的面容。科研机构应该让公众参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对 待。8、孩提时水果摄入多 成年后癌症风险低英国科学家周三声称：童年时多吃水果，长大后患某些癌症的几率就会降低。 对近 44,000 名男女的医学调查显示，童年时水果吃得越多，就越不容易得肺癌、肠癌和 乳腺癌。 研究人员说： “这一研究表明， 孩提时代多食用水果将在成年以后产生长期的防癌作用。 ” 接受调查的所有人都曾在 20 世纪 30 年代填写过一份有关英格兰和苏格兰城市及农村家庭饮 食状况的调查表。研究人员研究了这些人的病史，发现到 2000 年 7 月，其中的 483 人被诊断 患了癌症， 而且他们当中大部分人每日摄取的水果并不足够。 他们发现， 除少数癌症病例外， 孩提时代摄入水果量越高的人成年后死亡率越低。 水果富含抗氧化剂（antioxidant） 、维生素和其他营养成分，可以有效防止身体机能发生 癌变。 科学家还研究了维生素 C、维生素 E 和 β 胡萝卜素（beta carotene）对癌症的抵抗作用， 但他们没有找到任何证据显示单一的抗氧化剂能比水果更有效。9、信息时代伴随着信息量不断增长的是技术的发展，这些技术使得人们能够比过去以更快的速度往 更多的地方储存和发送更多的信息，这在以前是不可能的。计算机技术使人们可以把大量的 数据储存到机读文件里，通过计算机编程找到某一信息，快速便捷地对信息进行处理。不久 之后，电信技术的发展使人们能够通过电视、无线和电子邮件发送的大量信息，对人们实施 信息轰炸。人造卫星拓展了通信能力，可以对事件进行现场报道。通过远程会议，人们能在 全世界分享专业知识，解决有争议的问题，而不需放下工作、别离家人，大老远去开会了。 技术促进了信息分享、信息存储和信息传递，这就使更多的人能得到更多信息。 在这个多变而又复杂的世界里，对信息的要求最为重要。那些利用准确、可信、最新信 息来解决日常问题以及他们工作、社会和家庭生活中出现的重要问题的人将会生存下去并取 得成功。 “知识就是力量”是再正确不过了，获取信息也许是所有人最迫切的要求。10、 “笑意”盈盈也健身人们常说，最好每天笑一笑来保证心情舒畅。而美国研究者报告说：即便是有这种开怀 大笑的愿望，也同样能够促进免疫功能，减少压力。 研究小组共对 16 个试验者进行了研究。首先找出一部他们共同认为很有趣的电影，并提 前三天告知其中一关的人将观赏该片，那些提前知道的人的身体随即产生了生理变化。而当 这些人观看该片时，他们体内的压力荷尔蒙考的素（cortisol）含量下降 39%。而令人愉快的 内啡素（endorphin）则上升了 27%，生长激素（growth hormone）则上升了 87%。而生长激素 对免疫系统有极大好处。 这些都表明，对愉快事件的期待也能减轻压力，促进免疫系统。由于你一整天都在期待 着，你的身体就会在经历事件本身之前就发生生理变化，这就是身体的良药。期待本身就是 一半甚至是三分之二的乐趣。 观看一部有趣的电影，或者是听到一则笑话而开怀大笑都能促使体内有关压力的荷尔蒙 产生健康的变化并降低血压。这一发现更加证实了积极的人寿命更长这一说法。单选阅读篇(1)1、Hydrogen is the element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. A. steadiest B. expendable C. lightest D. final E. fundamental 2、 Few of us take the pains to study our c indeed, we almost have a natural doing so. A. aptitude for B. repugnance to C. interest in D. ignorance of E. reaction after 3、It is his dubious distinction to have proved what nobody would think of denying, that Romero at the age of sixty-four writes with all the characteristics of . A. maturity B. fiction C. inventiveness D. art E. brilliance 4、The primary criterion for a school is its recent performance: critics are to extend credit for earlier victories. A. prone B. hesitant C. reluctant D. eager E. persuaded 5、Number theory is rich in problems of an especially sort: they are tantalizingly simple to state but difficult to solve. A. deceptively B. equally C. ostensibly D. rarely E. notoriously 6、In failing to see that the justice’s pronouncement merely previous decisions rather than actually establishing a precedent, the novice law clerk the scope of the justice’s judgment. A. limited B. misunderstood C. nullified D. overemphasized E. defined 7、When theories formerly considered to be in their scientific objectivity are found instead to reflect a consistent observational and evaluative bias, then the presumed neutrality of science gives way to the recognition that categories of knowledge are human . A. constructions B. errors C. prejudices D. imperatives E. fantasies 8、Although the minuet appeared simple, its steps had to be studied very carefully before they could be gracefully in public. A. revealed B. executedC. allowed D. discussed E. stylized 9、The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown were not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the methodology into question. A. prevailing B. contemporary C. traditional D. projected E. original 10、Despite the of many of their colleagues, some scholars have begun to emphasize “pop culture” as a key for the myths, hopes, and fears of contemporary society. A. entangling B. evaluating C. reinstating D. deciphering E. symbolizing 11、In the seventeenth century, direct flouting of a generally accepted system of values was regarded as , even as a sign of madness. A. adventurous B. frivolous C. willful D. impermissible E. irrational of the arts, because many young artists 12、Queen Elizabeth I has quite correctly been called a received her patronage. A. connoisseur B. critic C. friend D. scourge E. judge under medieval law, anyone could raise a hand against them 13、Because outlaws were denied with legal . A. authority B. impunity C. consent D. collaboration E. validity 14、Rather than enhancing a country’s security, the successful development of nuclear weapons could serve at first to increase that country’s . A. boldness B. influence C. responsibility D. moderation E. vulnerability 15 、 Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because, although it some problems, it also produced new . A. data B. interpretations C. complications D. hypotheses E. inconsistencies 16、During a period of protracted illness, the sick can become infirm, both the strength to work and many of the specific skills they once possessed. A. regaining B. denying C. pursuing D. insuring E. losing 17 、 The pressure of population on available resources is the key to u consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of facts is flawed.A. intrinsically B. marginally C. substantively D. philosophically E. demonstratively 18、It is puzzling to observe that Jones’s novel has recently been criticized for its structure, since commentators have traditionally argued that its most obvious is its relentlessly rigid, indeed schematic, framework. A. preoccupation B. characteristic C. contradiction D. contradiction E. flaw 19、It comes as no surprise that societies ha the character of the codes, on the other hand, can often be . A. predictable B. unexpected C. admirable D. explicit E. confusing 20、 The characterization of historical analysis as a form of fiction is not likely to be received by either historians or literary critics, who agree that history and fiction deal with orders of experience. A. significant B. shifting C. unusual D. distinct E. realistic Extended debate concerning the exact point of
folktales told by AfroAmerican slaves has unfortunately taken precedence over analysis of the tales, meaning and function. Cultural continuities with Africa were not dependent on importation and perpetuation of specific folktales in their pristine form. It is in the place that tales occupied in the lives of the slaves and in the meaning slaves derived from them that the clearest resemblances to African tradition can be found. Afro-American slaves did not borrow tales indiscriminately from the Whites among whom they lived. Black people were most influenced by those Euro American tales whose functional meaning and aesthetic appeal had the greatest similarity to the tales with deep roots in their ancestral homeland. Regardless of where slave tales came from, the essential point is that, with respect to language, delivery, details of characterization? and plot, slaves quickly made them their own. 1、The author claims that most studies of folktales told by Afro-American slaves are inadequate because the studies (A) fail to recognize any possible Euro-American influence on the folktales. (B) do not pay enough attention to the features of a folktale that best reveal an African influence. (C) overestimate the number of folktales brought from Africa by the slaves. (D) do not consider the fact that a folktale can be changed as it is retold many times. (E) oversimplify the diverse and complex traditions of the slaves, ancestral homeland. 2、The authors main purpose is to (A) create a new field of study. (B) discredit an existing field of study.(C) change the focus of a field of study. (D) transplant scholarly techniques from one field of study to another (E) restrict the scope of a burgeoning new field of study 3、The passage suggests that the author would regard which of the following areas of inquiry as most likely to reveal the slaves’ cultural continuities with Africa? (A) The means by which Blacks disseminated their folktales in nineteenth-century America (B) Specific regional differences in the styles of de-livery used by the slaves in telling folktales (C) The functional meaning of Black folktales in the lives of White children raised by slaves (D) The specific way the slaves used folktales to impart moral teachings to their children (E) The complexities of plot that appear most frequently in the slaves’ tales 5、 Which of the following techniques is used by the author in developing the argument in the passage? (A) Giving a cliche a new meaning (B) Pointedly refusing to define key terms (C) Alternately presenting generalities and concrete details (D) Concluding the passage with a restatement of the first point made in the passage (E) Juxtaposing statements of what is not the case and statements of what is the case(2)1、For some time now, has been presumed not to exist: the cynical conviction that everybody has an angle is considered wisdom A. rationality B. flexibility C. diffidence D. disinterestedness E. insincerity The of mass literacy coincided with the first i in turn, the new expansion 2、 in literacy, as well as cheaper printing, helped to nurture the of popular literature. A. mistrust B. display C. source D. influence E. rise 3、Although ancient tools were preserved, enough have survived to allow us to demonstrate an occasionally interrupted but generally progress through prehistory. A. noticeable B. necessary C. documented D. continual E. incessant 4、In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the land fast ice so that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea. A. permanently B. imperceptibly C. irregularly D. precariously E. slightly 5、Kagan maintains that an infant’s reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or signs of adolescent anxiety. A. prophetic B. normal C. monotonous D. virtual E. typical can occasionally yield new facts, even notable ones, but typically 6、An investigation that is the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction. A. timely B. unguided C. consistent D. uncomplicated E. subjective 7、Like many eighteenth-century scholars who lived by cultivating those in power, Winckelmann neglected to neutralize, by some gesture of comradeship, the resentment his peers were bound to feel because of his the high and mighty. A. intrigue with B. familiarity with C. involvement with D. questioning of E. sympathy for 8、In a society that worships efficiency, it is difficult for a sensitive and idealistic person to make the kinds of decisions that alone spell success as it is defined by such a society. A. edifying B. hardheaded C. well-intentioned D. evenhanded E. dysfunctional 9、Her should not be confu as long as I have known her, she has always been willing to assist those who are need.A. intemperance B. intolerance C. apprehension D. diffidence E. frugality 10、Natural selection tends to eliminate genes that cause inherited diseases, acting most strongly against the
consequently, hereditary diseases that are would be expected to be very , but, surprisingly, they are not. A. rare B. dangerous C. refractory D. perplexing E. acute 11、Unfortunately, his damaging attacks on the ramifications of the economic policy have been by his wholehearted acceptance of that policy’s underlying assumptions. A. supplemented B. undermined C. wasted D. diverted E. redeemed 12、 During the opera, s most famous aria the tempo chosen by the orchestra’s conductor seemed , without necessary relation to what had gone before. A. tedious B. melodious C. capricious D. compelling E. cautious , since the 13、 In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears mechanical nature of classical physics does not creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible. A. allow for B. speak to C. deny D. value E. exclude 14、During the 1960’s assessments of the family shifted remarkably, from general endorsement of it as a worthwhile, stable institution to widespread it as an oppressive and bankrupt one whose was both imminent and welcome. A. restitution B. corruption C. vogue D. dissolution E. ascent 15、Documenting science’s philosophy would be , since it is almost axiomatic that many philosophers use scientific concepts as the foundations for their speculations. A. elementary B. superfluous C. inappropriate D. difficult E. impossible 16、The spellings of many Old English words have been in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed. A. preserved B. shortened C. preempted D. revised E. improved17、The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized. A. exploited B. quantifiable C. controversial D. inexhaustible E. remarkable 18、For centuries animals have been used as for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans. A. benefactors B. companions C. examples D. precedents E. surrogates 19、Social tensions among adult factions can be by politics, but adolescents and children have no such for resolving their conflict with the exclusive world of adults. A. attitude B. relief C. justification D. mechanism E. opportunity 20、The state is a network of exchanged benefits and beliefs, between rulers and citizens based on those laws and procedures that are to the maintenance of community. A. inimical B. subsidiary C. incidental D. prerequisite E. conduciveThe black experience, one might automatically assume, is known to every Black author. Henry James was pondering a similar assumption when he said: “You were to suffer your fate. That was not necessary to know it.” This disparity between an experience and knowledge of that experience is the longest bridge an artist must cross. Don L. Lee, in his picture of the Black poet, “studying his own poetry and the poetry of other Black poets,” touches on the crucial point. In order to transform his own sufferings-or joys-as a Black person into usable knowledge for his readers, the author must first order his experiences in his mind. Only then can he create feelingly and coherently the combination of fact and meaning that Black audiences require for the re-exploration of their lives. A cultural community of Black authors studying one another’s best works systematically would represent a dynamic interchange of the spirit-corrective and instructive and increasingly beautiful in its recorded expression. 1、It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers poetry to be which of the following? A. A means of diversion in which suffering is transformed into joy B. An art form that sometimes stifles creative energy C. A bridge between the mundane and the unreal D. A medium for conveying important information E. An area where beauty must be sacrificed for accuracy 2、It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be LEAST likely to Approve of which of the following? A. Courses that promote cultural awareness through the study of contemporary art B. The development of creative writing courses that encourage mutual, criticism of student work C. Growing interest in extemporaneous writing that records experiences as they occur D. A shift in interest from abstract philosophical poetry to concrete autobiographical poetryE. Workshops and newsletters designed to promote dialogues between poets 3、The author refers to Henry James primarily in order to A. support his own perception of the “longest bridge” (lines 4) B. illustrate a coherent “combination of fact and meaning” (lines 7-8) C. provide an example of “dynamic interchange of the spirit” (line 10) D. establish the pervasiveness of lack of self-knowledge E. contrast James's ideas about poetry with those of Don L. Lee(3)1、Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960’s portrayed him as thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like. A. an adventurous B. a doctrinaire C. an eclectic D. a judicious E. a cynical 2、To have true disciples, a thinker must not be too : any effective intellectual leader depends on the ability of other people to thought processes that did not originate with them. A. dismiss B. interpret C. reenact D. self- revitalize E. discourage 3、Clearly refuting skeptics, researchers have not only that gravitational radiation exists but that it also does exactly what theory it should do. A. warranted B. accepted C. predicted D. deduced E. asserted 4、Sponsors of the bill were because there was no opposition to it within the legislature until after the measure had been signed into law. A. unreliable B. well-intentioned C. persistent D. relieved E. detained 5、The paradoxical aspect of the myths about Demeter, when we consider the predominant image of her as a tranquil and serene goddess, is her search for her daughter. A. extended B. agitated C. comprehensive D. motiveless E. heartless Memphis, 6 、 Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so Tennessee, that the city lost its charter, has reappeared after nearly two decades in in the Western Hemisphere. A. contention B. secret C. quarantine D. quiescence E. abeyance 7、Although , almost self-effacing in his private life, he displays in his plays and essays a strong publicity and controversy. A. interest in B. reliance on C. aversion toward D. penchant for E. impatience with 8、Comparatively few rock musicians are willing to laugh at themselves, although a hint of can boost sales of video clips very nicely. A. self-deprecation B. congeniality C. cynicismD. embarrassment E. self-doubt 9 、 Parts of seventeenth-century Chinese pleasure gardens were not necessari they were designed expressly to evoke the agreeable melancholy resulting from a sense of the of natural beauty and human glory. A. immutability B. transistorizes C. abstractness D. simplicity E. wildness 10、Since it is now to build the complex central processing unit of a computer on a single silicon chip using photolithography and chemical etching, it seems plausible that other miniature structures might be fabricated in ways. A. undiscovered B. related C. unique D. congruent E. similar 11、Given the evidence of Egyptian and Babylonian later Greek civilization, it would be incorrect to view the work of Greek scientists as an entirely independent creation. A. disdain for B. imitation of C. ambivalence about D. deference to E. influence on 12、Laws do not ensure social order since laws can always be , which makes them unless the authorities have the will and the power to detect and punish wrongdoing. A. provisional B. antiquated C. vulnerable D. ineffective E. unstable 13、Since she believed him to be both candid and trustworthy, she refused to consider the possibility that his statement had been . A. irrelevant B. facetious C. mistaken D. critical E. insincere 14、 Ironically, the party leaders encountered no greater their efforts to build a progressive party than the of the progressives already elected to the legislature. A. advocacy B. promise C. success D. resistance E. reputation 15、It is strange how words shape our thoughts and trap us at the bottom of deeply canyons of thinking, their imprisoning sides carved out by the of past usage. A. eruptions B. floodC. river D. ocean E. mountains 16、That his intransigence in making decisions no open disagreement from any qu thus, clever subordinates learned the art of their opinions in casual remarks. A. quashing B. recasting C. intimating D. instigating E. emending 17、Created to serve as perfectly as possible their workaday , the wooden storage boxes made in America's Shaker communities are now for their beauty. A. accepted B. employed C. valued D. transformed E. seen 18 、 In order to her theory that the reactions are , the scientist conducted many experiments, all of which showed that the heat of the first reaction is more than twice that of the second. A. different B. constant C. concentrated D. valuable E. problematic 19、The sheer bulk of data from the mass media seems to overpower us and drive us to accounts for an easily and readily digestible portion of news. A. insular B. investigative C. synoptic D. subjective E. sensational 20、William James la writing to his dying father, he spoke without about the old man’s impending death. A. regret B. inhibition C. rancor D. eloquence E. commiseration Notable as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights treat women very differently Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in therelationship between surface drama and concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique. 1、The primary purpose of the passage is to A. defend a controversial interpretation of two novels B. explain the source of widely recognized responses to two novels C. delineate broad differences between two novels D. compare and contrast two novels E. criticize and evaluate two novels 2、According the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its A. use of multiple narrators B. method of disguising the author's real purposes C. portrayal of men as determiners of the novel's action D. creation of a realistic story E. controversial effect on readers 3、Which of the following narrative strategies best exemplifies the “evidentiary narrative technique” mentioned in line 11-12? A. Telling a story in such a way that the author's real intentions are discernible only through interpretations of allusions to a world outside that of the story B. Telling a story in such a way that the reader is aware as events unfold of the author's underlying purposes and the ways these purposes conflict with the drama of the plot C. Telling a story in a way that both directs attention to the incongruities among the points of view of several characters and hints that the plot has a significance other than that suggested by its mere events D. Telling a story as a mystery in which the reader must deduce, from the conflicting evidence presented by several narrators, the moral and philosophical significance of character and event E. Telling a story from the author's point of view in a way that implies both the author's and the reader's ironic distance from the dramatic unfolding of events 4、According to the passage, the plots of Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein are notable for their elements of A. drama and secrecy B. heroism and tension C. realism and ambition D. mystery and irony E. morality and metaphysics(4)1 、 Current data suggest that, although states between fear and aggression exist, fear and aggression are as distinct physiologically as they are psychologically. A. simultaneous B. serious C. exceptional D. partial E. transitional 2、It is ironic that a critic of such overwhelming vanity now suffers from a measure of the oblivion to which he was forever others, in the end, all his has only worked against him A. self-procession B. self-righteousness C. self-adulation D. self-sacrifice E. self-analysis 3 、 Famous among job seekers for its , the company, quite apart from generous salaries, bestowed on its executives annual bonuses and such as low-interest home mortgages and company cars. A. reparations B. benefits C. perquisites D. prerogatives E. credits 4、There are no solitary, free- every form of life is other forms. A. segregated from B. parallel to C. dependent on D. overshadowed by E. mimicked by 5、The sale of Alaska was not so much an American coup as a matter of for an imperial Russia that was short of cash and unable to its own continental coastline. A. fortify B. maintain C. stabalize D. defend E. reinforce 6、Despite assorted effusions to the contrary, there is no necessary link between scientific skill and humanism, and, quite possibly, there may be something of a between them. A. generality B. fusion C. congruity D. dichotomy E. reciprocity 7、 A common argument claims that in folk art, the artist's subordination of technical mastery to intense feeling the direct communication of emotion to the viewer. A. facilitates B. averts C. neutralizes D. implies E. represses 8、While not completely nonplussed by the usually caustic responses from members of the audience, the speaker was nonetheless visibly by their lively criticism. A. humiliated B. discomfited C. deluded D. disgraced E. tantalized 9、In eighth-century Japan, people who wasteland were rewarded with official ranks as part of an effort to overcome the shortage of fields. A. forested B. arableC. domestic D. accessible E. desirable 10、If duty is the natural of one's the course of future events, then people who are powerful have duty placed on them whether they like it or not. A. understanding of B. control over C. involvement in D. preoccupation with E. responsibility for 11、By divesting himself of all regalities, the former king the consideration that customarily protects monarchs. A. merited B. forfeited C. debased D. concealed E. extended 12、A perennial goal in zoology is to infer function from , relating the of an organism to its physical form and cellular organization. A. ancestry B. appearance C. movement D. behavior E. habitat 13、The sociologist responded to the charge that her new theory was by pointing out that it did not in fact contradict accepted sociological principles. A. banal B. heretical C. unproven D. complex E. superficial 14、Industrialists seized economic power only after industry had agriculture as the preeminen previously such power had land ownership. A. threatened B. produced C. culminated in D. relied on E. resided in 15、Rumors, embroidered with detail, live on for years, neither denied nor confirmed, until they become accepted as fact even among people not known for their . A. insight B. obstinacy C. introspection D. tolerance E. credulity 16、No longer by the belief that the world around us was expressly designed for humanity, many people try to find intellectual for that lost certainty in astrology and in mysticism. A. reasons B. substitutes C. justifications D. equivalents E. parallels 17、People should not be praised for their virtue if they la in such cases, goodness is merely the effect of . A. hesitation B. effortlessness C. indolence D. boredomE. impiety 18、Animals that have tasted unpalatable plants tend to them afterward on the basis of their most conspicuous features, such as their flowers. A. recognize B. hoard C. trample D. retrieve E. approach 19、As for the alleged value of expert opinion, one need only government records to see evidence of the failure of such opinions in many fields. A. questionable B. circumstantial C. possible D. strong E. problematic 20、In scientific inquiry it becomes a matter of duty to expose a hypothesis to every possible kind of . A. examination B. approximation C. well- rationalization D. elaboration E. correlation Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful directions: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government's identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundament social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications―for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of publicinterest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decisionmakers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action. Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs, when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposes to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease, price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all, Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until were internalized transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time. 1、The passage is primarily concerned with describing A. objectives and legal methods for directing technological development B. technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity C. economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers D. reasons for slowing technological development in light of environmentalist objections E. technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources 2、The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in line 27-29 in order to A. revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources B. evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments C. give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains D. refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values E. commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare 3、According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally A. are harmful when all factors are considered B. give rise to ever-increasing resource costs C. reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources D. encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone E. are guided by legal controls on the development of technology 4、It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following? A. Protecting the environment for future use B. Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business C. Intervening in the activity of the free market D. Making prices reflect costs to every one in society E. Causing technological development to cease 5、A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles is an example of A. a specific directive B. a market incentive modification C. an optimal resource allocation D. an alteration of a decision-making structure E. an external cost 6、If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true? A. All technology-control methods would be effective. B. Some resource allocations would be illegal. C. Prices would include all costs to members of society. D. Some decision-making structures would be altered. E. The availability of common goods would increase.7、The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to A. assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology B. combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum C. convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments D. predict the costs of new technological developments E. derive an equation making costs depend on prices 8、On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development? A. The government should own technological operations. B. The effects of technological development cannot be controlled. C. Some technological developments are beneficial. D. The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources. E. Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.(5)1、Charlotte Salomon's biography is a reminder that the currents of private life, however diverted, dislodged, or twisted by public events, retain their hold on the recording them. A. culture B. majority C. individual D. audience E. institution 2、Philosophical problems arise when people ask questions that, though very , have certain characteristics in common. A. relevant B. elementary C. abstract D. diverse E. controversial 3、Although Johnson great enthusiasm for his employees' project, in reality his interest in the project was so as to be almost nonexistent. A. redundant B. preemptive C. indiscriminate D. perfunctory E. dispassionate 4、Not all the indicators necessary to convey the effect of depth in a picture work simultaneously, the picture's illusion of three-dimensional appearance must therefore result from the viewer's integration of various indicators perceived . A. coincidentally B. successively C. comprehensively D. sympathetically E. passively 5、The natural balance between prey and predator has been increasingly , most frequently by human intervention. A. celebrated B. predicted C. observed D. disturbed E. questioned 6、There is some the fact that the author of a book as sensitive and informed as Indian Artisans did not develop her interest in Native American art until adulthood, for she grew up in a region rich in American Indian culture. A. irony in B. satisfaction in C. doubt about D. concern about E. presumptuousness in through a complex 7、Ecology, like economics, concerns itself with the movement of valuable network of producers and consumers. A. commodities B. dividends C. communications D. nutrients E. artifacts 8、Observable as a tendency of our culture is a of psychoanalysis: we no longer feel that it can solve our emotional problems. A. certainly about B. enigmas inC. belief in D. weaknesses in E. rigor in 9、The struggle of the generations is one of the obvious consta therefore, it may be presumptuous to suggest that the rivalry between young and old in Western society during the current decade is critical. A. perennially B. disturbingly C. uniquely D. archetypally E. captiously 10、 Rhetoric often seems to over reason in a heated debate, with both sides in hyperbole. A. subsiding B. yielding C. engaging D. clamoring E. tangling 11 、 Melodramas, which presented stark oppositions between innocence and criminality, virtue and corruption, good and evil, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world of . A. theatricality B. adversity C. circumstantiality D. polarity E. neutrality 12 、 In the current research program, new varieties of apple trees are evaluated under different agricultural for tree size, bloom density, fruit size, to various soils, and resistance to pests and disease. A. proximity B. conformity C. adaptability D. susceptibility E. propensity 13、At first, I found her gravity but, as I saw more of her, I found that was very near the surface. A. seriousness B. confidence C. laughter D. poise E. determination 14、Even though in today's Soviet Union the the Muslim clergy have been accorded power and privileges, the Muslim laity and the rank-and-file clergy still have little to practice their religion. A. opportunity B. obligation C. inclination D. latitude E. t incentive 15、The proponents of recombinant DNA research have decided to federal regu they hope that by making this compromise they can forestall proposed state and local controls that might be even stiffer. A. protest B. institute C. deny D. encourage E. disregard 16、It is to the novelist's credit that all of the episodes in her novel are presented realistically, without any or playful supernatural tricks. A. elucidation B. discrimination C. artlessness D. authenticity E. whimsy17 、 Our new tools of systems analysis, powerful though they may be, lead to theories, especially, and predictably, in economics and political science, where productive approaches have long been highly . A. speculative B. efficacious C. intuitional D. convergent E. elusive 18、 Nineteenth-century scholars, by examining earlier geometric Greek art, found that classical Greek art was not a magical or a brilliant blending Egyptian and Assyrian art, but was independently evolved by Greeks in Greece. A. appropriation B. synthesis C. annexation D. construct E. amalgam 19、Dreams are in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer. A. uninformative B. startling C. harmless D. unregulated E. uncontrollable deities: they avenge themselves without mercy on those who weary of their 20、The Muses are charms. A. rueful B. ingenuous C. solicitous D. vindictive E. dispassionate Even as the number of females processed through juvenile courts climbs steadily, an implicit consensus remains among scholars in criminal justice that male adolescents define the delinquency problem in the United States. We suggest two reasons why this view persists. First, female adolescents are accused primarily of victimless crimes, such as truancy, that do not involve clear-cut damage to persons or property. If committed by adults, these actions are not even con if committed by juvenile males, they have traditionally been looked on leniently by the courts. Thus, ironically, the plight of female delinquents receives little scrutiny because they are accused of committing relatively minor offenses. Second, the courts have long justified so-called preventive intervention into the lives of young females viewed as antisocial with the rationale that women are especially vulnerable. Traditional stereotypes of women as the weaker and more dependent sex have led to earlier intervention and longer periods of misdirected supervision for female delinquents than for males. 1、Which of the following statements best expresses the irony pointed out by the authors in lines 68 of the passage? A. Female delinquents tend to commit victimless crimes more frequently than their male counterparts. B. The predicament of male delinquents receives more attention than that of females because males are accused of more serious crimes. C. Adults are frequently punished less severely than adolescents for committing more serious crimes. D. The juvenile justice system cannot correct its biases because it does not even recognize them. E. Although the number of female delinquents is steadily increasing, the crimes of which they are accused are not particularly serious. 2、It can be inferred from the passage that the authors believe traditional stereotypes of women to beA. frequently challenged B. persistently inexplicable C. potentially harmful D. rapidly changing E. habitually disregarded 3、The passage suggests that scholars in criminal justice could be criticized for which of the following? A. Underestimating the seriousness of juvenile crime B. Rationalizing the distinction made between juveniles and adults in the legal system C. Concerning themselves too little with the prevention of juvenile delinquency D. Focusing on those whose crimes have involved damage to persons or property E. Failing to point out injustices in the correctional system(6)1、Without the psychiatrist's promise of confidentiality, trust is and the patient's c even though confidentiality can thus be seen to be precious in therapy, moral responsibility sometimes requires a willingness to it. A. extend B. apply C. uphold D. examine E. sacrifice 2、Having fully embraced the belief that government by persuasion is preferable to government by , the leaders of the movement have recently most of their previous statements supporting totalitarianism. A. issued B. moderated C. codified D. deliberated E. repudiated 3、The powers and satisfactions of primeval people, though few and meager, were their few and simple desires. A. simultaneous with B. commensurate with C. substantiated by D. circumscribed by E. ruined by 4、Some scientists argue that carbon compounds play such a central role in life on Earth because of the possibility of resulting from the carbon atom's ability to form an unending series of different molecules. A. deviation B. stability C. reproduction D. variety E. invigoration 5、 Whereas the art critic Vasari saw the painting entitled the Mona Lisa as an original and wonderful feat, the reproduction of a natural object, the aesthetes saw it as that required deciphering. A. an aberration B. a symbol C. a hieroglyph D. an imitation E. an illusion 6、As late as 1891 a speaker assured his audience that since profitable farming was the result of natural ability rather than , an education in agriculture was . A. vital B. difficult C. useless D. intellectual E. senseless 7 、 In spite of the nature of Scotland's terrain, its main roads are surprisingly free from severe . A. weatherB. grades C. flooding D. damage E. slipperiness 8、Walpole's art collection was huge and fascinating, and his novel The Castle of Otranto wa none of this mattered to the Victorians, who him as, at best, . A. insignificant B. worthwhile C. talented D. meager E. dangerous 9、Since the author frequently other scholars, his objection to disputes is not only irrelevant but also . A. overbearing B. frightening C. curious D. peevish E. surprising 10、Longdale and Stern discovered that mitochondria and chloroplasts a long, identifiable sequence of DNA; such a coincidence could be only by the transfer of DNA between the two systems. A. accomplished B. repeated C. determined D. explained E. contradicted 11、Until the current warming trend exceeds the range of normal climatic fluctuations, there will be, among scientists, considerable the possibility that increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 can cause long-term warming effects. A. interest in B. uncertainty about C. enthusiasm for D. worry about E. experimentation on 12、Without seeming unworldly, William James appeared wholly removed from the of society, the conventionality of academe. A. ethos B. idealism C. romance D. paradoxes E. commonplaces 13 、 Heavily perfumed white flowers, such as gardenias, were favorites with collectors in the eighteenth century, when was valued much more highly than it is today. A. scent B. beauty C. elegance D. color E. variety 14、In a most impressive demonstration, Pavarotti sailed through Verdi's &Celeste Aida,& normally a tenor's , with the casual enthusiasm of a folk singer performing one of his favorite . A. recitals B. chorales C. ballads D. chanteysE. composers 15、Dependence on foreign sources of heavy metals, though , remains for United States foreign policy. A. a challenge B. a problem C. a dilemma D. an embarrassment E. a precedent 16、Cynics believe that people who compliments do so in order to be praised twice. A. bask in B. give out C. despair of D. gloat over E. shrug off 17、Although nothing could be further from the truth, freight railroads have been of the nation's shift from oil to coal by charging exorbitant fees to transport coal. A. impeding B. accelerating C. delaying D. contributing to E. interfering with 18、Although the revelation that one of the contestants was a friend left the judge open to charges of lack of , the judge remained adamant in her assertion that acquaintance did not necessarily imply . A. tolerance B. foreknowledge C. impropriety D. preference E. partiality 19、Within the next decade, sophisticated telescopes now orbiting the Earth will determine whether the continents really are moving, the incipient among geologists about the validity of the theory of continental drift. A. consensus B. rift C. debates D. speculation E. rumors 20、The commissions criticized the legislature for making college attendance dependent on the ability to pay, charging that, as a result, hundreds of qualified young people would be further education. A. entitled to B. striving for C. deprived of D. uninterested in E. participating inChimps and children, gulls and Greeks―the ethologists go their merry way, comparing bits of human cultural behavior with bits of genetically programmed animal behavior. True, they share certain anatomical features with other animals, and some items of human behavior may seem analogous to the behavior of other animals. But such analogies can seriously mislead if we fail to look at the context of a particular item of behavior. Thus one ethologist compares the presentation of a twig by a cormorant with gift-giving in humans. Yet the cormorant’s twigpresentation simply inhibits attack and is comparable to other appeasement rituals found in many species. Human gift-giving differs in form and purpose not only from culture to culture, but within the same culture in various social contexts. Everything significant about it derives from its social context. Thus, ethologists can accomplish little―beyond reminding us that we are animals―until they study humans as cultural beings. 1、The author is primarily concerned with A. demonstrating the usefulness of ethology in discovering the behavioral limits within which humans operate B. objecting to the degradation of humanity implicit in the ethologists equation of humans and animals C. pointing out the dangers inherent in comparing highly dissimilar species, such as humans and cormorants, rather than similar ones, such as humans and apes D. refuting the idea that the appeasement rituals in human cultural behavior can be profitably subjected to ethological analysis E. arguing that the ethologists’ assumption that human behavior can be straightforwardly compared with animal behavior is invalid 2、The author believes that gift-giving in humans A. is instinctive behavior B. is analogous to appeasement rituals in other animals C. is not an appropriate subject of study for ethologists D. must be considered within its social context to be properly understood E. may be a cultural remnant of behavior originally designed to inhibit attack 3、The author’s attitude toward contemporary ethologists can best be described as A. puzzled B. conciliatory C. defensive D. amused E. disparaging 4、Which of the following statements from a report on a cross-cultural study of gift-giving would, if true, most strongly support the author’s assertions concerning human gift-giving? A. In every culture studied, it was found that some forms of gift-giving are acts of aggression that place the receiver under obligation to the giver. B. Most governmental taxation systems differentiate between gifts of property given to children during a parent’s lifetime, and a child’s inheritance of the same property from a parent dying without a will. C. Some gift-giving customs have analogous forms in nearly every culture, as in the almost universal custom of welcoming strangers with gifts of food. D. In North America, generally speaking, money is an acceptable holiday gift to one’s letter carrier or garbage collector, but is often considered an insult if given to one’s employer, friends, or relatives. E. Some gifts, being conciliatory in nature, indicate by their costliness the degree of hostility they must appease in the recipient.(7)1、 In most Native American cultures, an article used in prayer or ritual is made with extraordinary attention to and richness of detail: it is decorated more than a similar article intended for use. A. vocational B. festive C. religious D. commercial E. everyday 2、Having no sense of moral obligation, Shipler was as little subject to the of conscience after he acted as he was motivated by its before he acted. A. chastisement B. eloquence C. prompting D. allure E. atonement 3、Freud derived psychoanalytic knowledge of childhood indirectly: he childhood processes from adult . A. memory B. experience C. behavior D. monotony E. anticipation 4 、While she initially suffered the fate of many pioneers―the incomprehension of her colleagues― octogenarian Nobel laureate Barbara McClintock has lived to the triumph of her once scientific theories. A. innovative B. insignificant C. tentative D. authoritative E. heterodox 5、Broadway audiences have become inured to and so to be pleased as to make their ready ovations meaningless as an indicator of the quality of the production before them. A. reluctant B. disinclined C. unlikely D. eager E. desperate 6、 Any language is a conspiracy against experience in the sense that it is a collective attempt to experience by reducing it into discrete parcels. A. extrapolate B. transcribe C. complicate D. amplify E. manage 7、There is perhaps some truth in that waggish old definition of a scholar―a siren that calls attention to a fog without doing anything to it. A. describe B. cause C. analyze D. dispel E. thicken8 、 Cryogenic energy storage has the advantage of being suitable in any , regardless of geography or geology, factors that may both underground gas storage and pumped hydroelectric storage. A. limit B. deter C. forebode D. typify E. hamper 9、The newborn human infant is not a passive figure, nor an active one, but what might be called an actively one, eagerly attentive as it is to sights and sounds. A. adaptive B. selective C. inquisitive D. receptive E. intuitive 10、Opponents of the expansion of the market economy, although in , continued to constitute political force throughout the century. A. an inconsequential B. a powerful C. a disciplined D. an ineffective E. a viable 11 、 Nature's energy efficiency often human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount o only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency the firefly's system. A. manipulates B. simulates C. rivals D. matches E. reproduces 12、Scholars' sense of the uniqueness of the central concept of “the state” at the time when political science became an academic field quite naturally led to striving for a correspondingly mode of study. A. thorough B. distinctive C. dependable D. scientific E. dynamic 13、Just as astrology was for centuries faith, countering the strength of established churches, so today believing in astrology is an act of the professional sciences. A. rebellion by B. antagonism toward C. defiance against D. support for E. concern about 14、Despite the fact that the two council members belonged to different political parties, they the issue of how to finance the town debt. A. complicated B. avoided C. attested to D. reported on E. agreed on 15、The breathing spell provided by the arms shipments should give all the combatants a chance to reevaluate their positions. A. plethora of B. moratorium on C. reciprocation of D. concentration onE. development of 16、The notion that cultural and biological influences determine cross-cultural diversity is discredited by the fact that, in countless aspects of human existence, it is cultural programming that overwhelmingly accounts for cross-population variance. A. jointly B. completely C. directly D. equally E. eventually 17、Because medieval women's public participation in spiritual life was not welcomed by the male establishment, a compensating religious writings, inoffensive to the members of the establishment because of its , became important for many women. A. privacy B. popularity C. scarcity D.
profundity E. domesticity 18、This final essay, its prevailing kindliness by occasional flashes of savage irony, bespeaks the character of the author. A. imperturbable B. dichotomous C. vindictive D. chivalrous E. ruthless 19、 Although his attempts to appear psychotic were so as to be almost , there is evidence that Ezra Pound was able to avoid standing trial for treason merely by faking symptoms of mental illness. A. amusing B. believable C. ludicrous D. distressing E. premeditated 20、The questions that consistently structure the study of history must be distinguished from merely questions, which have their day and then pass into oblivion. A. practical B. factual C. discriminating D. random E. ephemeral The whole biosphere, like the individual organisms that live inside it, exists in a chemically dynamic state. In this homeostatic system, a great number of organic compounds are synthesized, transformed, and dec together, these processes constitute the major parts of the carbon cycle. For the smooth operation of this cycle, degradation is just as important as synthesis: the green plants produce great quantities of polymers, such as cellulose, and innumerable other compounds like alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonoids, that green plants cannot use as sources of energy during respiration. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. Some bacteria and fungi possess the unique and extremely important biochemical asset of being able to catalyze theoxidation of numerous inert products, thereby initiating reaction sequences that produce carbon dioxide and so return much carbon to a form that actively enters into life cycles once again. 1、The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about the carbon cycle? I. What are some of the compounds that are broken down in the carbon cycle? II. Why are some compounds that are involved in the carbon cycle less reactive than others? III. What role do bacteria and fungi play in the carbon cycle? A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II only E. I and III only 2 、 The author implies that which of the following is the primary reason that degradation is as important as synthesis to the smooth operation of the carbon cycle? A. Most of the polymers and organic compounds found in the plant kingdom are chemically unstable. B. The synthesis of some organic material deprives life processes of an energy source. C. Decomposition permits the recycling of carbon that would otherwise be fixed in certain substances. D. Many organisms cannot use plants as a source of food, but can feed on bacteria and fungi. E. Bacteria and fungi could not survive if some carbon compounds were not degraded. 3、The author’s contention about the importance of bacteria and fungi in the production of energy for life processes would be most clearly strengthened if which of the following were found to be true? A. Both aerobes and anaerobes provide sources of energy through the decomposition of organic material. B. Most compounds containing carbon are unavailable as energy sources except to some bacteria and fungi. C. Bacteria and fungi break down inert material in ways that do not involve oxidation. D. Many compounds remain inert, even in the presence of bacteria and fungi. E. Bacteria and fungi assist in the synthesis of many organic compounds.(8)1 、 Despite the apparently bewildering complexity of this procedure, the underlying is quite . A. calculated B. elementary C. imaginary D. effective E. modern 2、 In television programming, a later viewing time often a more audience and, therefore, more challenging subjects and themes. A. critical B. affluent C. mature D. realistic E. general 3、The cultivation of the emotion of natsukashii, interpretable as “pleasant sorrow,” brings Japanese to Kyoto in the spring, not to the cherry blossoms in full bloom but to the fading, falling flowers. A. exclaim over B. protect C. rejoice over D. preserve E. grieve over 4、 Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776) is still worth reading, more to appreciate the current of Smith's valid contributions to economics than to see those contributions as the of present-day economics. A. outgrowths B. concerns C. precursors D. byproducts E. vestiges 5、At several points in his discussion, Graves, in effect, evidence when it does not support his argument, tailoring it to his needs. A. addresses B. creates C. alters D. suppresses E. substitutes 6、Regardless of what theories of politics may propound, there is nothing that requires daily politics to be clear, thorough, and consistent―nothing, that is, that requires reality to conform to theory. A. vague B. assertive C. casual D. vicious E. tidy 7、Exposure to sustained noise has been claimed to blood pressure regulation in human beings and, particularly, to increase hypertension, even though some researchers have obtained inconclusive results that the relationship}