新概念2重点&难点-共享资料网
新概念2重点&难点
胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究Lesson 1A private conversation简单陈述句的语序 陈述句一定是有主语,有动词,有宾语,有句号 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 when? Who? Action Who? How? Where? When? Which? Which? What? What? 1 ---主语，一般由名词、代词或名词短语构成，通常位于动词之前，动词必须与主语一致，即主语决 定动词的单复数形式 2 ---谓语，由动词充当 3 ---宾语，一般为名词、代词或名词短语 4 ---副词或介词短语,对方式或状态提问,往往做状语 I like her very much 5 ---地点状语，一般在方式副词之后，时间副词之前 6 ---时间状语，可以放在句首或句末 简单陈述句一定不能少的是主语, 谓语. 如果问何时何地,是一个固定搭配 when and whereLesson 2【Key structures】Breakfast or lunch?现在进行时和一般现在时 现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。 现在进 行时常与 now，just，still 等副词连用： I am working as a teacher. &现阶段& He is still sleeping. （现在还在睡觉） Jane is just dressing up. 简正在打扮。 一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副 词 often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever 等连用。 Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him. 频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后；如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在 两个之间；疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中 not 必须放在 always 之前，而且也出现在 generally、normally、often、regularly 和 usually 之前；not 必须出现在 sometimes 和 frequently 之 后。表示肯定的速记可以用在句尾；在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、 sometimes、usually 等副词可用于句首。 I get paid on Friday usually. Very often the phone rings when I’m in bath. 非实义动词 : ① 系动词(be) ② 帮助动词构成时态的助动词(do, does, will, shall, have, had, has) ③ 情态动词(must, can, may) 除此之外都是实义动词. I frequently go to bed hungry. （形容词作状语） He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学. You must come here hungry.空腹来这里. 【Special Difficulties】 以 what 开头的感叹句： 在英语中可用 what 引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情，在感叹中主谓语采用正常语The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 1胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究序。 What 对名词感叹，感叹句的结构为：What +a/an (+adj.)+n.(+主语+谓语)! What a good girl (she is)! （主、谓可省） 有上下文和一定的语境, 才能省略形容词。一般省略形容词表示批评或不大好的意思。 What a thing to say! 多么难听的话啊！ What (a lot of) trouble( he is causing)!Lesson 3Please Send Me a Card一般过去时 一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生，而不 指动作持续多久。 Do you ever catch a cold in the winter? Yes, I caught a cold last winter. 【Special Difficulties】 直接宾语与间接宾语 双宾语：直接宾语(表示动作结果，动作所涉及的事物)和间接宾语(动作目标，动作是谁做的或为谁做 的，通常是人)。间接宾语大多数情况下置于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾主前必须加“to” （表示动作对什么人做）或“for” （表示动作为什么人而做） 。 give sb. sth./give sth to sb 间接宾语在后面时, 其前必须加 to(对??而言)或 for(为??而做)。可以翻译为“给”、“替”、 “为”的，就用 for；如果只能翻译为“给”的, 就用 to 与 to 相连的 give, take, pass, read, sell, buy，pay，hand，bring，show，promise，offer，owe take flowers to my wife. 与 for 相连的 buy, order, make, find I buy a book for you . make a cake for you find sth. for sb. do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙 Do me a favor please./Do a favor for me? 帮我一个忙 I do something for you. Can I order something for you? Can I buy you a bottle of beer ? 意为我请你喝杯酒的意思Lesson 4An exciting trip现在完成时 现在完成时表示动作现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。常与现在完成时连用的副词和副 词短语：before (now)（以前） ；it’s the first tiem（第一次） ；so for（到目前为止） ；so far this morning（到上午为止） ；up to now（直到现在） ；up to the present（直到目前） ；just（刚刚） ；recently （最近） ；already（已经） ；lately（最近） ；now（现在） ；for 一段时间；since+时间；still（还；仍） ； at last（终于） ；finally（最终） ；疑问句和否定句中常用 ever，yet，never，not?ever 等。 I’ve planted fourteen rose bushes so far this morning. I have lived here for several years now and I’ve made many new friends since I have lived here. 现在完成时还可和表示频度的副词连用，表示反复和习惯性动作，如 often（经常） ，frequently（屡 次） ，three times（三次）等。The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 2胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究I’ve watched him on TV several times.Lesson 5No wrong numbers一般过去时与现在完成时 在表示过去某个特定时间发生的事情或动作时，要用一般过去时。在表示刚刚或者已经完成一个动作 并且对现在有影响时， 则要用现在完成时， 时间状语可以是不特指的 now， just 或者 for 引导的一段时间， 或者不加任何时间状语。 一般过去时与现在完成时的共同点：动作在过去都做过了；区别：过去式只能强调过去的事, 和现在 没有任何关系. I ate a piece of bread. 现在完成时, 强调过去的事情对现在产生的影响. I have eaten a piece of bread this morning. I'm not hungry. The clock stopped. 陈述事实 The clock has stopped. 过去的事实对现在造成影响 It snowed yesterday. It has snowed yesterday. 强调对现在造成影响 【Special Difficulties】 带 way 的短语 in the way 按照，以??方式 Do your work in the way I have shown you. 按我给你示范的方法来做你的工作。 I do the work in the way you showed me. I fly the kite in the way you showed me. in the/one’s way 挡路；妨碍（某人） Sorry, you are in the way.(在口语中很少用, 一般直接用 Excuse me.就可以了) Don’t stand in the way. I can’t see the blackboard. in this way 这样,以这种方式 He saves old envelopes. In this way, he has collected a great many stamps. in a way 从某种意义上来说，在某种程度上 In a way, you are kind. in a friendly way 用友好的方式 in the family way 怀孕了, 快有小孩了(have a baby) The woman is in the family way. by the way 随便说一声, 随便问一下(插入语，改变话题时用) By the way, have you seen Harry recently? on the/one’s way(to) 在去??的途中(陈述句) : on the way to school/the office；on the way home out of the way 让路 Get out of the way! 你给我滚出去! get one's own way 随心所欲 (at one’s pleasure) Children get their own way during the holidays. 关于系动词 : 一般来说, 如 be become 一定不单独使用, 往往要在后面加上表语, 我们称它为系动 词. 但另外还有一些系动词同时又是不及物的实义动词, 常见的有 : seem, look, appear, sound, taste, feel, smell, stay, remain, keep, grow, turn, go, run, get, prove, stand 等, 这些词有的语法书The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 3胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究上称为半联系动词.Lesson 6Percy ButtonsA, The and Some 当表示不确定的某个人或物时，用不定冠词 a/an（单数, 可数名词） ；当表示不可数的名词时，则需 要由不定冠词加量词组成词组。 在表示一种笼统概念（某某一类/一种东西）的陈述句中可以省略 a 和 some A tiger is a dangerous animal. Tigers are dangerous. Salt is necessary for/to us all. 表 示 某 个 确 定 的 人 或 事 物 或 者 上 文 已 提 到 过 的 人 或 事 物 ， 则 要 用 定 冠 词 the （ 有 时 相 当 于 this/that/these/those）,可数名词单/复数或不可数名词均可。 在姓名、地名、国名（非复合词）以及月份、星期等前面不加任何冠词。 a 和 the 的区别：a 是泛指, a man；特指, the man 在文章当中第一次出现名词的时候往往用 a 和 an 修饰, 第二次出现的时候用 the A man is walking towards me. The man is carrying a parcel. The parcel is full of meat. I have just drunk a glass of milk. Milk is very refreshing. I ate an apple. Apples are delicious. She always buys flour, sugar and tea at the grocer's. 一般姓名前一般不能加冠词，表示“某某一类人当中, 具有这种特征当中的一个” ，加不定冠词 a a Mr. Zhang 张先生这类人 【Special Difficulties】 短语动词 某些动词的后面加上介词或副词以后就会改变词义, 这种新的组合称作短语动词 put v. 放 put on 穿上，戴上 tak v. 拿走 take off 脱掉，摘掉 look v. 看 look at 看；look for 寻找；look after 照顾；look out 当心；look out of 向外看 call call at；call on；call in；call back； call for 去取某物, 去接某人；需要 The problem calls for immediate action. 这个问题需要立即采取行动 knock v. 敲 knock at 敲门 knock off 下班 He knocked off earlier. knock off 打折 Knock 10% off the price. 把??撞倒，如果有地点，用介词 off；无地点，用介词 over knock sth. off+地点 knock the vase off the table I knocked the boy off the bicycle. knock over A car knocked the boy over.The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 4胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究knock out 打晕, 在拳击场合中, 把人打倒在地叫 knock out(专用术语) He did not know how to fight, but he knocked the boxer out. 〖语法精粹〗 1.How can you___B___if you are not ____? A. listening/hearing B. hear/listening C. be listening/hear D. be hearing/listening to 如果你不听, 怎么可能听见呢? listen 听/hear 听见 2.The girl even won't have her lunch before she__D__her homework. A. will finish B. is finishing C. had finished 状语从句中, 用一般现在时取代将来时. 3.Those who have applied for the post__A__in the office. A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing C. interviewing (光动词+ing 不能构成谓语) D. to be interviewing (不定式不能构成谓语动词) apply for 申请 interview 面试 在英文中, 只能领导对员工面试，员工只能被面试，动词用被动 4.The old scientist __C___to do more for the country. A. is wishing B. has been wishing C. wishes D 为被动语态，从语法上说合理, 但不合情 表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时态. wish sb. to do 希望某人做某事 5.If he___B___,don't wake him up. A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping C. still had been sleeping D. will be sleeping still 如果他在睡觉的话, 不要吵醒他D. finishesD. has been wishedLesson 7【Key structures】Too late过去进行时 过去进行时的构成：be 的过去式+现在分词 过去进行时和一般过去时经常同在一个句子里使用。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或情况，一 般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行中的动作或情况往往由连词 when，while，as，just as 等引导。 when，while 当??时候（强调动作同时发生） while+从句, 动词一定是延续性动词 when+延续性动词/瞬间动词 while 能用 when 代替，但是 when 却不一定能用 while 代替。while 通常只引导持续时间较长的动作， 并且主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时，而 when 和 as 一般不这么用。 John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone. Just as I was leaving the house, you came in.The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 5胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究when 也可以引导比较短暂的动作，while 和 as 则一般不行。 We were having supper when the lights went out. 过去进行时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用，如 all morning，all night，all day，all evening， the whole week 等，表示这段时间一直在干什么。 What were you doing all evening? I couldn’t find you anywhere. 过去动作同时发生的时态 ① 过去两个动作同时发生, 习惯上一个用一般过去时, 另一个用过去进行时；动作长用过去进行时, 动作短用一般过去时; 分工的情况, 动作的开始时间和结束时间几乎相同, 均用过去进行时; I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing. When my mother was doing the housework, my father was watching TV. ② 两个动作在同时段进行, 在不同时间结束, 先发生的动作未结束, 另一个动作发生, 先发生的动 作用进行时态, 另一个动作用过去时. When I was opening the door, the telephone rang.先开门 When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door. 电话先响 ③ 瞬间动词（如：arrive）没有进行时态, 所以两个动作同时发生, 延续性动词用进行时态, 瞬间动 词使用过去时态. When he arrived, I was having dinner. I am arriving 进行时态表示将要 Exercises D 1 As my father ______ (leave) the house, the postman ______ (arrive). was leaving；arrived(两个瞬间动词同时发生可能性很小, 应具体分析, 故用进行时态表将来) 5 While mother ______ (prepare) lunch, Janet ______ (set) the table. set the table 摆桌子 was preparing；set 【Special Difficulties】 短语动词中的小品词 许多动词加上介词或副词后就会改变词义，这些介词和副词通常被称为小品词。它们没有词形的变化。 有些小品词既可以作介词又可以作副词。判断一个小品词是副词还是介词要看小品词有没有带宾语。有宾 语的是介词，没有宾语的是副词，介词的位置相对固定，不能变动。 ① vi.&vt.+ prep./adv.+宾语(n.) She is walking up the hill. ② vt.+宾语(n./pron.)+adv. take off the coat =take the coat off =take it off put on your shoes =put your shoes on =put them on I always take money with me.我身上总带些钱 Exercise 11 They have pulled down the old building. pull down? （pull&vt.&；down&adv.&） pull one's leg 开玩笑 You are pulling my leg.你开我玩笑 12 Make up your mind. make up?---&make up one's mind 习惯用法不换,语法上可换 13 He asked for permission to leave.The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 6胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究ask for?--&ask (sb.) for sth. 其实是省略 sb.故不可换Lesson 8【Key structures】The best and the worst形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 比较级相当于汉语中“比??更??”这种句型，最高级则表示在某个范围“最??”的概念。最高 级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词 the，并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。 1、比较级和最高级的构成： ① 单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er，-est，以辅音加-y 结尾的词变-y 为-i，再加-er，-est ② 以-e 结尾的词加-r，-st ③ 以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est ④ 三个或者是三个音节以上（多音节） 比较级的构成 : more+原级 最高级的构成 : the most+原级 有一些双音节词既可在单词结尾加-er， -est， 也可与 more/less 和 most/least 连用， narrow， 如 clever， common，pleasant 等。 clever― cleverer― more clever fun adj. 快乐 more fun （美国人用） ⑤ 有些构成是不规则的： good/well(better best)；bad/ill(worse worst)；many/much(more most)；little(less least)； far(farther further , farthest furthest) （farther:距离上的远和更远，further:程度上的更进一步） further more(更有甚者) old(older elder, oldest eldest) older 比??大 She is older than somebody elder 做定语修饰其他名词 elder sister (年长的)姐姐 2、比较级和最高级的用法 在使用比较级时，如果需要把所比较的两项都提到，那么就必须比较级后用 than： My room is cleaner than the one next door. 如果比较级之所指很清楚，它可独立存在： Which house do you prefer? I prefer the older one. 最高级的限定范围一般用 of，among，in 等介词短语；限定范围也可以是从句；如果范围很清楚，则 可以省略。 John is the tallest of the three brother. This is the coldest day in ten years. Mary is the most intelligent person I’ve ever met. 【Special Difficulties】 every 构成的合成词 every 和 one，body，thing 可以构成复合不定代词 everyone，everybody，everything。Everyone 和 everybody 一般可以替换使用，后面的代词既可以用单数，也可以用复数，但它们本身均被视为单数。 Everyone/Everybody knows what he has to do.The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 7胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究=Everyone/Everybody knows what they have to do. 每个人都知道自己必须做什么。 Everything is going well. 一切都很顺利。 each 和 every 均可译为“每一个” ，两者常可互换。every 只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个 大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each 既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的 并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数 Every/Each time I wash the car it rains. Enter and Enter for enter ① vt.&vi. 进入 enter+地点名词 Always knock on the door before you enter. ② vt.&vi. 参加，加入 We’ve entered into an agreement. 我们已达成一项协议。 He soon entered their conversation. enter for+表示比赛、竞赛、考试的名词 报名参加, 强调报名 enter for the exam She entered (her name/herself) for the mathematics competition. take part in 真正的参加她报名参加数学竞赛。2 Will you enter ___for___ this week's crossword competition? crossward 文字游戏 3 Many athletes have entered ___for___ the Olympic Games this year. athletes = sportsman 运动员, 体育家Lesson 9【Key structures】A cold welcome引导时间状语的介词 in/on/at/during/till 与 until 1、用 in 的时间短语有： ① 表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning；in the afternoon；in the evening ② 表示周、月份、年份：in a week；in January；in Feb；in 1992 ③ 表示季节：in summer；in spring；in autumn；in winter in+表示时间长度的短语可以表示“在某段时间之内” ，这时可以与现在时、过去时或将来时连用，一 般与完成某动作有关；还可译为“??时间之后” ，一般与将来时连用。根据时态判别 in 表示的含义 in twenty minutes' time 20 分钟之后 We will finish class in half an hour. 2、用 on 的时间短语有： ① 表示星期：on Monday；on Friday ② 表示日期：on June 1st；on 23rd March（在书写日期时没有冠词，但在口语中则分别读为：on June the first；on the 23rd of March） ③ 表示星期+日期：on Monday, June 1st ④ 表示具体时间：on Wednesday evening；on fine afternoon；on that day 3、用 at 的时间短语有： ① 表示确切的时间：at five to twelve；at ten o'clock ② 表示用餐时间：at lunch/dinner time；at teatime ③ 表示其他时刻：at night；at noon；at midnight；at that timeThe world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 8胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究4、during 在??期间，后必须跟一个名词，可以指整个一段时间，有时可以用 in 替代 He has phoned four times during the last half hour. I met him sometime during the week.（不能用 in 代替） 我是在这一周的某天遇到他的。 during the holiday 强调假期的从头到尾 He enjoyed himself during his holiday. in the holiday 强调这段时间其中某一点时间, 并不表示自始至终 I was caught in an accident in the holiday. 5、from?till? 指一段明确的时间： The tourist season runs from June till October. 6、until prep.&coin. 直到??时候，直到什么时候为止, 直到什么时候才 until 主句和从句两个都用一般过去时对(最习惯的一种用法), 主句和从句任何一个用过去完成是也 对 I can't enter for the sports meeting until tomorrow. I had not understood the problem until he explained it. We hadn't disturbed him until he finished work. We didn't disturb him until he had finished work. We didn't disturb him until he finished work.(更习惯于这种用法) 7、from?to? Everyday we have English class from 8:30 to 11:30 关于时间表示方法 : What’s the time?/What time is it? A 整点 : A o’clock A 点 B 分（B&30）: A B / B past A A 点 15 分 : A fifteen / fifteen past A / a quarter past A A 点 30 分 : A thirty / half past A A 点 B 分(B&30) : A B / (60-B) to (A+1) A 点 45 分 : A forty-five / a quarter to (A+1) / fifteen to (A+1) 【Special Difficulties】 Any，Not...Any and No any 用于否定句和疑问句中, some 用于肯定句(或要求得到肯定回答的疑问句) Do you have any friends? I don't have any friends. not 用在非实义动词后面, 实义动词前面. not any=no &adj.&用在名词前面，no 比 not any 的语气要强，但这两种否定的意义是相同的。 I have no friends. no 可构成复合词 nobody， none， nothing， nowhere； 可构成复合词 anybody， any anything 和 anywhere。 在一个句子中通常只能有一个否定词（包括 never，hardly 等词）Lesson 10【Key structures】Not for jazz被动语态 主动语态与被动语态皆指动词的形式而言。在主动句中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物；在被动句 中，动作是对主语执行的。 被动语态由 be 的一种形式和过去分词构成。主动语态的时态用法规则也适用于被动语态。动词作及物 动词用时才能构成被动语态。如果要说明是什么人或什么东西做了某事，则用“by+行为主体”结构。 “行The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 9胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究为主体”也可以不表示出来。 【Special Difficulties】 与被动语态的 made 连用的几个介词 made in 表示产地或时间 It was made in Germany. made of 表示用某种材料制成（通常指制造后不改变该材料原来的性质或形状） The tea pot is made of silver. made from 表示用数种材料制成，或者是制造后改变了材料原来的性质或形状 Paper can be made from wood. made by 表示由谁制造 This cake was made by my sister. be made into 被制成?? The gold is made into a ring. 双重所有格 双重所有格/双重属格 : 名词+of+名词所有格(名词性的物主代词) 英语中通常用-’s 和 of 结构来表示所有格。-’s 结构通常用在人名和表示人称的名词的末尾，而 of 结构 则常与无生命的名词连用。 -’s 结构的所有格可用于 of 结构之后，称为双重所有格。在名词前面，可以用 a，this，that，these， some，any，no 等，但不用 the。 He is a friend of mine. 含有“他是我的一个特殊的或惟一的朋友”之意。 He is no friend of mine. 含义是“我根本不认识他”或“他是我的敌人” 强调很多当中的一个或几个的时候, 选用双重属格结构 a friend of my father/my father's friend(s) 只有一个朋友 a friend of my father's 很多朋友中的一个 It happened to a friend of mine. 我的很多朋友中的一个Lesson 11One good turn deserves another【Key structures】 复习动词时态： The Taj Mahal ______ (build) in the seventeenth century for the emperor Shah Jehan. A few years after he ______ (become) ruler, his wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal, ______ (die). The Taj Mahal ______ (build) in her honour. Experts ______ (call) in from many parts of the world to construct the domes and to decorate the walls. The Taj Mahal which ______ (begin) in 1632 and ______ (complete) in 1654 ______ (cost) a fortune. Up to the present day, it ______ (visit) by millions of people. The Taj Mahal 泰姬陵 in one's honour 为了纪念某人 up to the present day=up to now was built；became；died；was built；were called (call in:召集)；was begun；was completed； costhas been visited 【Special Difficulties】 动词+名词/代词+带 to 的不定式The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 10胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究某些动词之后的带 to 的不定式之前可以有一个名词或代词。有些动词后的名词/代词可有可无，但有 和没有经常影响影响整个句子的意义。 I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. I want to speak to John. I want you to speak to John. Would you like to do sth.? I’d like sb. to do sth. I’d like to do sth. 还有一些动词后面用不定式作宾语时，其后通常必须有一名词或代词。这类动词有 allow，advise， help，teach，tell，request 等，这类动词不但可用于主动语态，也可用于被动语态： We were not allowed to see the picture. hope 一定不能说 hope sb. to do sth.，正确用法是 hope to do (希望自己)或 hope that(希望别人)Lesson 12Goodbye and good luck一般将来时 １、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态 ２、将来时的结构 ① 基本结构: shall/will + 动词原形 shall 常用在第一人称 I 或 we 的后面，而 will 可用于所有人称，缩略为’ll，否定式中，will not 可缩略为’ll not 或 won’t，shall not 缩略 shan’t（在美语中很少用 shall） ② be going to do sth./ be gonna do sth.（美语） 打算做某事; be going to 与 will 一般可以互换，但与打算无关含义的句子, will 与 be going to do 不能互换 I’ll miss you. （不能用 be going to） He'll lose. 他要输了。 （不能用 be going to） I'll be sixteen years old next year. （不能用 be going to） ③ be + to do sth. 表示计划安排在某事或用来征求意见 I am to have a holiday. ④ be about to do sth. 即将做某事. ⑤ will be doing 表示将要做某事 ⑥ be doing （瞬间动词） 用现在进行时表示将来时态 用现在进行时表示将来的动词有：go，come，arrive，leave，die，land，join ⑦ be 一般现在时表示将要发生 If it rains, ? 【Special Difficulties】 be+副词构成的表语 动词 be 如与不同的副词连用意义不同，意思主要由副词的意义决定： be in 在家；be out 出去；be away 离开；be on 上映；be back 回来；be over 结束；be up to sth.胜任某件事情, 能够做某件事 set+副词构成的短语动词 set out 出发，动身 When’ll you set out for London? set off 出发，启程 I’ll set off for home the day after tomorrow. set up 创立，建立； record）创造??记录 （a Mr. Jackson has set up a school in the village. Has Tom set up a new world record?The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 11胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究Lesson 13【Key structures】The Greenwood Boys将来进行时 将来进行时由 will/shall+be+现在分词构成，通常用于表示最近或很久的将来正在进行的动作。将来 进行时常用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事。 I’ll be working for my exams next month. 下个月我将用功看书准备考试。 By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach. 将来进行时与一般将来时有时表达的意思差不多，但一般将来时中的 will 经常具有蓄意为之的含义 （如表示主语的意愿、决心、许诺等） ，将来进行时不具有这些含义，只表示单纯的将来，或者说只陈述 将来的事实，但它语气比单用 will 时委婉客气。 When will you finish these letters? （如上司对下属） When will you be seeing Mr. White? （如下属对上司） Mary won’t pay this bill. （她拒绝付帐） Mary won’t be paying this bill. （将来的事实） Won’t you join us for dinner? 你来和我们一起吃饭好吗？（邀请） Won’t you be joining us for dinner? 你会和我们一起吃饭吗？（将来的事实） 【语法精粹】 1.&The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o'clock& &But__C___a delay.& A. it will be B. there'd be C. there will be D. there is schedule 按计划； delay n. 延迟, 拖延和耽误 it be 它是，be 动词的后面一旦加名词, 往往认为主语和名词之间是等号关系 there be 哪儿有(某地有某物)，有某事发生 There will be a meeting. 那儿将开会 There was a fire. 发生大火 2.He'll leave for Paris before you___C__next week. A. will come back B. will be back C. come back before 在这里是状语从句的标志 在状语从句中不可能出现将来时, 都被一般现在时态取代 3.Our next meeting__C___on 1st December A. has been held B. will hold be to,将来的标志, 是将来还是被动D. came backC. is to be heldD. is holding4.Where__C___a will,there is a way. A. there will have B. has been there C. there is 是个谚语“有志者事竞成”“哪儿有愿望, 哪儿就有路” ， where 引导的是地点主语从句D. there has been.5.It__B___be Wednesday tomorrow. A. is going to B. will C. is about to D. is to Will 和 be going to 一般的情况可以互换, 遇上没有办法打算和计划安排的, 只能用 will be（单纯 的表将来）The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 12胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究be about to 计划打算； be to计划打算； be going to 计划打算【Special Difficulties】 名词所有格： 一般只对人和某些生物用-’s，名词所有格放在其所修饰的名词之前，但在上下文很清楚时名词可省 略。名词所有格的规则 ① 在单数名词及不以 -s 结尾的人名后加 -'s； ② 在以 -s 结尾的单数名词后加 -'s； ③ 在规则的复数名词的 -s 后面加所有格符号 '； ④ 在以 -s 结尾的人名后面即可以用 's 也可以用所有格符号 '； ⑤ 如果是用 and 连接的两个人名，则在第二个人名上加-'s； 也可以同时有两个所有格： My brother’s neighbour’s sister is a nurse. 我兄弟的邻居的姐姐/妹妹是一名护士。 ⑥ 有些无生命的物体后面也可以用所有格，如与时间有关的： in twenty minutes' time 3 minutes' walk(drive) 走路或开车三分钟的路程 a month’s salary 表示值多少钱也可以用所有格： I want ten pounds' worth of minced meat. （minced meat 碎肉） How much damage was there? 哪儿有多大的损失? There was a hundred pounds'worth of damage. 【语法精粹】 I want ( C ). A.a dollar worth candy C.a dollar's worth of candyB.candy a dollar's worth D.a dollar worth's candyLesson 14【Key structures】Do you speak English?过去完成时 过去完成时： had+过去分词构成， 由 它表示过去某时或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或情况， “较 即 早的过去” 。过去完成时一定要以一个过去时态作铺垫, 这个动作一定要发生在 had done 之后。 在用过去完成时态的句子中，常用连词 when，after，as soon as，until，by that time 等。常与现 在完成时连用的副词如 already，just，never，never?before 也常与过去完成时连用，以强调事件发生 的先后次序： I didn’t know that she was a famous actress until you had told me. The boys loved the zoo. They had never seen wild animals before. 在那些用过去完成时的句子中没有明确的时间状语，但通过上下文可以看出动作发生的先后。 Exercises D (用正确的时态填空) 1 The moment he had said this, he ______ (regret) it. the moment = as soon as 一??就??，后面直接加从句 2 It ______ (begin) to rain before she took a taxi. before 引导的从句用一般过去时, 主句用过去完成时 【Special Difficulties】The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 13胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究Ask 与 Ask For： ask v. 问，询问；请求，要求，邀请 ask a question/ask sb. 问（一个问题）/问某人 I asked (Mary) a question. They asked Tony to sing a song. They asked her to spend the weekend with them. ask for 要，要求（某样东西） ask for the answer I asked for a cup of coffee, but they gave me a cup of tea. You are always asking for help. Except, Except for 与 Apart from 三者都表示“除??以外” ，有时可以互换，但 except 不用于句首，except for 和 apart from 则可 以。 Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you. Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way. apart from 习惯上喜欢放句首, apart from=except/besides 如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，还有这个人也做了（包括） ，是加号=besides；如果 认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，这个人没有做（排除） ，是减号=except；如果放在句首，统 一用 apart from 代替 except/besides All the passengers are millionaire except us. （减号） I invited everyone except George. / Except for George I invited everyone. Except for/apart from this, everything is in order. except for 含有对整体中的某一个方面不满意，except for 可以不放在句首, 强调整体当中某一方 面除外, 剩下的整体都不错 The article is very good except for his handwriing. Except for his height, he is very excellent. Which of，Either of，Neigher of 与 Both of 上面这些短语都可用于指两个人或两件事 either of 两者当中的任何一个 neither of 两者都不 which of 那一个 both of 两者都 ① 当询问在两个或更多的人或事物中偏爱哪一个或选择哪一个时，可用 which I like both of these bags. Which of the two do you prefer? ② either 与 neither 都是对两个人或物而言（后接单数名词） 。either 指 one or the other（不是 这个就是那个） ，either 和 neither 后跟 of 时则指两个事物中的每一个 either of sb. ??当中的任何一个 neither of sb. ??当中的任何一个都不（neither of [??????????????]（注意英音 与美音的读音）两者之间都不, 一旦出现, 这句话里面不会再出现 not） I don't like the book. My sister doesn't like it either. Neither of us likes it. (注意要用单数) Which bag shall I use? Either of them. It doesn’t matter which. 哪个都行。用哪个都没关系。 Neither of them. Use a suitcase. 哪个都不行。用个手提箱吧。The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 14胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究③ both 只指两个人或物。当它用在名词前时，of 可有可无；当用在代词前面时，其后必须加 of Both books/Both of the books are interesting. Both of us/them left early. ④none of 三者或三者以上之间都不 Exercise 5 He could not answer(neither of)(either of)the questions I (asked)(asked for). either of（前面有 not, 故只能选 either of） , askedLesson 15【Key structures】Good news间接引语 把某人所说的话告诉另外一个人时，应该使用间接引语。间接陈述句的时态往往受引述动词的影响。 引述陈述句时最常用的动词是 say 和 tell，tell 后面必须跟表示人称的间接宾语（tell sb.） ，而 say 后 面则可跟或不跟 to+讲话对象。 1、主从一致 : 主句和从句的时态一致 ① 主句的动词为一般现在时, 从句为任意时态 ② 主句的动词为一般过去时, 从句为相对应的过去时态（时态倒移） 一般现在时――& 一般过去时 现在进行时――& 过去进行时 现在完成时――& 过去完成时 将来完成时――& 过去将来完成时 一般过去时――& 过去完成时 2、人称变化：主要是第一和第二人称变化 3、只要属于宾语从句, 引导词 that 可以省略 【Special Difficulties】 Nervous and Irritable nervous adj. 紧张不安的 Examinations make me nervous. irritable adj. 易怒的 He is such an irritable person, you can hardly speak to him. 他这个人如此容易发怒，你简直没有办法与他讲话。 Office, Study, Desk office n. 办公室 study n. 书房 I often read in the study when I want peace and quiet. desk n. 课桌 Exercises 1 We shall use the spare room in our new house as a ______ . study 5 Since his illness he has been very ______ . He is always losing his temper. irritable Since his illness=& 自从他生了病 （since +名词） 【语法精粹】The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 15胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究间接引语：如果是现在进行时在直接引语当中变成间接引语, 极有可能选用过去完成时 1.My brother__Ａ__while he____his bicycle and hurt himself. A.fell/was riding B.feel/was riding C.had fallen/rode D.had fallen/was riding fell(跌下来),ride(骑自行车) 2.He__ C __his leg as he_____in a football match. A.broke/played B.was breaking/was playing C.broke/was playing D.was breaking/played break one's leg 3.My father will be here tomorrow. I thought that he__ A __today. A.was coming B.is coming C.will es be coming 表示将要 跟 go，come，leave，arrive 相连的词一定会用进行时态表示将来时态，它们过去进行时态很有可能 表达过去将来时态的含义 4.Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who__ B __. A.come B.was coming C.had been coming D.had come collide : 相撞, 是相对概念 5.Mike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr.Smith called her because she___C__in the lab. A.had been working B.has been working C.was working D.workedLesson 16【Key structures】A polite request条件句（Conditional sentences） if 引导的条件从句指能够发生、可能发生或可能发生过的事件。如果认为将来的事件很可能会发生， 那么 if 从句中要用一般现在时（有时也用其他形式的现在时） ，主句中用 will（或 shall）加动词形式或 其他形式的将来时。 If he is sleeping,don't wake him up. 条件句的主句中的 will 表示肯定如此或几乎可以肯定会如此。如果觉得其“肯定”程度达不到使用 will 的程度，或者如果想表达建议等其他意思，就可以用别的情态助动词来代替 will；条件句中的主句 还可以用祈使语气等表示请求、建议等。 You can post these letters if you want to. If it’s fine tomorrow, we can/may go out. Please let me know if you cant’t come. Exercises C 5 If he ______ (enjoy) concerts, why doesn't he come with us? 5.enjoys, why doesn't 跟第三人称连用, 是一种建议; why not 连在一起表示建议 【Special Difficulties】 Police and Traffic PoliceThe world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 16胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究traffic police 交通警 police n. 警察 ① n. 警察部门，警方（与 the 连用） Ring the police if there is a burglary. 如果发生入户盗窃就给警方打电话。 ② 警察（复数） The police are questioning a foreign tourist. 警察们正在盘问一名外国游客。 ③ 如果要单指一名警察，可以用 policeman 或 policewoman There is a traffic policeman over there. You can ask him the way to the station. Pay attention to,Care,Take care of,Look after pay attention to （思想上）注意 pay attention (to sth.) 注意?? notice （眼睛上的）注意 care 关心, 在意 I don't care. 我不在乎。 Who cares？ 我不在乎(谁在乎!) I don’t care if he breaks his neck! 他就是折断颈骨，我也不在乎！ take care of==look after 照顾, 照料 Please take care of/look after the children for me when I am out. Remind and Remember remind v. 提醒 remind sb. of sth., remind sb. to do sth. I reminded him to post my letter. remember v. 记起, 记得 Do you remember? 你想起来了吗? remember sth. Remember? 记得吗?(可以单独用) remember to do sth. 记得要去做?? Remember to send the letter. remember doing sth. 记得已经做了 I remembered sending the letter. remember sb. to sb. 前者向后者表示问候 Remember me to your mother. 代我向你母亲问好Lesson 17【Key structures】Always young情态助动词 must Must 译为“必须” ，可以表示“必要，命令或强制，邀请，决心，不可推卸的责任”等多处含义。它 没有时态和人称变化，通常只用于现在时和将来时。在其他时态时，must 的有些含义可以用 have to 或 have got to。这三种形式一般可以互换，但用于第一人称时，have to(have got to)强调客观的要求或 外在的原因，must 则强调主观的要求或表示说话的人认为自己有权做某事。 have to 和 have got to 往往可以互换，但与 always，sometimes 等频度副词连用时，用 have to 往 往比用 havt got to 好。have got to 比 have to 更口语化。 在过去时的句子中, 要用 have to 来表示 “必须”，have to 可以有任意时态 She will have to? ；She had to? ； She has/I have had to? have to 作为实义动词, 否定式为 don't have to；will not have to；didn't have toThe world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 17胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究在表达“难道你不能不（做??） ”时，一般用“Must you??” ，而不用“Do you have to??” Must you leave now? 难道你非得现在就走吗？ I’m afraid so. I have to study for an exam. must 可以表示推测，must do 表示对现在的推测；must have done 表示对过去的推测 He must be mad. 在 I think?/he thinks?的从句中， 一定要用事实说话. (不能说成 “I think he must be a fool.” ) must be 的否定式为 can’t be（不可能） ： Someone’s using the phone, it must be John. It can’t be John. He promised me he wouldn’t use it today. 【Special Difficulties】 As 的用法 ① 作为介词，可以表示“作为”“以??身份”等 、 In this film, he appeared as a policeman. As a mechanic, he can’t always keep himself clean. ② 作为连词，可以表示“因为”“正当??时候”“以??方式”或“如同??那样”等 、 、 You must take care of the bady tomorrow as I am going to London.（因为，由于） As we were talking about him, he knocked at the door.（正当??时候） Do as you are told. 叫你怎么做就怎么做(按你被告知的那样去做)（以??方式） As I learned, ? （如同??那样） ③ “担任??工作” I work as an engineer. Dress, Suit, Costume dress n. 裙子，晚礼服，连衣裙(女式) suit n. 套装（男式） My brother never wears ready-made suits. 我的弟弟从来不穿成衣。 costume n. 演出服,民族服装,某一年代所穿的服装 All the actors wore fifteenth-century costumes. 所有演员都穿着 15 世纪的服装。 Grow and Grow up grow vi. 生长，成长，发育 Trees of the kind don’t grow in our country. How tall you’ve got! You’ve grown a lot. grow up 长成，成熟（其被动态表示长大成人） Lucy has grown up a lot since I last saw her. 自从我上次见到她之后，露西已成熟了许多。 What do you want to do when you’re grown up? Some people never grow up. 有些人总是成熟不起来。 Exercises 3 She hired a(suit)(costume)for the fancy-dress party. costume fancy-dress-party 化妆舞会； hire v. 雇，租Lesson 18He often does this!18The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究【Key structures】 have 的用法 1、have 作为助动词构成各种完成时和完成进行时 2、have 还可以作完全动词，当作“具有、拥有”讲时，它和 have got 通常可以互换。have 做 “有, 患病” 概念时, 可作为实义动词, 也可作为非实义动词。在英国英语中的疑问句和否定句中 have（具有） 的用法与 be 相同，即可以不用助动词 do 或 did；在美国英语中，常用 do 助动词和 have 一起构成疑问句 和否定句。 I don’t have a pen/a headache. I haven’t a pen /a headache. 三种情况 have 可以用 have got 取代 I have a pen. I have got a pen. “有” I have a headache. I have got a headache. “得病” have to== have got to have 作“具有，拥有”讲时是状态动词，不能用于进行时态或被动语态，通常用于一般现在时。在其 它时态中，一般用 have 而不用 have got。 You can have these apples if you want them. I’ve got a lot more. 如果你想要这些苹果你可以把它们拿走。我还有许多。 He must be very fond of animals to have five dogs. 他一定非常喜欢动物，才会养五条狗。 3、have 作完全动词时，还可以表示 eat，drink，enjoy，take 等意思，这时它是行为动词，可以用 于包括进行时的各种时态。当 have 用于表示这些含义时，它必须与助动词 do 等连用以构成疑问句或否定 句。 have dinner，have a cigarette，have coffee，have a holiday，have a good time，have a swim， have a rest Exercises C 在下面哪几句话中可用 have got 来代替 have? 1 He had a drink before dinner. ⑴...不换... 2 Mrs. Sullivan has a lot of money. ⑵...换... 有钱 3 He had to leave early. ⑶...换... 4 We have had a long conversation. ⑷...不换... 进行 5 My mother has a headache. ⑸...换... 患病 6 They had a good time at the party. ⑹...不换... have a good/long time : 过的愉快(固定短语) 7 This sock has a hole in it. ⑺...换... 8 She has to be patient with him. ⑻...换... has to patient [????????] n.病人, 患者 adj.忍耐的, 耐心的 9 I have a bath every day. ⑼...不换... have a swim,have a bath 10 This room has four windows. ⑽...换... 11 He has a farm. ⑾...换... 12 We had a letter from Jill yesterday. ⑿...不换... have a letter from==receive a letter from 收到 【Special Difficulties】 give 的几个固定搭配 give 常用含义是“给予，交给” I lent him some books last month and he has given them back to me this morning. gave away 赠送The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 19胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究He gave away all his books to the library. give in 上交，呈交；屈服，让步，投降 Give in your examination papers after you’ve finished. You can do what you like. I will never give in. give up doing sth. 放弃，抛弃 He gave up drinking a few years ago. give up 交出，让出 Jack has given up the watch he stole last week. Three of our officers gave themselves up to the enemy. 我方的三名军官向敌人投降了。 Beside and Besides beside pron. 在??旁边，在??附近 Come and sit beside us. besides adv. 而且，并且，此外；pron. 除??之外（还） She has so much else to do besides. 此外，她还有许多其他事要做。 I’m quite busy today. Besides, I’ve got a bad cold. There were a lot of people at the party besides us.Lesson 19Sold outCan and May 1、can 和 may 都可以表示请求，can 可以用 could，may 可以用 might 代替，语气更委婉，更有礼貌， 但时间上没有区别 Can I use your phone please?/Could I use your phone please? May I use your phone please?/Might I use your phone please? 含有情态动词的普通回答： 肯定：Of course you can/may. 否定：No, you can’t/ may not. 2、may 和 might 还可以表示推测， “可能??” 。may 可以用 might 代替，语气更委婉，更有礼貌，但 时间上没有区别 may/might +动词原形：表示对现在或未来事情的推测 He may come tomorrow./He might come tomorrow. may/might +have 动词过去分词：表示对过去事情的推测 He may have telephoned last night, but I’m not sure. He might have telephoned last night, but I’m not sure. 3、may/might as well+动词原形：还是??好(无可奈何)，不妨?? Do you think he’ll pass that exam? He’ll never pass. He might as well give up.Lesson 20One man in a boat动名词 动词+ing 作名词时称为动名词，它仍有动词的属性，可以接宾语，动名词可以代替名词做主语和宾语 或介词宾语。 1、动名词作主语 Watching television is my favourite pastime. 看电视是我最喜爱的业余爱好. 2、动名词作宾语 I am very keen on cycling. 我非常喜欢骑自行车.The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 20胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究He is capable of doing anything. 他能胜任任何事情. 3、利用介词/副词+动名词可以把两个句子连成一个句子 apologize for (not) doing sth. 为什么事情而道歉 I must apologize. I interrupted you. 我得表示道歉. 我打断了你的说话(工作). I must apologize for interrupting you. 由于打断了你的说话(工作), 我得表示道歉. （for interrupting 强调 interrupt 这个动词） I must apologize for having interrupted you.（for having interrupted 强调 interrupt 这个 动词先发生，强调时间 (having done)） 以上两者为时间概念不同，意思相同 congratulate (sb.) on doing sth. 因??祝贺（某人） He congratulated me. I won the competition. 他向我道贺. 我赢得了这次比赛. He congratulated me on winning the competition. 在我赢得这次比赛之际, 他向我祝贺. He congratulated me on having won the competition. thank you for listening/attending 动名词用表示完成时的 having+过去分词结构往往强调动名词的动词发生在前面。 4、跟动名词的短语 be keen on doing sth.（热忠于??）,be fond of,be interested in,enjoy doing sth.（喜欢做 某事） ，congratulations on doing sth. （祝贺??） be afraid of be up to=be capable of (capable [????????] adj.有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的, 可以... 的) 可以带动名词的介词有：before，after，without，instead of 等 I can’t watch TV without falling asleep. 我看电视时必定会睡着。 5、动名词的否定式是在它前面直接加 not。 Exercises C(用括号中的词来连接下列句子, 如需要可对原句进行必要的改动) 2.She bought a pair of boots. (instead of) She did not get a pair of shoes. She bought a pair of boots instead of getting a pair of shoes. ＝She bought a pair of boots instead of a pair of shoes. 4.(After) She heard the news. She fainted. after+从句； after prep.+doing After hearing the news,she fainted. （faint [?????]vi.昏晕, 昏倒）6.(On) I saw the plane coming towards me. I dashed for cover on (prep.)+doing 一??就??（两个动作必须是同一个人） On seeing the plane coming towards me, I dashed for cover. 冲进掩护体 as soon as 一??就?? the moment +从句 一??就?? 以上两个主语不一定是同一个人 【Special Difficulties】 Interested and Interesting. Excited and Exciting. 大多数现在分词和许多过去分词都可以作形容词用。以-ed 结尾的形容词常与人称主语连用，表示人 的情绪、状态、喜好等；以-ing 结尾的形容词则常与非人称主语连用，表明事物的某种特征、性质等。The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 21胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究Fishing is not interesting. I am not really interested in fishing. 钓鱼没意思. 我对钓鱼并不真正感兴趣. The match was very exciting. The crowd got very excited. 比赛非常激动人心. 观众非常激动. be interested in sth./doing sth. 对??感兴趣 I’m interested in collecting stamps. It's and Its it’s = it is It's (= it is) cold today. It's raining too. 今天天气冷. 而且正在下雨. its 它的 This engine has lost its power. 这台发动机已失去了动力. Realize and Understand realize vt. 意识到?? He didn't realize that he had made a mistake. 他没有意识到他犯了一个错误. understand vt. 明白?? I don't understand English. 我不懂英语. Exercises(选择正确的词填空) 3.There was some (excited) (exciting) news on the radio. exciting news excited adj. 感动的 ；exciting adj. 令人激动的 如果Ced,-ing 做形容词即作定语时，和被修饰词有关 on the radio 在广播上 I got news on the radio/on TV/on the telephone/on the line(在线，在电话里). 4.He is not an (interesting) (interested) person. an interesting person interested adj. 感兴趣的 ；interesting adj. 有趣的 5.He is an explorer. He leads an (excited) (exciting) life. an exciting life explorer [????????????????] n.探险家, 探测者, 探测器 lead a life 过着??日子 lead a happy life He leads a poor life.Lesson 21Mad or not?被动语态 被动语态可以和大部分情态动词连用（包括具有情态功能的 will 和 would） 。 He may have been told the news. The shops must have been closed now. 动词+宾语+不定式结构中既可以动词用被动语态，也可以在不定式中用被动语态： Mary was told to meet us. = They told Mary meet us. 在句型“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”中，这两个宾语都可以成为被动句的主语。但由于间接宾语通常 是人，所以间接宾语成为被动句主语的时候要多些：The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 22胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究Sam was given a gold watch. = A gold watch was given to Sam. 【Special Difficulties】 Drive 的用法 ① v. 开车, 驾驶 (drove, driven, driving) drive to? 开车去往某地 I drove to Tianjing yesterday ② vt. 赶，驱赶，围赶（猎物、敌人等） drive sb. away from 把某人赶走 drive sb. out of 把某人赶出去 During the war, many people were driven out of their homes. drive sb. back 撵回去 Our army drove the enemy back. ③ vt. 逼迫，迫使 drive sb. mad 逼疯 The death of all her children has driven her mad. Home and House home n. &adv. 家，家庭，家园（着重指所居住的人，常有爱、温暖、舒适、安全等隐含意义， 带有感情色彩） I have a sweet home. house n. 房子，房屋，住宅（指建筑物） Tom must be somewhere in the house. 汤姆肯定在这屋子里的某个地方。Lesson 22【Key structures】A glass envelope跟 of, from, in 和 on 的动词 动词+介词的固定短语通常可分开使用，可以有自己的宾语，并且大部分都可用于被动结构： 1、后接 of 的动词：accuse of（控告） ；approve of（赞成） ；assure of（让??放心） ；beware of （谨防） ；boast of/about（夸耀）, complain of/about（埋怨） ；consist of（由??组成） ；convince of/about（使信服） ；cure of（治愈） ；despair of（丧失??希望） ；dream of/about（幻想） ；expect of/from（期望） ；hear of/from（听到??消息） ；be/get rid of（摆脱） ；smell of（闻到） ；suspect of（对??猜疑） ；think of/about（思考） ；tired of（对??感到厌烦） ；warn of/against（警告?? 有危险） Someone must warm him of the difficulties. 必须有人提醒他有这些困难。 He has already been warned of them. 他已经被警告过了。 Don’t expect too much of your child. He must have spoken of the matter to John. I have never heard of the actress. 2、后接 from 的动词：borrow from（从??借） ；defend from/against （保护??使免于） ；demand from/of（向??要求） ；differ from（有别于） ；dismiss from（解雇） ；draw from（从??中得出） ； emerge from（从??出现） ；escape from（从??逃出） ；excuse from/for（允许不??） ；hinder from （阻止） ；prevent from（妨碍） ；prohibit from（不准许） ；protect from/against（向??提抗议） ； receive from（接到） ；separate from（把??分开） ；suffe from（受难） He has already received money from three aunts. 他已经收到三个姑妈的钱了 He borrowed three books from Mary. He always asked for help from parents. 3、后接 in 的动词：believe in（信仰） ；delight in（喜欢） ；employ(ed) in （从事） ；encourage inThe world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 23胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究（鼓励） ；engage(d) in（正做） ；experience(d) in（在??有经验） ；fail in（没有尽到） ；help in/with （帮助） ；include in（包括） ；indulge in（沉醉） ；instruct in（教导） ；interest(ed) in（对?? 感兴趣） ；invest in（投资） ；involved in（卷入） ；persist in（坚持） ；share in（分享） She delights in working hard. 她喜欢努力工作。 He failed in his French test. 他法语考试没有通过。 Jack helped me in driving the sheep home. 杰克帮我把羊赶回家。 Mrs. Turner is experienced in teaching. 特纳夫人很有教学经验。 4、后接 on 的动词：act on（遵守） ；based on（在??基础上） ；call on（拜访） ；comment on（评 论） ；concentrate on（集中于） ；congratulate on（祝贺） ；consult on/about（商量） ；count on（依 赖） ；decide on（决定） ；depend on（依靠） ；economize on（节约） ；embark on（从事） ；experiment on （尝试） ；insist on（坚持） ；lean on/against（倚靠于??） ；live on（靠??为生） ；operate on（起 作用） perform on/in 扮演） pride(oneself) on 为??感到自豪） rely on 依靠） vote on a motion/for ； （ ； （ ； （ ； someone（对??表决(投??的票)） write on/about（写??的事） ；, ；. I think he wrote on the cost of living. 我想他写的是关于生活费用方面的。 He finally decided on going home. 他最后决定回家。 You can’t live on fruit only. 你不能只吃水果。 Last Sunday, we called on Mr. Dupont.Lesson 23A new house【Special Difficulties】 There is and It is 在说明或询问人或物等的存在时可用 there be 结构。这种结构可以用一般现在时、一般过去时、一般 将来时及现在完成时等时态。在用 there 表示过存在后，就必须用 it 或人称代词作进一步说明： There’s a bus coming, but it’s full. There’s a man at the door. It’s the postman. it 作为“虚主语”表示时间、距离、天气等概念时，不能用 there be 结构 It’s fifteen miles to the station. Exercise(用 it 或 there 填空) 3 ______ were some men digging up the road outside my house. there : There+be+sb.+doing+地点 : 某地有某人正在做某事(典型句型) digging up: 挖出, 找出 4 Look at those clouds. I think ______ will be a thunderstorm. there : 在表示天气的时候, 后面如果是动词或形容词, 用 it, 如果是名词, 用 there be. It is raining(动词)/It is cold(形容词). There be +名词 : There is a rain. 那儿有一场雨 thunderstorm [???????????] n.雷暴, 大雷雨 9 After dinner ______ will be a long discussion on politics. there on politics 关于政治 (politics [?????????] n.政治, 政治学, 政纲, 政见) 10 When will ______ be convenient for you to come? it When will it be convenient for you? 什么时候对你来说最方便?The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！24胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究Lesson 25Do the English speak English?【Letter Writing】 写信人的地址位于信纸的右上角，被称为“信头” ，地址后面总是接写日期 St.是 Steet 的缩略 逗号在地址里表示前者属于后者 I am in class 1,Grade 1. 在日期里, 月和日之间不需要逗号，且月和日的顺序可互换，但在年代之前要有逗号，日期是以序数 词出现的，月份一定要是英语字母 February the fourth, 1998 =the fourth of February, 1998 Haidian District,(海淀区) BeiJing, China.(最后一个地点要打上句号) 【Key structures】 并列句中的语序 通过并列连词可以把几个简单句连接起来构成一个并列句。在并列句中，各分句要根据上下文的要求 按逻辑次序排列，但各分句都同等重要并独立存在。 并列连词可以用来表示另加（and） 、对比（but，yet） 、选择（or） 、连续（and，then）以及结局或结 果（so） 。 however 用在句号的后面, 单独成句, 于前边的句子只有意思上的承接, 没有语法上的承接, 语法上 的承接表转折只能用 but 一些并列句的连词：and，and then，but，so，yet，or，not only?but?as well 不但??而且??， neither?nor? 既不??也不??，either?or? 或者??或者??，both?and? 两者都 yet adv. 然而 放在句末或句中, 与否定句, 疑问句相连, 并且与现在完成时用得比较多 Have you finished yet? yet=but 连词，放在两个句子间, 起转折作用 or adv. 或者, 否则 Hurry up ,you will be late. /Hurry up,or you will be late. 当主语由 and 或 both?and 连接, 通常采用复数谓语动词. Both the girl and the boy are his friends. 当主语由 neither...nor,either...or,not only...but also 或 or 连接时，谓语动词与 nor,or,but also 后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则” ，离动词最近的名词是单数, 整个主语就视 为单数；离动词最近的名词是复数, 整个主语就视为复数 Neither he nor I am going to the airport. Not only Mary but also her parents have jgone abroad. 【语法精粹】 1.They ___B____ the trip until the rain stopped. A. continued B. didn't continue C. hadn't continued D. would continue until 是前面和后面用一般过去时和过去完成时都对，但是我们在一般情况下两个都用一般过去时 2.The local peasants gave the solders clothes and food without which they __A___ of hunger and cold. (without 在这里表示条件) A. would die B. will die C. would be dead D. would have diedThe world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 25胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究虚拟语气 3.It was not until then that I came to know that the earth __D__around the sun. A. moved B. has moved C. will move D. moves It was not until that 是强调结构,首先将“It was?that”去掉，再将“not”移到“that”后面 的句子中，分析句子时后半句改为 : I didn't come to know that the earth around the sun until then. （until then 是在那个时候之前） His father did not leave until he returned home. 变成强调句形式 : It was not until he returned home that his father left. I don't get up until lunch time. 变成强调句形式 : It is not until lunch time that I get up. 4. When all those present(到场者)__D__he begin his lecture. A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated seat vt. 做动词的时候两种情况① seat sb.；② sb. be seated sit vi. 坐 sb. sit down 5.If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I___not. A. have B.would have C. had D. had had 虚拟语气Lesson 26【Key structures】The best art critics一般现在时 一般现在时可以用于表述现在的特征或状态，也经常用于表述经常性的或习惯性的动作，或带有普遍 性的情况，频度副词可有可无，一般现在时还用于表示普遍性真理。 和人的情绪相连, 跟人的状态相连, 跟人的思维活动相连的动词都不用进行时态， 而用于一般现在时， 这些动词是：appear，appreciate，be，believe，feel，find，forget，hear，know，like，look like， notice，remember，resemble，see，think，understand 等等 【Special Difficulties】 Speech marks 引号 在书面语会话中，用引号（单引号或双引号）把实际的对话括起来。引号在英文当中第一次出现是单 引号, 第二次出现是双引号, 英文当中的书名号用引号来替代 注意事项 : ① 引号位于一行之上, 它们应在句尾其他标点符号―如逗号、句号、问号―之外. ② 引语的第一个词以大写字母开头. ③ 在 said, asked 等词后面用逗号, 只有当它们位于句尾时, 才在它们的后面用句号. ④ 当 said, asked 等词置于引语之间时, 句子的后半部分以小写字母开始. ⑤ 当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落.Lesson 27【Composition】A wet nightThe world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！26胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究I am very tall(so)(but)I must be careful. Doorways are often low(and)(but)I usually(beat)(knock)my head against them. My head always(hurts)(pains). I have never(met)(recognized)a tall architect. Have you? so，and，knock，hurts，met doorways n. 门栏 knock/beat：knock 大声地撞；beet 持续的撞击/打 against prep. 相对作用的力 (在政治上叫 “反对” ) hurt/pain：身体的某一部位+hurts，表示某一部疼痛；pain 表示疼痛的名词 My hand hurts./I have a pain in my hand. I have a pain. meet 遇见 / recognize 认出 (原来熟悉再次认出的概念) 【Letter writing】 信头各部分的顺序如下：门牌号码、街名、城市名称、地区、国家和日期。只有给居住在国外的人写 信时，才需要写上国名。 地址的每一行都以逗号结尾，最后一行用句号。在日期后面不用标点符号。 【Special Difficulties】 与 put 有关的短语动词： put up with 容忍，忍受 I can’t believe that he can put up with this. put up ① 搭建，搭建； They put up their tent in the middle of a field. ② 安排住宿，为??提供膳宿，夜宿 It’s raining heavily. We must put them up tonight. 雨下得很大，我们今晚必须为他们安排住宿。 put out 扑灭 They put out the fire and crept into their tent. put on 穿上 I’m putting on my coat. put away 把??收好，放好 Your room is untidy, put your things away. I have put away all my clothes. put off 推迟，拖延 Don’t put your exercises off until tomorrow. The meeting has been put off. put down = write down 记下，写下，记录下 Have you put down the boss’s words?Lesson 28No parking【Composition】 My wife (drives) (leads) a car. She has (driven) (ridden) a car for many years (and) (but) she says that women drivers (do not deserve) (are not worth) their bad reputation. Yet, on the road, she often (criticizes) (judges) other women drivers.The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！27胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究drives/driven/and/do not deserve/criticizes reputation [????????????????] n.名誉, 名声 judge [?????] n.法官, 审判员, 裁判员, 鉴赏家, 鉴定人, (J-)最高的审判者 vt.审理, 鉴定, 判断, 判决, 断定, 认为 vi.下判断, 作评价 【Key structures】 Wht has happened? 现在完成时 与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before(now)，so far，up to/till now，just，already，now， ever，never，since 和 for 等，since 一般与一个时间点连用，for 一般与时间段连用。 【Special Difficulties】 关系从句及关系代词 关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。关系从句可分为 限定性关系从句（不带逗号）和非限定性关系从句（带逗号） 。 表示人的关系代词：who，whom，that，whose（口语中 whom 经常由 who 代替） 表示事物和动物的关系代词：which，that 关系代词可以有四个概念 : ① 代人的, 做主语或宾语 who，只做宾语的 whom ② 代物的, 做主语或宾语 which ③ 代人的也可以代物的 做主语或宾语 that ④ whose 其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分决定(不一定指人) 关系代词后面要加从句，先行词放在定语从句前面, 而且是两句话共同含有的词, 还是被定语从句修 饰的词 I have a book that/which he likes.( “book” 为先行词 “that/which” 为关系代词) 关系代词有两个功能 : 一是承上, 一是启下(如上句中的 “book” 作从句的宾语) The boy who is standing at the door is my brother. I can do anything that I can do. 我愿意做我力所能及的事情来帮助你 The boat whose name is... I have a house whose windows are broken. 我有一个房子, 房子的窗户都破了. 关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以。 The millionaire whose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kink father. whose 后面一定要加一个名词, 然后这个部分共同做主语或宾语 The boy whose sister is standing at the door is my brother. 妹妹站在门口的男孩是我弟弟 The pilot whose plane landed in a field was not hurt. 把飞机降落在田里的飞行员没有受伤 He is the right person I am looking for. Exersise(在需要的地方填上 who, which, that 或 whose) 1 The only games ______ I play are football and tennis. 不填 （如果要填只能是 that, 在从句中作宾语可省略） 先行词如果用 only, 序数词, 形容词最高级修饰, 其后边的关系词只用 that 4 This is the hotel at ______ we are staying. which 句中的 “at” 原来在 “staying” 的后边 介词后加物的话, 只加 which,加人的话, 用 whom, 都不可用 that,who 也不能The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 28胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究She is the girl who/whom/that I stayed with. (句中 “who/whom/that” 可省略) She is the girl with whom I stayed. That is the house in which I live. 6 That is the horse ______ won the race. which 选 which , 不能用 that，句子中用词避免重复, 句首已有了一个 “that” , 故选 “which” 而不 是 “that” Who is the man that is helping you? 谁是那个正在帮助你的人?（不用“who”避免重复） 7 He is the sort of person ______ everyone admires. 不填 person 是先行词, 在从句中做宾语Lesson 29Taxi!【Composition】 The plane (not only) (neither) (flew) (threw) close to the river, (but) (or) also flew under a bridge. (Then) (However) it (climbed) (ran) into the air. The people on the bridge (waved) (shook) to the pilot (and) (yet) he did not (notice) (look after) them. not only，flew，but，Then，climbed(ran 也对, 但没有 climb 表达更确切)，waved，yet，notice 【Key structures】 一般过去时和现在完成时 一般过去时往往强调动作本身，而现在完成时则表示始于过去并持续到现在的动作或表示过去不确定 的时间发生过的并与现在有某种联系的动作。 I hope you washed them before you ate them. Up till now, I have never been abroad before. 【Special Difficulties】 Refuse and Deny refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 I offered to pay him for his help but he refused (payment). deny doing sth. / deny that +从句 否认（指控、做过某事等） The secretary denies that she has stolen the letter. 当 refuse 作为及物/不及物动词表示“拒绝接受”时，不可与 deny 混用；当 refuse 作为及物动词表 示“拒绝给予、拒绝要求”时，它与 deny 可以互相替换。 All those not holding tickets will be refused /denied entry. 无票者不得入内。 Bring，Take 与 Fetch bring v. 从某处将某物“带来” ，离说话人越来越近 He brought the book with him when he came to see me. take v. 拿走，离说话人越来越远 He took the book with him when he left. fetch v. 去某地将某物“取来” ，是个双程动作，去了再来(双向动作) Please fetch me a glass of water. Very and TooThe world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 29胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究very adv. 很，非常（very 描述状况，不涉及后果） I arrived very late but I caught the train. too adv. 太，过于（too 表示“太??” ，以至于引起某种后果） I arrived too late and I missed the train.Lesson 30Football or polo?【Composition】 The wind(threw)(blew)his hat into the river. He(put)(took)out his hand (and) (but)tried to (reach)(catch)it(so)(but) he could not(so) (but) he(jumped) (fell) into the river(and)(but) got it. blew 吹 ，take out 拿出（put out 扑灭） and，reach 够得着（catch 接住 抓住） but，so， ， ， jump 自己跳 (fall 掉进去)，and 【Summary writing 】 4.The man in the boat neither saw the ball nor heard people shouting. 6.However,the man was not angry and he threw the ball back to the bank. but 连接两个句子, 中间可用逗号隔开；however 只是副词, 只表示意思上得转折, 它可以放在句首也 可以放在句中, 只是用一个逗号把它和其他的词隔开就可以 【Key structures】 The, Some and Any some 不用于否定句，any 通常用于否定句和疑问句，some 在表示邀请的语气中或在疑问句中如果所期 望的回答是肯定的，可以取代 any Do you want some? / Would you want something? Do you want any drink? 你想要喝点什么吗?(不愿意给别人喝) Would you want some to drink? 在姓名、地名、国名（非复合词）前面通常不加任何冠词。但在特指的海洋、河流、山脉以及部分复 合词形式的国名前，一定要用定冠词 the；在表示世界上独一无二的东西时，通常要加定冠词 the. It can get very rough in the Mediterranean. 地中海中可能会非常不平静. Many great cities are built on rivers. Paris is on the Seine, London is on the Thames and Rome is on the Tiber. 许多大城市都建在河岸上. 巴黎在塞纳河上, 伦敦在泰晤士河上, 罗马在第伯尔河上. I know a man who has been on climbing expeditions in many parts of the world. He has climbed in the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Rocky Mountains. 我认识一个参加过世界各地登山探险的人. 他曾攀登过阿尔卑斯山、喜马拉雅山和洛矶山. 在 such 后面用 a/an，可以起强调作用 I’ve never seen such a strong wind before. Exercises D (在必要的地方填上冠词 a 或 the) 1 ______ refrigerators are necessary in ______ hot countries. 2 Which river is ______ longest, ______ Nile, ______ Amazon, or ______ Mississippi? 3 Heyerdahl crossed ______ Pacific on ______ raft. 4 Why is ______ Britain sometimes called ______ United Kingdom? 5 We sailed up ______ Red Sea and then went through ______ Suez Canal. 1.不填The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 30胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究in hot countries: 指的是炎热的那类国家, 故不用 the 2. the，the，the，the Nile 尼罗河 ； Amazon 亚马逊河 ； Missisippi 密西西比河 3.the，a the Atlantic 大西洋 raft n. 木筏子（如用 by，则不用加任何修饰 by raft，用“on，in”一般都要加“the，a/an” ， 这里指的是这一类，没特指，故加“a” ） 4. \，the 如果以单个的词作为国家, 基本上不加 the,比方说 China,America,Britain,一旦这个词成为缩略形 式, 前面就要加 the，如：the USA 5.the，the 横渡海峡用“across” ；和运河相连介词用 through，不用 “across”Lesson 31【Key structures】Success story过去进行时与一般过去时 过去进行时表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，和一般过去时经常在一个句子里使用。与 一般过去时相比，它更强调动作的持续性，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。在叙述故事时，过 去进行时往往用来表示背景。 When I was watering the garden, it began to rain. As I was getting on the bus, I slipped and hurt my foot. used to do used to do 表示过去有过但现在已不存在的习惯，以便将过去与现在形成对照。它后面经常用由 but now?，but not?any more/any longer 等构成的、用了一般现在时的句子以强调过去和现在的不同之处。 I used to smoke, but I don’t any more/longer. He used to be a postman a long time ago. He's a taxi driver now. 很久以前他曾是个邮递员, 现在他是个出租车司机. I have given up smoking. I used to smoke very heavily. 我已经戒烟了, 过去我吸烟很厉害. I used to collect stamps when I was a boy. 当我还是个小男孩时, 我常搜集邮票. used to 仅用于一般过去。它的疑问句和否定句形式可以不用助动词 do 而用 used 本身。 Used he to smoke? He usedn’t /used not to smoke. 但比较常用的形式是 did 和 didn’t Did he use to smoke? He didn’t use to smoke. 在针对 used to 提问时，一般也用 did： I used to be a good swimmer. Did you really? I didn’t even know you could swim. 【Special Difficulties】 Experience ① n. 经历(可数名词) He told me about his experiences as a young man.The world is the best class, experience is the best teacher. 世界是最好的教室，经验是最好的老师！ 31胡靓婧笔记要点新概念二册翻印必究② n. 经验(不可数名词) They want someone with a lot of experience for this job. Does she have any experience in teaching? ③ vt. 经验，体验 The village has experienced great changes since 1980. experienc}