LT Unlimited: Mac
I'm working on my Mac today, which means you get a Mac tip!
You might remember that when we first released AutoCAD LT for Mac, it was available only on the Mac App store.
With the 2013 release, though, you have choices. You can still get AutoCAD LT for Mac on the App Store, OR you can buy a license from your favorite local or online reseller. The serial number accompanying this purchase can be used to activate AutoCAD LT 2013 on a Windows machine or a Mac (or on a Mac running Windows...the possibilities are endless).
So what's the difference between the App Store version and the serialized version? Feature-wise, absolutely nothing. On the logistics side, there are a couple of differences. The App Store version of AutoCAD LT cannot be upgraded or put on Subscription. (It can, however, be used on multiple machines with the same Apple ID per Apple's license agreement.) In the serialized version, you'll also see a Subscription item in the Menu Bar.
This provides direct links to the Subscription Center, support reuqests, and downloads -- all accessibile if you have a subscription.
I hope that helps clear up any questions you might have had about the two purchase options.
Today's tip is for all my Mac users out there, and it's about helping you get up to speed on this newly-supported platform.
The main thing that makes the Mac version of AutoCAD LT unique is that it looks like a Mac program. (That, and multi-touch gestures.) There's no ribbon on the Mac, the toolbars are a little different, the menu is more or less the same...but how are you supposed to find anything?
With Dynamic Help.
This handy feature, found in many Mac programs, is sort of like AutoComplete for the Help file. Just type in the first few letters of what you're looking for, and AutoCAD LT gives you a list of menu items that match those characters. Hover over an item in the list to see its location. Then you can either select the item straight from the Help window, or navigate to it yourself.
Note that if you're looking for help on using a command, not just finding it, you'll need to actually launch the Help file first.
I was planning on putting up the next Sheet Set Manager video today, but my hard drive died yesterday morning and I won't be able to retrieve my backups until tomorrow. :-( But hey, at least I have backups!
Since the (temporary) loss of my PC means I'm working on my Mac this week, I thought I'd fill in with a post on my trip last week, where I had the pleasure of meeting with several of our channel partners and presenting at a few customer events on AutoCAD for Mac.
The first pair of events was in Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, put on by CADKoop and iFactors.
They had a great crowd, very interested in AutoCAD for Mac and AutoCAD WS. They were also kind enough to let me present in English. :-)
The technical demo in Rotterdam was handled by Harold Weistra, an author and trainer. Although his presentation was in Dutch, a lot of AutoCAD terms are close to or the same as their English equivalents, so I had fun following along. Harold also gave me a copy of his latest book:
If you speak Dutch (or just like collecting AutoCAD things in different languages), you can find more info about it on Harold's website: http://www.caddesign.nl
CADkoop also had one of the best giveaways I've seen in a while:
Notice anything funny about it? No? How about now:
Oops, I broke it!
Yep, it's a chocolate iPad. The text translates as &This appetizing iPad brought to you by CADkoop and iFactorsPro.& Very clever, and I think much appreciated by the attendees.
The third event I attended was in Antwerp, with our partner Switch. Here's my colleague Runar giving the Autodesk overview.
It was great to see the interest in the new features in AutoCAD 2012 for Mac, and of course AutoCAD WS was a big hit too. (The real-time collaboration demo always gets some oohs and aahs.)
All in all, it was a busy week but extremely valuable. Feedback from users is always great to have.
And it's good to be home again...but I hope my new hard drive shows up soon!
We’re trying a lot of new things for AutoCAD LT for Mac – new purchasing options, new licensing options, new user interface…new support system.
In addition to the traditional in-product help, and the discussion forums, we’ve launched a new community site as well, where you can post questions, ideas, problems, etc. and get responses from other AutoCAD LT users and Autodesk personnel.
The address is , and while it’s currently focused around the Mac platform, you can still check it out if you’re using AutoCAD LT on Windows, and let us know if you might like to see something similar for both platforms in the future.
You asked, we answered: AutoCAD LT 2012 for Mac is now available for purchase on the Mac App Store.
What does it look like?
AutoCAD LT for Mac looks a lot like AutoCAD for Mac, and a lot like AutoCAD LT.
The drawing window is essentially the same whether you're on Windows or Mac, as is the status bar. The Windows ribbon is replaced with the Apple Menu Bar and Toolsets. There are three Toolsets included: Getting Started, Drafting, and Annotation. You can also create your own through the CUI command.
You may also notice that the command line is turned off by default. Don't worry, it's not gone -- it's just in the Window menu (or accessed by ?3), along with Layers (?4) and Properties (?5).
How is AutoCAD LT for Mac similar to AutoCAD LT?
In essence, these two programs are the same. They both provide the drafting & detailing tools you need to create your professional design documents. Annotation scaling, external reference editing, associative array, command auto-complete, Delete Duplicate Objects -- all these features work exactly the same on both operating systems, not to mention the classic create/modify/annotate tools.
How about the differences between AutoCAD LT for Mac and AutoCAD LT?
We tried to make the two programs as similar as possible, but the differences between the Windows and OS X platforms mean they aren't identical. As you see in the image above, the user interface is a little different, but not so odd that you won't be able to find commands. Plus, there's always the Help search to show you where commands are in the Menu bar. (A feature that would be nice to have on Windows!)
A few features from the Windows side haven't made the leap to Mac yet, for a variety of reasons. PDF Underlay, Sheet Set Manager, and dynamic block creation are we're working on a document that will give more information on the specific feature sets.
There are also a few features that only work on the Mac side. These include multitouch gestures like the two-finger pinch for zooming and the two-finger swipe for panning, the Quick View palette, and the Content palette. These last two have counterparts in Windows (Quick View Layouts/Drawings and Design Center/Content Explorer), but are their own features.
Other than that, many of the differences are cosmetic. The Options and CUI dialog are both set up differently on the Mac, but function in essentially the same way. PICKADD is set to 0 by default, but if you've read this blog for a while you know how to change that if you want to.
What are the differences between AutoCAD LT for Mac and AutoCAD for Mac?
Here's the . The short version is that if it wasn't available in AutoCAD LT before, it isn't now either. That means LISP/VBA/etc., 3D modeling, network licensing, and creation of parametric elements.
Does AutoCAD LT for Mac use the same DWG files as AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT?
You bet! We knew that this wouldn't be any good to you if you couldn't easily share files with others, so once a DWG file has been created, you can't tell by looking at it whether it came from AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT or from a Windows PC or a Mac. (Okay, if the DWG has 3D elements, you get a hint about part of where it came from.)
What are the system requirements?
They're in the
(page 3). Lion and Snow Leopard (10.6.4) are both supported, and although the last few years of Mac products are supported, to be honest you'll be better off with newer hardware like a MacBook Pro 6,1 or later or an iMac 11,1 or later.
How do I try/buy AutoCAD LT for Mac?
AutoCAD LT 2012 for Mac is currently available for $899.99 in the
for users in the US and Canada only. (Notice this is not the same App Store where you get things for your iPad or iPhone -- although AutoCAD WS is available there for free.) If you'd like to be notified when AutoCAD LT for Mac is available in your country, sign up .
Due to the restrictions of the App Store, we are not currently able to offer a trial version of AutoCAD LT 2012 for Mac. If you want to try before you buy (understandable), I'd go get the 30-day free version of AutoCAD for Mac, then make sure you fully read the comparison matrix before you go get AutoCAD LT.
If you’ve been holding your breath waiting for the day when you can run AutoCAD natively on a Mac machine, get ready to breathe again. (You know I’m speaking metaphorically here, right? Good. Six weeks is a long time to go without breathing, and that’s only if you’ve been waiting since we made our announcement…anyway, back on track…)
is now available for trial and purchase from a variety of resellers, online retailers, and at . It’s also available for free to current full-time students through the Autodesk .
So grab your Mac, download the trial, and check it out!
So, when you have a
that works on the iPad…it helps to have an iPad.
Mine arrived this morning, and while I’m still getting used to the navigation and settings (and finding apps to put on it), overall I’m very impressed with its ease of use.
The very first app I put on it was AutoCAD WS…it’s really more fun than it should be to draft with your fingers instead of a mouse. (If you really needed proof that I’m a dork, that should do it.)
That’s about all I have time for today (sadly I *do* have other things to do), but look for a more comprehensive review later…
Do either of the following scenarios sound familiar?
You’re out in the field, trying to add some notes to your drawing to document an as-built condition, and you think, “It’d be really nice if the team at the office could see this now.”
You’re on the phone with a colleague or client, trying to explain something about one of your drawings, and they’re just not understanding. You’re thinking,“Gosh, it’d be great if I could just show them what I mean.”
You’ve been there? Me too. And today is your lucky day! That’s because with the launch of , you can now put your drawings in the cloud so you have access to them wherever you go. Once your drawing is in AutoCAD WS, you can make basic edits to the drawing and add markups that are saved right in the file. They’re only shared if you want them to be, so it’s up to you who else can see them (if anybody). You can either work on the drawing and then send the comments to somebody else after the fact, or you can work collaboratively with one or more people at the same time. Way cool. (Although when you try it, remember that everybody sees the same thing all the time. So if you want to pan or zoom, make sure you’re not interrupting somebody else’s work when you do it.
and I got in a bit of a tug-of-was yesterday when I didn’t realize what was going on…oops.) Here’s what AutoCAD WS looks like on the web, in your browser of choice:
You’ll see a lot of your favorite AutoCAD functions here—despite the fact that it’s a simplified web editor, there are over 100 commands available. If you have an iOS device—an iPhone, an iPad, or an iPod Touch, go get AutoCAD WS Mobile from the iTunes App Store. The mobile version is more scaled back than the web version, but still amazingly functional.
So, how do you get AutoCAD WS?
For your browser, just visit . Either create a new account, or use the one you already have for the discussion forums or some of our other communities. AutoCAD WS is part of the Autodesk Single Sign-On, so if you already have an account with us, try that one before you create a new one.
For your iPad/iPhone/iPod, fire up iTunes and search for AutoCAD WS.
Notice the little price bubble? That’s right, it’s FREE! Free is good. And now that you’ve got AutoCAD WS, how do you get your drawings in there? Again, there are two ways. You can either upload drawings from the web version, or go grab the brand new plug-in available for AutoCAD LT 2011 (English). Find it at .
This plug-in adds a tab to your ribbon with all the tools for uploading and sharing. Anybody can use it—you don’t have to be on subscription.
Pretty neat, don’t you think? Will this help you in your day-to-day work? (Maybe it’ll even help convince the boss that you need an iPad?)
You’ve probably heard the rumors, and today they’re rumors no more: AutoCAD has returned to the Mac.
You’ve been able to run “AutoCAD on a Mac” for a while with Parallels and Bootcamp, but
will run natively on Mac OS X. And this wasn’t just porting the code over—it was a complete rewrite to make it a true Mac product. The result is the AutoCAD you know and love (complete with LISP, parametrics, surfaces, solids, meshes, rendering, etc.) with the addition of Mac features like Cover Flow, Multi-Touch gestures, Magic Mouse, and Magic Trackpad. Files are still the genuine DWG format, so you can easily collaborate with AutoCAD users on Windows or Mac.
AutoCAD for Mac won’t be shipping until later this fall, but it’ll be available for pre-order from some of our partners soon. For more details on the product and purchase options, visit .
Also announced today is AutoCAD WS for the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch. Previously known as Project Butterfly, AutoCAD WS lets you share and edit AutoCAD files from your mobile device. Look for it soon on the Apple App Store.
Shaan Hurley has a
on AutoCAD for Mac, and I’m sure by the end of the day you’ll have enough reading material to keep you busy until the product ships. Okay, maybe a slight exaggeration, but this is big news! We’re excited – are you?您所在位置： &
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第一讲　主语＋谓语（不及物动词） ――主谓型目标：１了解单词词性与句子成分的关系；２知道什么是主语、谓语和状语，它们分别由什么词类充当；３掌握“主语＋谓语”的句型，会划分此句型的句子成分，会运用此句型来翻译、造句；４掌握“there be”的句型。本讲要用到的生词(74)：（注：第二部分单词表中的不规则动词过去式和过去分词暂时可以不背）month[mnθ]n.月talkvi.谈话football['futb?:l]n.足球jumpvi.跳class[a:]n.班；课dance[da:s]vi.跳舞in class在课堂上listen['lis?n]vi.听office['?fis]n.办公室walkvi.走，步行playground['pleigraund]n.操场sitvi.坐floor[?:]n.地板come[km]来housen.房子come back回来minute['minit]n.分钟get up起床river['riv?]n.河流there be[e? bi:]有season['si:zn]n.季节from…to…从……到……family['f?mli]n.家庭No.['nmb?]第……streetn.街道with[wie ]prep.和…一起second['sek?nd]n.秒;num.第二atprep.在(某时刻)year[ji?]n.年behind[bi:'haind]prep.在…后面last year[la:st ji?]去年inprep.在…里面walln.墙壁beside[bi:'said]prep.在…旁边dayn.日，天in front of[frnt]prep.在…前面sunn.太阳onprep.在…上面classmate['kla:smeit]n.同学under['nd?]prep.在…下面picture['pikt?]n.图画after['aft?]prep.在…之后hourn.小时fastadj.&adv.快canmod.v.能,会happy['h?pi]adj.高兴的mustmod.v必须slowadj.慢的singv.唱歌softadj.柔软的fallv.落下middle['midl]adj.中间的wakev.醒vt.叫醒quietly['kwai?tli]adv.安静地wake up醒来highadv.高swimv.游泳happily['h?pili]adv.高兴地drawvi.&vt.画画welladv.好study['stdi]vi.&vt.学习very['veri]adv.很arrive[?'raiv]vi.到达often['?fn]adv.经常live[liv]vi.居住slowly['sl?uli]adv.慢地leave[li:v]vi.离开hardadv.努力runvi.跑usually['ju:?u?li]adv.通常rise(rose,risen)(['rizn])vi.上升carefully['k?fuli]adv.注意地speakvi.说话always['?:lweiz]adv.总是一　单词词类与句子成分英语单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征分为十大类：词类英语缩写作用例词实词名词n.表示人和事物的名称Bill Gates, boy, kite, 代词pron.代替名词数词等I, my, that, many动词v.表示动作或状态come, run, live形容词a./adj.表示人或事物的特征big, red, clever副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征，修饰动词形容词或其它副词very, badly, suddenly数词num.表示数目或顺序one, first虚词冠词art.用在名词前，帮助说明其意义a, an, the介词prep.用在名词、代词等前面，说明它与别的词之间的关系at, from, for连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句and, or, if感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气Oh, aha, ouch单词词类和句子成分是紧密相关的。知道一个单词的词性，有助于把它正确地运用在句子中；反过来，我们也能够根据句子成分判断一个词的词性，因而记住句子可以帮助我们记住单词的词性。在阅读理解中猜生词时，一般先根据句子结构判断生词词性，进而猜出它的大概意思。值得注意的是，同一个词可充当多种词类。英语句子成分有：主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、表语、定语和状语。每个英语句子必须有主语和谓语（省略的除外），故主语和谓语属于主要成分；宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、表语是某些特定句型才有的成分；而句子中可以没有定语或状语，也可以有一个或多个定语或状语，故定语或状语属于附加成分。见下表： 句子成分意义主要由什么充当
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高中英语语法 学习提纲 时态 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连 词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如： boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、 形容词(adj..)： 表示人或事物的性质或特征。 good, right, 如： white, orange . 4、 数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。 如： one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地 点、 程度等。 now, very, here, often, quietly, 如： slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的 关系。如 in, on, from, above, behind. 9、 连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、 短语或句子。 and, but, before . 如 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定 语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么” 。 通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林 小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)” 。主要由 动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每 天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么” 或者“怎么样” 。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。 如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么” 。通常 由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼 这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的 叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。 间接宾语一般放在直接宾 语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接 宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。 如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如： He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或 动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学 法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、 代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。 如： Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪 里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground 等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④ 形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥C Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日 的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full →fully, good→well, possible→possibly 等等。 3、转换法： (1)形容词→动词,如： dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的) →clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。 (2)动词→名词,如： look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk 等等。 (3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等 等。 (4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast 等等。 (5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。 (6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在… 上)→(进行,继续),等等。 二、名词： 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类： 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用 名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。 如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人 民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词 the。如：the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含 义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 ▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如： water, news, oil, population, information . 2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形 式。 1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下： ①在单数名词词尾加 s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch 结尾的词加 es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches. [注]：少数以 o 结尾的词,变复数时只加 s。如：photo→ photos, piano→pianos. ③以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i,再加 es。如：family →families, city→cities, party→parties. ④以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变 f 或 fe 为 v,再加 es。如：shelf→ shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives. 2、不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→ sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量 名词。 a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper 如： →three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk. 3、名词所有格： 1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定 语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下： (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如： Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书) (2)以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节) (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名 词,也可在词尾加’s. 如： today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分 钟的课间休息),China’s population(中国的人口). (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介 词 of 短语来表示所有关系。如： a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿). 2、[注解]： ① ‘s 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如： aunt’s(我阿 my 姨家), the doctor’s(诊所) ② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) ③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如： a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) 4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题： 1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单 数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发 明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 2、集体名词(如 family, class, team, group, row, police, school 等)做句子主语时, ① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) ② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如： Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图) 3、 Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people 等表示单个时谓语用 单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) 4、maths, news 等虽然有 s 结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单 数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 5、 glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves 等名词往往用复数形 式,故谓语用复数。如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to takethem.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6、 lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓 a 语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作 上)(被动句) 7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名 词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘 苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条 是一种出名的食品) 8、 there be 句型中 be 的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如： There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一 张桌子和四张椅子) 9、 both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。 用 如： Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和 我明天要求都来) 10、主语中含有 with 的短语时,谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物 决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当 时)就站在路边) 11、 either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时, 谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是 你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、 表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用 单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个 短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) 13、主语中含有 half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the …. 等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染 了)(被动句) 但是,population 一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿 拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复 数) 5、部分名词用法辨析： 1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport 通常指“户 外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game 意思是“运动、比 赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动； match 意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race 主要表示 “赛跑、 赛马、 赛车”如： 。 People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008 奥运会将在北京举 行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划 艇比赛) 2、festival、holiday、vacation 的区别：festival“节日”,指喜 庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息 日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期； vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如： The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不 工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？) 3、journey、tour、trip、travel 的区别：journey 指在陆地上(或 海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思； tour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来 指观光等； 通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等； triptravel 多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明 确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主 意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行 观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣 地亚哥了吗？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的) 4、sound、noise、voice 的区别：sound 指各种声音；noise 主要指“噪音” ；voice 指人的“嗓音” 。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让 我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓 音) 5、 的问题： fish 指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fish,单复数相同； fishes 指许多种类的鱼； fish 指 “鱼肉” 时是不可数名词。 如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里 有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜 欢鱼) 三、代词： 1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身 代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代 词等等。 2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两 种形式。 第 三 人 称 单 数 第一 第二 第一人 第二人 阳性 阴 性 中 性 人称 人称 第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 复数 复数 主 I you he she it we you they(他们, 她们,它 们) 宾 me you him her it us you them 格 (我) (你) (他) (她) (她) (我 (你 (他们, 们) 们) 她们,它 们) 1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？) / Where have they gone?(他 们上哪儿去了？) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他！ ) 2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我们常 给他写信) 3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词 than 或 as 之 后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用 宾格。如：--Who is it?(是谁？) CIt’s I/me.(是我。) 4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照 “you→he→I”的顺序表达。如： Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我 和他都在那家电脑公司上班) CWho will go there?(谁要 去那儿？) CYou and me.(你和我) 5、 人称代词 it 除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、 天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人 称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或 者名词性从句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今 天天气怎样？)―It’s fine.(天气晴好) / --What’s the time?(几点啦？) CIt’s 12：00.(12 点) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太 空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign 格(我)(你) (他)(她)(它)(我 们)(你 们)language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的) 3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性 两种。 第 三 人 称 单 数 第一 第二 第一人 第二人 阳性 阴性 中性 人称 人称 第三人称复数 复 称单数 称单数 复数 数 形容 my your his her its our your their (他们的, 词性 (我 (你的) (他 (她 (它 (我们 (你们 她们的,它们 的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 名词 min Yours his hers its ours your theirs(他们 性 e (你的) (他 (她 (她 (我们 s 的,她们的,它 (你们 们的) (我 的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟 名词。如： Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书) 2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系, 在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不 可以跟名词。如： This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的 在哪儿？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小) 3、 “of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在 名词的后面。如： A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋 友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。) [试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友 昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。) 4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动 作与宾语有关。 反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是：通过反身代词指代主语，使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自 己。因此，反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在 人称、性、数上保持一致。 第一人 第二人 第 三 人 称 单 数 第一人 第二人 第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 阳 性 阴 性 中 性 称复数 称复数 myself yours himse hersel itself ourselv yoursel themse (我自己 elf lf f (它自 es ves lves (他 (你自 (他自 (她自 己) (我们自 (你们自 们/她们 己) 己) 己) 己) 己) /它们自 己) 1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动 作执行者本身)。如： Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不 要玩刀子,那会割伤你的) 2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语 气)。如： The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事 本身是好的,只是他没有讲好) 6、 指示代词： 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、 以前或者现在的人或事物。 复数 单数 this(这个) these(这 些) that(那个) those(那 些) such (这样的人/物) same (同样的人/物) 含义 指较近的人和物指较远的人和物指上文提过的人和物 指和上文提过的相同的人和 物 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么 it (这人/这物) 时 指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、 宾语或表语,也可以 作定语修饰名词。如： What’s this?(这是什么？) / That model plane is made ofplastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) / Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ ---Who is it?(是谁？) ---It’s me!(是我！) 6、关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的 定语从句。 1、关系代词 who 、which、 that 、whom 等,将定语从句 和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担 任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。 如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的) 2、 关系代词 who / whom 指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省 略。如： Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你认 识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗？) 3、 关系代词 which 指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。 如： Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗？) 4、关系代词 that 既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有 时省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了 吗？) 7、连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接 词称连接代词。 英语中连接代词主要有：what(什 么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪个),whose(谁的)。详见相 应从句。 8、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。 复合不 the each either, 单数 other, 定代词 / (every one neithe so so no / 含义 anothe ) r me non r any e 不可数 muc little, all / / / / / 含义 h a littleothers, the others ※ 注：复合不定代词有 12 个：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything (任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没 事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). (1)some 和 any 的用法： some 一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”“一些”“某个” 、 、 作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那 儿) some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。 如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖 的咖啡吗？) any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”“任 、 何一个” ,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。 如： They didn’t have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问 吗？) any 用于肯定句时,意思是 “任何的” Come here with any 。 friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。) (2)no 和 none 的用法： no 是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是 “没有” ,修饰可数名词 (单数或复数)或不可数名词。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) / They had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借) none 只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、 宾语和表语,意思是 “没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室 里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很 复数 含义 man few, y a few one both s多的书,但没有一本是有趣的) (3)all 和 both 的用法： all 指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名 词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。 both 指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all 和 both 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里 四个英国学生我全认识) / --Would you like this one or that one? CBoth.(你要这个还是那个？两个都要。) all 和 both 既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独 立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式, 其中的 of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都调皮) (4)every 和 each 用法： every 是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是 “每一个” , 表示整体概念； each 是形容词、 代词,可用作主语、 宾语、 定语等,意思是 “每 个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念；each 可以放在名词 前,可以后跟 of 短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be 动 词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前 every 和 each 都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的 代词(如 he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如 they/them/their)替代。 Every one of the students in 如： his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很 用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either 和 neither 的用法： either 意思是“两个中间的任何一个” ；neither 是 either 的 否定形式,意思是“两个都不” 。 neither 和 either 在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作 单数。 I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of 如： the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个 都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? CNeither. I will go there by train.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去？一个都不坐,我坐火车去。) (6)other、the other 和 another 的用法： other 意思是“另一”“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可 、 作主语、宾语和定语。another 意思是“另外”“又一 、 个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如： Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹 果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经 吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？) / I want another four books.(我还要四本书) another(另外的,再一,又一)与 the other(另外的一个) 主要 从数量上区分,只有两个时用 the other,在原先基础上增 加用 another。 如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢？) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已经吃 了 4 块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。) others 与 the others 的主要区别：others 指“剩余的人/物” (指大部分)；the others 指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。 如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观 看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人 都围着他们坐着。) (7)many 和 much 的用法： many 意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much 意思是 “很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、 宾语和定语等。如：I don’t have many friends here.(在 这里我没有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学 到很多) many 和 much 一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用 a lot of 或 者 many / much 用于肯定句时可以在前面加上 so、very 或 too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground.(操场上有许多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他们没有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太 多了。) (8)few、little、a few、a little 的用法： few、 little 意思是 “很少几个” 、 “几乎没有” ,有否定的意思,a few、 little 意思是 a “有几个” 、 “有些” ,有肯定的意思 ； few、a few 与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little 与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句 中可作主语、宾语和定语。如： He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有 什么钱。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(别 着急,还有一点儿时间呢。 / In that polar region there live ) few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果) (9)复合不定代词 somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody 等是由 some , any ,no ,every, 加上 body, thing 构成的,叫做复合不定 代词,在句子中当单数使用。 somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中； anything, anybody,anyone 一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件 状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。 如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽, 门外有人。 /Di(每个人)d you meet anyone when you came ) to school last Sunday?(上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人 了吗？)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多 少事情做) (10)one 与 ones 用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以 加冠词、 形容词、 指示代词、 which 等。 如： Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夹克,这件 还是那件？ / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜欢绿色 的那些) (11)so 可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如： I don’tthink so.(我认为不是这样的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。) (12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of 的区别：五个“名词+介词”短语都表 示“大量,许多”,a lot of(或 lots of)既可以修饰不可数名词 也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为 much 和 many；plenty of“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名 词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。 a number of / large numbers of 只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作 主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为 some、many、a lot of、 plenty of。 a great deal of 只可以修饰不可数名词(它修 饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为 much。 如：A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为 时间就是金钱。) / I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I ) have plenty of time.(我用不着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。 / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信 要写) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。) (13)none、no one、nobody 的区别：no one 和 nobody 都表 示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟 of 短语,作主语时谓语用 单数形式；none 表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指 物,后面可跟 of 短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。 如：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(没 有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作 文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那 天没有一个朋友来看我。) 9、相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。 each other ,one another 是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通 用。each other 表示两者之间,而 one anther 表示许多人之 间。 它们有所有格形式 each other’s ,one another’s。 如： We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困 境时要互相帮助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)10、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。 1、 who、 whom、 whose、 what、 which、 whoever、 whatever、 whichever 主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语 中也常用 who 代替 whom 作宾语,但在介词后则只能用 whom。如： Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀请 了谁参加你的生日聚会的？) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么？) 2、 who 和 whom 只能独立使用,其中 who 可以作句子的主语、 表语或动词的宾语,whom 只能作谓语动词的宾语；而 what、which、whose 等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和 宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如： Who is that man?(那男的是谁？) / What colour are their hats?(他们 的帽子是什么颜色？) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪辆车是德国造的？)(被动句) 注意这个提问：The man in the car is my father.(车里的男 人是我父亲) →Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你 的父亲？) 3、 which 除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物 的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、状况等进行提问。 如：People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄惨) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄惨？)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(为了 度假你预订了哪家旅馆？)―The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅馆) 4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数, 但是通常用单数； 如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。 如：Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游戏房里？) / What is that? (那是什么？)/ What are those? (那些是什 么？) / What colours do they have?(它们有哪些颜色？) 初一代词练习： 1.― Judy, is this _______ mobile phone or Helen’s?― It’s ________. A. your, mine you, my B. your, my C. you, mine D.四、数词： 1、分类：数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子 的主语、宾语、表语和定语。 2、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。 1、 英语中常用的基数词有： 1 one 20 twenty 2 two 23 twenty-three 3 thre 13 thirtee 30 thirty 4 e 14 n 40 forty 5 four 15 fourtee 50 fifty 35 thirty-five 60 sixty 6 five 16 n 17 fifteen 70 seventy 7 six 8 seve 18 sixteen 80 eighty 19 sevent 90 ninety 9 n een 10 one(a) 1 eigh eighte 0 hundred 10 one hundred 0 t en 1 and one 1 nine ninete 1 ten en 1 elev 2 en twel ve 1000→one(a) thousand,10000→ ten thousand,100000 →one hundred thousand ,1000000→one million,→ten million, →one hundred million, 108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred andforty-six, 500→five hundred , 1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen. 2、[注]：(1)百位与十位之间要加 and；十万位和万位,亿位和 千万位之间通常也要加 and。 (2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔 三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用 thousand, 倒数第二个逗号之前要用 million,倒数第三的逗号之 前要用 billion 表示。 (3) hundred、 thousand、 million 作数词时,不用复数, 前面可以加上 one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词时 复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有 of,前面可以加 上 some,many,several 等词。 five hundred(五百), 如： hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的) 3、序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 1、 英语的序数词基本变法： (1) 一般在基数词后加 th,(2)-ve 结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty 结尾 的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。 2、序数词如下：※ 21st twenty-first first 20th twentie 22nd twenty-secon ※ 13 thirtee 30th th 23rd d secon th nth 40th thirtiet twenty-third th th d 14 fourtee 50 h 35 th th ※ thirty-fifth nth 60 fortieth th third 15 fifteen 70 fiftieth th th fourt 80 sixtieth th th h 16 sixteen 90 seventi th t fifth th 100 eth h h sixth 17 sevent eightiet 101s t one hundred 11t seven th eenth h h th 18 eighte ninetiet and first t th h enth 12 eight h h 19 ninete one th ninth undred enth tenth th eleve nth twelft h 1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th →one millionth., 第 703→the seven hundred and third, 第 5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth. 3、注：(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部 分仍用基数词。如：thirty-sixth, (2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词 the. 如：I’m in the third grade. (3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如：1/5→ 2/3→ 4/7→ 1/2→ 1/4→ 3/4→ 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent). 4、数词的用法： 1、表示年份：2002: twen 1976 :1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10tnineteen seventy-six. 2、表示日期： 12 月 1 日: Dec.1st 或 the first of December； 2002 年 11 月 8 日: Nov. 8th, 2002. 3、表示时刻： 5：15→ five fifteen 或
8： 30→ eight thirty 或 10：45→ ten forty-five 或 a quarter to eleven. 4、表示编号：Room 105→Room one 0 Bus No.13→Bus Number T P.5→Page F Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine 5、小数的读法：5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six. 6、 “半”的表达： 1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5 小时 →one and a half hours 或 one hour and a half. 7、 序数词前面加 the 时,表示顺序,加 a/an 时表示 “再一、 又一” 。 如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗？) 五、冠词 1、冠词分类及读法： 英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用 来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词 the 读法： 单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之 前)； 不定冠词 a/an 的读法：单独念时读 [ei ]/[An ]；在 句子中常发 [[]/[[n]。 2、不定冠词 a / an 的用法： 不定冠词 a / an 用在单数名词的前面,a 用在辅音开头的词前 面; an 用在元音开头的词的前面。 不定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。 There 如： is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能 译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。) (2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。) (4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅 子。) (5) 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一 双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest 等)(休息)一会儿,等等。 3、定冠词 the 的用法：定冠词 the 用在可数名词的单数或复数 或不可数的名词前面。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克) (2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。) (3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。 如： There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗 伯特。) (4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。) (5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。 There will be strong wind to 如： the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大 风。) (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近) (7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。 如： began to play the violin at Hethe age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴) (8) 用在江河、 海洋、 山脉等名称的前面。 I have never been 如： to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山) (9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国) (10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山) (11)same 之前一般用 the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样) (12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 4、一些不用冠词的情况： (1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不 用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如： My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔 比你的昂贵多了) (3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在 1995 年二月十八日, 星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树) (4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如： Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明) (5) 三餐饭前不用。 We have breakfast at home and lunch 如： at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭) (6) 节、 假日前一般不用。 On Children’s Day the boys often 如： get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常 得到父母的礼物) (7) 球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球) (8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。 如： They are now atPeople’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院) (9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如：⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / ⑵ in / to / for / ⑶in / to / out of / ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / ⑸ at / ⑹ in / from / down / ⑺ at / ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/ ⑼ at night/noon/ ⑽ ⑾ go to school/ ⑿ ⒀ ⒁ on show/display/duty/ ⒂ in / ⒃ ⒄ on/ ⒅ at first/last/ ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of 六、形容词、副词： 1、形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。 1、形容词的句法作用：作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语 以及宾语补足语。 2、形容词在句子中的位置： ⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词 之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木 轮) ⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理) ⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。 We must try our best 如： to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们 的环境清洁) ⑷后置的情况： ①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故) ②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容 词后置。如：He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高 1.8 米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地 38 万公里)3、有关形容词的用法辨析： ⑴ whole 与 all：记住两个词序：① the whole + 名词； ② all (of) the + 名词。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词) ⑵ tall 与 high, short 与 low：指人的个子时用 tall 与 short； 指其他事物时一般用 high 与 low。如：He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上) ⑶ real 与 true： real 一般指东西的真假,译为 “真的” 而 true ； 则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为 “真实的” 如： 。 This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very expensive.(这是货真价实的 钻石,非常贵) / --Is that true?―Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗？ 是的,我亲耳所听) ⑷ interested 与 interesting 的区别：interesting 指人或东西 “有趣的” ,作定语或表语,而 interested 则表示人对别的事 物 “感兴趣的” ,只能作表语。 The man is very interesting 如： and all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢 他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) / I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣) ⑸ such 用法： such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that 从句)。如： I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有 见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远 也不会忘记) ⑹ good 与 well：表示“好”时,作定语或表语用 good,作状 语用 well；表示“(身体)好”时用 well.如：Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上) / --How are you?―I am very well.(你好吗？我很好。) ⑺ nice 与 fine：的区别：nice 表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、 人物外表等；fine 一般指身体或天气好。如：Let’s go andshare(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天气！) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体 不错) ⑻ too much 与 much too：too much 表示“太多的”,修饰 事物数量；much too 表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副 词。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱 了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了) ⑼ quick、fast 与 soon：quick 与 fast 基本同义,quick 往往 指反应速度快,fast 往往指运动速度快,而 soon 则表示时间 上很快即将发生。 After a quick breakfast, he hurried to 如： school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学 校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国) ⑽lonely 与 alone：lonely 是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是： “孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语；alone 的意思是： “独自 的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的 alone 可作 状语)。如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一 人独住,但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他 相处好实在不易) ⑾ other 与 else 的区别：两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不 同,other 放在名词前；else 修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、 much,后置,另外,or else 表示 “否则” ,是连词。 The other 如： students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解 出着道数学题？) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你还有什么要为自己说 的吗？ ⑿ special 与 especial 的区别：表示事件不同寻常、过分或特 殊时,两个词可互换,但 special 较为常用。另外,special 还可以表示特别的目的。如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装) / These are special chairs for small children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子) ⒀ gone、lost、missing 的区别：gone 表示“丢了,没了”, 含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补, 不可以作定语；lost 表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作 定语、表语或宾补；missing 表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调 某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如：My fever(高 烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然 咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于 找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了？) / For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们 的网站) ⒁ living、 alive、 live、 lively 的区别： 四个词都来源于动词 live “生活、居住” 。 living 读[‘liviN]有三个意思：①“活着的、现存的”,作表语 或定语,②“一模一样的、逼真的”,③相当于 lively,意思 是“强烈的、活泼的” ； live 读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为 living； alive 读[[‘laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名 词的后面； lively 读[‘laivli]有三个意思：①有生气的、活泼的、快活的, ②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、真实的。 例如：A living language should be learned orally(口头 上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你 能成功) / Is she still alive?(她还活着吗？) / They are the happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩 子) / This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) / A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛) ⒂ sick 与 ill 区别：sick 和 ill 都表示“生病的”,但是,sick 可 以做定语、表语,而 ill 只能做表语。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,现在 非常虚弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人 们的喜爱) ⒃ the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们)等用法： “the+形容词” 这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。 We must try our 如： best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有钱人哪知穷人 怎么过日子) 2、副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义 或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。 1、副词的分类：(见下表) 时 间 副 频度 地点/方 程度副 方式 疑问/连 词 副词 位副词 词 副词 接副词 today, here, very, well, how, once, tomorrow, there, too, yesterday, home, enough twice, hard, where, now, below, , then, early, alway anywhere rather, alone, when, late, s, , quite, once, soon, usuall above, how, so, fast, why, just, y, outside, tonight, in, inside, much, toget often, whether long, out, just, her, already, somet back, up, nearly, sudde however, yet, before, imes, down, only nly, etc. ago, later, away, off, almost, -ly 结 关系副词 never, ever since far, hardly, 尾 as long 的副 after, (seldo near, where, whenever m), nearby, as 等, 词其他副 词 too, also, nor, so, as, on,off, either, yes, no, not, neither maybe, perhap s,first, even, certainl ever, wherever why, how someday, all, y, sometime, everywhe a little, when, last, re, a bit 2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用： ⑴作状语： ① 时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、 before、later、yet 等一般放在句尾,already、just 一 般放在动词的前面。如：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷 路的孩子找到了回家的路) ② 频度副词：一般放在 be 动词之后或者助动词与主要 动词之间,但 sometimes、often 等还可以放在句首或 句尾,usually 可放在句首,once 可放在句尾,twice、 three times 等一般放在句尾。如：Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭) / Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次) ③ 方式副词： 一般放在行为动之后,suddenly 可以放在句 首、 句尾或动词之前。 如： Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走得 和年轻人一样快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一 丝亮光) ④ 地点副词：一般放在句尾,但 here、there 还可放在句 首。 There you can see thousands of bikes running 如： in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的 自行车朝各个方向流动) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返 回) ⑤ 程度副词：修饰动词时,放在动词之前；修饰形容词或⑥⑦⑧⑨副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough 总是 放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only 位置比较灵 活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。 如： nearly forgot all I about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告 诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不 能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上 了首班车) 疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句 首。如：When and where were you born?(你何时何 地出生？)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上？)/ How do you do?(你好！) 连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句, 在从句中作状语。 How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都 害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事) 关系副词：用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如： This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(这就是 张先生曾经住过的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(请告诉我你的英语 是怎样学得这么好的方法) 其它副词：too“也”,用在句尾；also 放在动词前； either “也不”,放在句尾；nor“也不”,放在句首；so “如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前；on/off“开/关” 放在动词之后；not 放在 be 之后、助动词之后、不定 式或动名词之前； maybe/perhaps 放在句首； certainly 放在句首或动词之前。如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫博物院,我 也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里) / --Tomdoesn’t have a computer. CNor do I.(汤姆没有计算机, 我也没有。) (2)作表语： 地点副词一般可以作表语,放在 be 等连系动词之 后,说明人物所处的位置。 I’m very sorry he isn’t in 如： at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离 开家乡有将近 20 年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在 那边) (3)作定语：时间副词(如 now、then)以及许多地点副词都可 以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(现在 的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世纪 20 年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子) (4)作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如： Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开！ 它们在散发着臭 气。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父 亲把他关在家里做作业) [注意] “动词+副词” 的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在 代词之后。如：He wrote down the word.(他写下了 那个词。)→He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。) 3、有关副词的重要注释： ⑴ as…as…常构成一些词组：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能…… 地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。 Miss Gao hurried to )/ the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶 到了校门口。) [注释] “as long / much as + 名词”可以表示“长达/多 达…”的含义。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达 50 万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们 呆在山洞里长达两周。)⑵ later、after、ago、before 的用法：①“一段时间 +later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于过去 时态。②“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻 之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。③ago 与 before：ago 只能用于过去时,before 用于完成时。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个 男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你从前到过那儿吗？)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。) ⑶ above、 below、 over、 under 的用法： 在上下方用 above 和 below,在高低处用 over 和 under.如： stars are high The above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。) 当 above、below、over、under 是介词性质时,意义相似。 ⑷ too、also、either、nor 的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定 句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；also(“也”)用于肯定 句句子谓语动词之前；either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也 用逗号隔开；nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首；如：Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗？)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我 也没有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你 还可以发觉那个市场很好。) ⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much 的用法： enough (“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后； “太” too( )、 very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在 形容词或副词之前,very much(“非常”)放在动词之后。 如：It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非 常贵/相当贵。)/ I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜 欢糖果) [注意] very 与 much 的区别：very 修饰形容词、副词的 原级和现在分词形容词,much 修饰形容词和副词的比较 级；much 还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very 不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭 了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好 学校)/ I don’t like him much.(我不太喜欢他) ⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time 的用法： sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、sometime(在 将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、 some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。 Sometimes they 如： go hiking in the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里 去)/ I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候 的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见 见你的父亲。) ⑺ how、what 用于感叹句的用法：对句子中的形容词或副 词感叹时用 how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语) 进行感叹用 what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天 天气真好！) / How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难 呀！) ⑻ already、yet 的用法：在完成时中,already 一般用于肯定 句,yet 一般}