血缘性骨髓炎是什么引起的用什么抗生素好使

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【新朋友】点击标题下面蓝色字“骨科周讯”关注【老朋友】点击右上角“...”,转发或分享此文上期我们为大家讲述了慢性骨髓炎的治疗,本期介绍慢性骨髓炎的结果讨论与结论8.结果和讨论8.1动物研究自20世纪70年代起,对动物进行研究以便确定抗生素治疗骨髓炎(表1)的适当的持续时间。慢性骨髓炎的兔模型显示,克林霉素给药28天可以有效治疗骨感染,而采用青霉素和头孢菌素4周疗程难以达到充分治疗的效果。另一方面,这些单一抗生素研究与药物组合研究相矛盾,药物组合研究显示短于4周疗程的治疗获得成功。一项有关兔子的研究显示,和单独服用利福平或与其它抗生素结合治疗由葡萄球菌引起的骨髓炎相比,采用利福平、西索米星和头孢菌素结合治疗获得的骨培养阳性率较低。此外,根据7天、14天、28天的治疗获得的骨培养阳性率较低。值得一提的是,研究显示一发现有感染现象便开始进行为期14天的治疗,治疗70天后进行骨培养,并且不打算进行外科手术。几年后由同一调查员做出的另一项研究显示兔子接受利福平、西索米星和头孢菌素结合治疗葡萄球菌骨髓炎仅14天得以康复。有关骨髓炎骨骼的血管形成和血流量的研究尚缺乏。Herzog等人在最近的一项研究中引入肌皮瓣后对兔子胫骨骨折中的血流量进行了研究。局部肌皮瓣转移后发现皮质中的灌注率在第一周内有所上升。有关羊的另一项研究显示采用吻合血管的肌皮瓣或无肌皮瓣重建骨髓炎中的骨骼在术后抗生素给药仅5天可以康复。尽管慢性骨髓炎的治疗取决于血管再生的速度(这与血管生成有关)。但研究人员还没有进行研究来评估这一概念。需要研究血管生成和血管再生来理解慢性骨髓炎这一概念,并探讨哪些因素会加快这一进程,最终导致快速愈合和缩短抗生素治疗的疗程。8.2 人类研究对骨髓炎的文献进行广泛搜索后,所有研究不考虑结果均采用短期抗生素治疗﹙3-14天﹚,总结在表2中。我们还没有纳入采用传统的为期6周的抗生素治疗方法的研究,因为这些研究已被许多研究人员在医学文献中进行了广泛回顾。 大部分的回顾性研究显示,治疗慢性骨髓炎取得了良好的结果。治疗的持续时间根据给药途径可能会被缩短。治疗失败可归因于很多因素。例如,有关传染病患者的研究列为其人口的一部分,纳入一小组六例慢性骨髓炎病例。术后这些患者﹙必要时采取坏骨去除、骨折稳定和骨移植方法﹚采用头孢西丁进行11-24天的治疗﹙平均治疗15天﹚,4例患者反应良好。由于保留的金属丝和股骨不愈合导致治疗失败,引发持续感染。 到1968年,Bick的书回顾了25年抗生素治疗的经验,认为消除与骨髓炎有关的败血症和脓肿十分重要,但慢性骨感染只能用手术治愈。因此,可以充分确定如果不采取适当的手术和清创术治疗,不考虑抗生素治疗的持续时间,治疗慢性骨髓炎的失败率会很高。这种趋势可归因于该病的病理学基础。Table 2 Chronic osteomyelitis cases of the lower extremities treated with short term antibiotics reported in the literature表2 文献中有关采取短期抗生素治疗下肢慢性骨髓炎的病例报道 慢性骨髓炎中骨的持续化脓性感染导致组织坏死和血管衰竭。缺血加剧了骨坏死,部分感染的骨缺乏血供成了特定的病灶称为死骨。抗生素和宿主的炎症细胞无法达到无血管的病灶,引起慢性病,除非通过清创术、手术引流和软组织覆盖进行治疗。此外,手术有助于减少微生物负载,消除坏组织,恢复健康的软组织和新血管形成。增强骨的血液灌注有助于提高抗菌药物的有效性和某些生理因素,从而抗感染和促进组织愈合。因此血管重建的时间对评估抗生素使用的持续时间十分重要。慢性骨髓炎的研究显示,与对照组相比,肌皮瓣组表现出血液流动较好,抗生素释放增加和细菌数量降低。手术技术和显微外科的最新进展已改善皮瓣质量,并形成了血流动力学,允许提前进行血供重建。由于血管重建或血液供应是确定抗生素治疗的持续时间的主要因素,所以一般建议采取正确的手术治疗不仅可以帮助降低失败率,而且可以缩短抗生素治疗的持续时间。最近,Rubino等人报道了一例下肢患慢性骨髓炎的女性患者接受静脉内注射抗生素治疗仅2周后,行根治性切除术和采用螺旋桨皮瓣消除死腔。该患者痊愈并且一年内无复发现象。关于短期抗生素治疗骨髓炎的进一步研究汇总于表2中。因此,着重强调彻底清创和带血管皮瓣覆盖后,采用抗生素治疗的持续时间较短,可指导治疗下肢慢性骨髓炎。当然,与加大手术治疗相比,管理抗生素治疗的精确时间需要进一步的研究来提供科学依据。这些研究应该在引入皮瓣后关注血流和骨的血管再生,以引发有关采用短期抗生素治疗后加强手术治疗慢性骨髓炎方面的临床研究。 9.结论慢性骨髓炎是一种相对常见的感染,通常是一种终身疾病。尽管抗生素和手术治疗均有进步,骨髓炎仍然难以治疗。这是因为病菌通过隐藏在细胞内和形成保护性粘膜层,可逃避宿主的防御机制。通过获得一个非常缓慢的代谢率,细菌变得对抗生素不那么敏感。综上所述,尽可能考虑手术治疗。明确行清创术后,历来采取注射抗生素4-6周治疗骨髓炎。然而,与其它时间间隔相比,这一时间框架无显著优越性,同时无证据显示,长期注射抗生素会穿透坏死骨。本文已公布一小部分治疗慢性骨髓炎的对比试验。然而,大多数研究都涉及相对较少的患者,并且未经过随机抽取。这里要补充说明,过去治疗慢性骨髓炎采取的手术类型和缺乏有效的肌皮瓣治疗可能导致长期抗生素治疗。尽管治疗慢性骨髓炎的手术方法有显著进展,抗生素治疗的相同的持续时间仍被采用。我们需要专业的研究来确定采用抗生素治疗慢性骨髓炎患者的最佳持续时间。同时还需要更多的研究来阐明血管生成在治疗慢性骨髓炎中的作用。附英文原文:8. Results and discussion8.1. Animal studiesStarting in the 1970s, animal studies were undertaken in order to determine the appropriate duration of antibiotic treatment for osteomyelitis(Table 1). Rabbit models of chronic osteomyelitis indicated that clindamycin administered for 28 days was effective in treating the bone infection, while 4-week courses of penicillin and cephalosporin were not sufficient for adequate therapy.On the other hand, these single-antibiotic studies were contradicted by the combination-drug studies showing therapy success with courses shorter than 4 weeks. One study in rabbits revealed that staphylococcal osteomyelitis treated with the combination of rifampin, sisomicin, and cephalothin had a lower percentage of positive bone cultures than when rifampin was given alone or in combination with other antibiotics. Furthermore, lower rates of positive culture were obtained with 7-, 14-, and 28- day treatment modalities. It is worth mentioning that the therapy was started 14 days after the induction of infection, the cultures were done after 70 days of treatment, and no surgical procedure was attempted in that study. Another study conducted a few years later by the same investigator indicated that rabbits receiving the combination of rifampin, sisomicin, and cephalothin for only 14 days recovered from staphylococcal osteomyelitis.Studies on the angiogenesis and blood flow in osteomyelitic bone are scarce. In a recent study by Herzog et al., blood flow in the fractured tibia of rabbits was studied after introducing the muscle flap. A rise in perfusion rate was noticed in the cortical lid within the first week after local muscle flap transfer. Another study on goats illustrated that the osteomyelitic bones reconstructed with a very well-vascularized flap, being of muscle or non-muscle origin, were able to recover with only 5 days post-operative antibiotic administration. Although healing in chronic osteomyelitis will depend on the rapidity of revascularization, which is linked to angiogenesis, researchers have still not conducted studies to assess this notion. Studies on angiogenesis and revascularization are needed to understand this concept in chronic osteomyelitis and to explore what factors might speed up this process, eventually leading to rapid healing and shorter courses of antibiotic treatment.8.2. Human studiesAfter an extensive search of the literature on osteomyelitis, all studies using a short-term antibiotic course(3–14 days), irrespective of the outcome, are summarized in Table 2.Wehave not included studies using the traditional 6-week antibiotic regimens because these studies have been extensively reviewed by many investigators in the medical literature. Most of the reviewed studies showed good results in treating chronic osteomyelitis. The therapy duration might be shortened depending on the administration route of the drug. Treatment failure can be attributed to many factors. For example, a study on patients suffering from infectious diseases included as part of its population a small set of six chronic osteomyelitis cases. These patients were treated for 11–24 days (average of 15 treatment days) post-operatively (hardware removal, stabilization of nonunion and bone graft, when indicated) with cefoxitin, with a good response in four of the cases. Failure was due to the retained metal wire and the non-union of the femur, which facilitated the persistence of infection.‘‘By 1968, Bick’s book reviewing 25 years of experience with antibiotic treatment led him to conclude that it was invaluable for eliminating osteomyelitis-related septicemia and abscesses, but that chronic bone infection could only be cured with surgery’’. Thus, it is fully established that without proper surgical intervention and debridement, the treatment failure rate in chronic osteomyelitis is high, irrespective of the duration of the antibiotic regimen. This trend can be attributed to the underlying pathology of the disease. In chronic osteomyelitis, the sustained suppurative infection of the bone results in tissue necrosis and vascular collapse. The ischemia exacerbates the bone necrosis and parts of the infected bone lacking blood supply become separated into certain foci called sequestra. Antibiotics and the inflammatory cells of the host are unable to reach these avascular envelopes causing chronic disease, unless there is surgical manipulation through debridement, drainage, and soft tissue coverage. Additionally, the surgical procedure helps in diminishing the microbial load, eradicating the unviable tissues, and revitalizing the dead space with healthy softtissue and neovascularization. The enhanced blood perfusion to the bone improves the bioavailability of the antimicrobial drug and certain physiological contributors, consequently fighting the infection and promoting tissue healing. Hence the importance of the revascularization timeline in estimating the duration of antibiotic use.Muscle flap versus control group studies in chronic osteomyelitis showed better blood flow, increased antibiotic release, and decreased bacterial count in the muscle flap group. Recent advances in surgical technology and microsurgery have refined the flap harvest and developed its hemodynamics, allowing the reestablishment of a blood supply earlier than what was previously expected. Since revascularization or blood supply is a major factor in determining the antibiotic treatment duration, it is generally proposed that the proper surgical intervention can help not only reduce the failure rate but also shorten the duration of antibiotic therapy. Recently, Rubinoet al. reported the case of a woman with chronic osteomyelitis in the lower extremities that was treated with intravenous antibiotics for only 2 weeks following radical excision and obliteration of the dead space with a propeller flap. She recovered with no relapse within a year. Further studies indicating short-term antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis are summarized in Table 2.Therefore, shorter duration of antimicrobial treatment with emphasis on thorough debridement and well-vascularized flap coverage might be a possible alternative guideline for treating chronic osteomyelitis in the lower extremities. Of course further studies are necessary to build a scientific basis for the management of the precise duration of antibiotics in the light of enhanced surgical intervention. These studies should focus on blood flow and revascularization of bone following flap introduction, in order to instigate clinical studies regarding treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with shorter antibiotic regimens following enhanced surgical intervention. 9. ConclusionsChronic osteomyelitis is a relatively common infection and is often a lifelong disease. Despite all of the advances in antibiotic and operative treatment, osteomyelitis remains difficult to treat. This is because bacteria can elude host defense mechanisms by hiding intracellularly and by developing a protective slimy coat. By acquiring a very slow metabolic rate, bacteria become less sensitive to antibiotics. For all the above reasons, operative treatment is considered whenever possible. Osteomyelitis has traditionally been treated with 4–6 weeks of parenteral antibiotics after definitive debridement surgery. However, this time frame has no documented superiority over other time intervals, and there is no evidence that prolonged parenteral antibiotics will penetrate the necrotic bone. A small number of comparative trials on the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis have been published. However, most of the studies have involved relatively few patients and have not been randomized. It should be added here that the type of surgical procedures practiced in the past in treating chronic osteomyelitis and the lack of effective muscle flap application might have contributed to the prolonged antibiotic treatment. And although the surgical approach in treating chronic osteomyelitis has advanced markedly, the same duration of antibiotic treatment is still adopted. Properly designed studies are needed to ascertain the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Also more studies are needed to clarify the role of angiogenesis in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.由MediCool医库软件 徐晶晶 陆晓玲 编译原文来自:Duration of post-surgical antibiotics in chronic osteomyelitis: empiric or evidence-based?International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (2010) e752–e758
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作者:小小老虎
髓内骨髓炎是指长骨髓腔内部以及涉及到长骨髓腔的感染。开放性损伤、手术操作以及血行传播是导致出现髓内骨髓炎的主要原因,虽然血行性传播并不多见。根据感染持续的时间以及严重程度,髓内骨髓炎的严重程度不同,但是死骨的出现代表发展为慢性骨髓炎。一旦出现髓内感染,将会明显影响骨折愈合,延长治疗时间,增加手术次数,往往导致结果不良。 对于骨髓炎的治疗,需要综合考虑局部骨质和软组织感染的程度、是否存在内固定物、骨折的愈合情况以及其他合并疾病等情况。目前骨科界一致认为,对于骨髓炎需要对髓腔感染组织进行准确的微生物学诊断以及相对应的敏感抗生素治疗,同时进行广泛彻底的清创和冲洗。对于急性骨髓炎,需要使用铰刀对髓腔进行处理,彻底冲洗髓腔,去除所有病灶以及感染的软组织。同时需要进行全身和局部的敏感抗生素治疗。 2003年美国费城公司推出了一种具有“铰刀冲洗吸引”(Reamer–Irrigator–Aspirator (RIA))三合一功能的的扩髓系统,和普通的扩髓工具相比,对受损的肢体创伤更小,同时可以收集扩髓过程中产生的自体骨组织,具有明显优势。目前,该装置被应用于感染性或肿瘤性股骨和胫骨病例中用于进行髓腔清创和冲洗。 英国的医生使用系统结合抗生素骨水泥棒治疗例股骨和胫骨骨髓炎患者取得良好疗效,其中(例)的患者术后没有出现再次感染的情况,其研究结果发表在年的杂志上。 回顾性研究年月至年月之间使用系统治疗的例长骨骨髓炎患者,股骨例,胫骨例,发生骨髓炎的时间平均为初次受伤或手术后个月(范围至个月)。其中男性例,女性例,平均年龄岁(范围岁至岁)。纳入标准为临床或影像学发现存在骨髓炎表现,年龄大于岁的患者(因为扩髓需要破坏骨骺,因此排除青少年)。同时由于铰刀的头部最小直径为,排除骨干直径小于的髓腔感染病例。
图11a 一例型胫骨慢性骨髓炎患者的肢体情况,伴有活动性窦道,进行清创术前的前后位线,术前影像 手术中完全去除感染部位的内固 定装置。术前进行评估选择铰刀直径,根据测量髓腔的直径或之前的手术资料确定合适的铰刀,要求铰刀直径至少比测量的髓腔直径大。通过系统进行至少生理盐水液体量的冲洗,收集扩髓产生的碎片进行微生物学细菌培养、药敏实验及组织病理学检查。根据患者年龄、髓腔峡部骨皮质厚度,在完成初次清创后由医生决定是否进行进一步的扩髓。根据每个患者的感染情况,进行髓腔外的清创,例如去除窦道及感染软组织(见图)。
图2 使用系统进行髓腔内清创时的术中透视片 使用定制的带抗生素的骨水泥棒插入髓腔局部释放抗生素,局部给予有限稳定固定(图)。根据以往经验,一般将包(各)的高粘度不透线的骨水泥混合庆大霉素。根据细菌培养和药敏实验结果,可以额外添加万古霉素或抗真菌类药物。根据患者病情及医生喜好临时给予桥接外固定架固定。术后监测血常规、反应蛋白,行临床及线检查了解治疗进展。
图3 3a和胫骨骨髓炎使用清创置入抗生素骨水泥棒后个月时的正侧位片。和术后个月是的正侧位显示没有感染复发的表现 根据–骨髓炎诊断标准,型例,型例(图),型例,型例。股骨和胫骨使用的铰刀头直径平均为和。有例患者在进行本次手术前接受过髓腔外的清创手术。(译者注:和等人在年制定的成人骨髓炎分级标准,根据骨的解剖结构和患者的生理状态将骨髓炎分为级。数字代表骨的解剖学分型,字母代表患者的生理状态。为髓内型,为皮质型(表浅型),为限局型,为弥散型。型,患者生理功能政策,免疫及血液循环系统政策;型,全身或局部生理功能异常;型,全身情况差,预后不良。) 23例患者()术中置入带庆大霉素的骨水泥棒,并额外添加万古霉素(图和)。其中例患者的骨水泥棒在术后平均周时拆除(周到周)。在去除骨水泥棒时,由生决定是否使用系统再次清创。根据患者临床和生化学检查结果,有例患者()的髓腔内感染似乎没有被根除,由于髓腔峡部皮质厚度良好,进行了再次的扩髓清创治疗。 通过收集的标本做出的细菌培养结果显示最常见的感染为葡萄球菌感染(例,),例患者则为混合菌群感染,其中例为葡萄球菌合并另外一种病原菌。细菌培养结果见表。 表患者基本资料、细菌培养结果、随访时间以及治疗结果
所有患者平均使用敏感抗生素全身治疗周(周至周),先使用广谱抗生素,或根据之前细菌培养结果使用抗生素,然后根据细菌培养结果调整为敏感抗生素。平均给予周(周至周)的静脉注射抗生素,然后改为口服,平均口服周(周至周)。最长使用的抗生素为万古霉素,其次是氟氯西林联合利福平。 使用系统清创治疗后的平均住院时间为天(天至天)。但是患者术后由于骨髓炎再次或多次住院,总住院时间平均为天(天至天)。平均随访个月(个月至个月),在此期间,患者平均门诊复诊次(次至次)。患者术前的平均为(至),调整抗生素从静脉改为口服时为(小于至)结束全身性抗生素治疗时为(小于至),末次随访时为(小于至)。末次随访时存在较高的那例患者为患有慢性炎症性肠道疾病的患者,而当时肠道疾病正处于急性期。 末次随访时,所有患者临床表现良好,也没有影像学上感染复发的表现(图和)。一例患者在进行扩髓过程中出现医源性性的股骨远端不完全性骨折,给予制动后骨折愈合。一例股骨骨髓炎患者感染控制良好,但是在接受清创手术后个月时由于肺栓塞而死亡。另外一例患者在进行清创置入抗生素骨水泥棒手术后周主动要求进行了反式胫骨截肢以保留近端胫骨和避免膝关节以上截肢,而此时患者的临床表现并无感染复发或加重表现。该患者存在慢性顽固性胫骨骨髓炎和糖尿病,在进行清创置入抗生素骨水泥棒手术之前进行的次根除感染清创手术均失败。 23例患者()在随访期间没有出现临床或实验室感染复发表现。只有例股骨骨髓炎患者使用清创后未使用局部抗生素治疗,在术后年时出现疼痛复发、发热、生化标记物升高等情况再次出现了感染,于是再次使用清创插入抗生素骨水泥棒进行治疗,术后随访个月没有出现感染复发迹象。 通过此次研究,作者认为:系统可以对髓腔进行有效的清创和冲洗,并可以对髓腔内的病灶采样进行细菌培养。通过系统进行髓腔内清创可以彻底根除感染,该方法的治疗效果可以既往文献报道的骨髓炎的其他治疗方法想媲美,临床效果优良。
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慢性骨髓炎临床常见,由于慢性骨髓炎常存在死骨、死腔及瘢痕组织,局部缺乏血液供应,全身应用抗生素在局部难以达到有效抑杀菌浓度,易产生耐药性,以至于常规治疗效果不佳。但抗生素缓释系统具有局部抗生素浓度高,全身毒副作用小,缓慢释放,持续时间长,住院时间短,花费少等优点,已逐渐成为治疗慢性骨髓炎的一种重要方法。磷酸钙骨水泥(CPC)载药后仍具有良好的组织相容性、骨传导作用和可被生物降解性,其基础研究和临床应用显示了良好的效果。本院共收治60例慢性骨髓炎患者,均采用病灶局部抗生素水泥填充疗法,取得良好效果,现报道如下。
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