n. 移动；变化；手段；轮班
vi. 移动；转变；转换
vt. 转移；改变；替换
Shift(上档键):数字和标点符号键上标注着上下两档字符,直接击键,输入下面的字符;按下Shift的同时击键,输入上面的符号.
基于981个网页-
期货交易的目的一般不是到期获得实物，套期保值者的目的是通过期货交易转移(Shift)现货墟市的价格风险，投资者的目的(Purpose)是为了从期货市场的价格波动中得到风险利润。
基于637个网页-
IT编程行业英语第2248页 ...
serial串行的.连续的
shift移位,移数
signal信号
基于596个网页-
2012年自考《国际商务英语》重点词汇七十 ...
*shelf-life
货架期（商品可以陈列在货架上的时间）
陈列室 ...
基于436个网页-
移位寄存器
移位暂存器
位移寄存器
半移位寄存器
字母变换键
NIH重排反应
镜头平移法
镜头移动功能
自动换档用
更多收起网络短语
- 引用次数：270
The new construction methods of shift sequence are proposed.
提出了一种新的构造移位序列的方法。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：904
This is their basic rule, not take person’s will as shift.
这是它们的基本规律,是不以人的意志为转移的。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：126
First,fast mean shift algorithm is used to over-segment the image. Second,improved LI-method is used to automatically segment the image.
文中首先利用快速均值漂移算法对图像进行过度分割,然后再利用改进的水平集方法进行分割, 最后由轮廓提取算法将感兴趣区域提取出来。
参考来源 -
移位；移位码
- 引用次数：405
The kernel of automatic gear shifting is gear-shift schedule.
自动换档规律是自动变速技术的核心。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：137
In this way, the system makes a simpler structure without the traditional clutch and can shift automatically.
这样减少了传统并联耦合方式中电机和变速箱之间的离合器,使其结构更加简化,并且其能够实现自动换挡。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：44
Further observation and studies should investigate the formation of biliary sludge,stent shift and obstruction,as well as the degradation product of stent.
对于胆泥的形成,支架的移位和堵塞,以及支架降解产物等问题尚需要进一步的观察和研究。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：166
Some western scholars emphasize the concept of world transformation mainly because of China’s rise and power shift.
现今西方学者之所以强调"世界转型",主要是因为中国等新兴国家崛起并由此引起了国际权利转移。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：29
The fifth part designs a plan of litigation cost shift system.
第五部分:为我国设计建立诉讼成本转嫁机制的方案。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：16
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：113
Topic control means control of the initiation, maintenance, shift and termination of topic.
对话题的控制即是对话题的提出，保持，转换和结束进行控制。
参考来源 -
使变音，使有规律地变音
有规律地改变发音
- 引用次数：21
During the development of transmission technology, automobile’s automatic gear-shift is becoming a very important studying aspect.
在传动技术发展过程中,汽车自动换档技术是一个重要的研究方向。
参考来源 - 自动变速器的研究与设计
- 引用次数：10
Chapter ThreeThe research of intellectualized transmission shift strategyIntellectualized transmission shift strategy is the theoretical basis in the development of Automatic gear shifting system,which is also the kernel content of the paper.
智能化换挡控制策略研究智能化换挡控制策略是进行自动换挡系统开发的理论基础，也是本论文的核心内容。
参考来源 - 基于动力传动系统联合控制的装载机自动换挡系统开发
(光波、声波等的)频变
- 引用次数：69
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：52
More importantly, this book marks a major shift from the purely literary study to politics and culture.
更为重要的是它标志着从纯文学到政治与文化的转变。
参考来源 -
(乐器中提琴、长号上的)换把；换至的把位
- 引用次数：3
A dynamic compensation method for eliminating the interpolation error of moiré fringe signals is put forward. The interpolation error is caused by zero offset,quadrature phase shift and unequal amplitude of two signals.
提出一种动态的误差补偿方法,可以消除由直流漂移、两路信号不等幅和非正交导致的细分误差。
参考来源 -
断层；平移
- 引用次数：28
First, describe the classroom teaching problems, then analyze and find out the reasons, shift to the life-emphasized classroom teaching at last.
首先描述了现实课堂教学中存在的诸多问题,进而对这些问题进行分析,找出原因,最后提出了课堂教学生命化转向的理论观点。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：26
The development of discipline and the shift of discipline paradigm are closely related.
学科发展与学科范式的转换密切相关。
参考来源 -
- 引用次数：2
参考来源 - 基于Copula的海洋生态稳态转换及Lyapunov指数回归树估计
(赛前的)球员攻守位置的变换
- 引用次数：5
In this thesis, we give some results about perturbations of Frames in shift invariant subspaces of L~p (R) and the properties of affine frames.
本文主要从泛函分析的角度用算子理论的工具研究仿射框架的相关性质和平移不变子空间中框架的扰动。
参考来源 - 仿射框架和平移不变子空间中框架的研究
&2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
an event in which something is displaced without rotation
a qualitative change
the time period during which you are at work
the act of changing one thing or position for another
the act of moving from one place to another
&his constant shifting disrupted the class&
(geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other
a crew of workers who work for a specific period of time
the key on the typewriter keyboard that shifts from lower-case letters to upper-case letters
a woman's sleeveless undergarment
a loose-fitting dress hanging straight from the shoulders without a waist
make a shift in or exchange of
change place or direction
move around
move very slightly
&He shifted in his seat&
move from one setting or context to another
&shift the emphasis&; & shift one's attention&
change in quality
&His tone shifted&
move and exchange for another
&shift the date for our class reunion&
move sideways or in an unsteady way
move abruptly
use a shift key on a keyboard
&She could not shift so all her letters are written in lower case&
change phonetically as part of a systematic historical change
&Grimm showed how the consonants shifted&
change gears
&you have to shift when you go down a steep hill&
lay aside, abandon, or leave for another
以上来源于:
移动，搬动；改变位置：
to shift backward
改变(方向等)；交换：
to shift to the east
(汽车)换挡：
to shift into the third gear
换衣服，更衣：
before going out
出门前先换好衣服
[俚语]迅速移动
自己谋生，独立生活；设法应付：
to shift for oneself
蒙混；设法过关；[古语]推诿，闪避：
to shift away to another thing
转而谈其他的事
Don't try to shift!
别妄想搞阴谋!
(污迹)被消除：
This shifts easily.
这污迹很容易被除掉。
(打字时)按动字形变换键
[废语]分发
【语音学】有规律地改变发音
【计算机】移动位置
使移动，使转移，把…搬开(或搬走)；把(责任、负担等)推给(他人)：
to shift the furniture
to shift the blame to somebody else
把责任推给别人
改换，变动；替换：
to shift one's position
改换(挡位)，变(速)
消除；摆脱：
to shift the influence
换…的衣服，更(衣)：
to shift the pajamas after a shower
淋浴后换上了睡衣
[俚语]吃光；喝光
卖，出售：
His new book has been shifting
like wildfire.
他的新书一直十分畅销。
【语音学】使变音，使有规律地变音
【计算机】使(数据)位移
[废语]分发；分开
转移，转换；改变；变位，移位
更换，替换；交替
(风等)变向
班次，轮值
当班的一组人；值班人员
(汽车等的)变速，换挡；变速装置
应急办法，权宜之计；谋划，手段
(打字机的)字形变键；按动字形变键，(打字机等的)按键(动作)
换衣服，更衣
[方言]内衣，衬衫；[古语]无袖女衬衣
宽松直筒连衣裙
轮作；轮作的农田(或农作物)
(砌砖时使其不重合的)错位
【音乐】(乐器中提琴、长号上的)换把；换至的把位
【牌戏】改叫花色
【棒球】(内场队员之间的)变位
【美式橄榄球】(赛前的)球员攻守位置的变换
【地理学】变位
【采矿】断层；平移
【物理学】(光波、声波等的)频变
【计算机】移位；移位码
make a shift
谋生，生活
设法应付；尽快
shift the goalposts
= move the goalposts
更多收起结果
以上来源于：《21世纪大英汉词典》
If you shift something or if it shifts, it moves slightly. 稍微移动
He stopped, shifting his cane to his left hand.
他停下来，把手杖移到左手。
He shifted from foot to foot.
他从一只脚换到另一只脚。
If someone's opinion, a situation, or a policy shifts or is shifted, it changes slightly. 稍微改变
Attitudes to mental illness have shifted in recent years.
对精神病的态度近年来已稍微有所改变。
Shift is also a noun. 稍微改变
[usu N prep]
...a shift in government policy.
…政府政策的些许改变。
If someone shifts the responsibility or blame for something onto you, they unfairly make you responsible or make people blame you for it, instead of them. 推卸; 转嫁
It was a vain attempt to shift the responsibility for the murder to somebody else.
把这项谋杀的罪责转嫁于他人是徒劳之举。
If you shift gears in a car, you put the car into a different gear. 换 (挡)
[美国英语]
If a group of factory workers, nurses, or other people work shifts, they work for a set period before being replaced by another group, so that there is always a group working. Each of these set periods is called a shift. You can also use shift to refer to a group of workers who work together on a particular shift. 轮班
His father worked shifts in a steel mill.
他的父亲在一家钢铁厂轮班工作。
夜班；夜班工人
[计]移位寄存器
典范转移；思考模式的转移
多普勒频移
轮班工作；倒班，换岗
把…移走；搬走
相移键控；相位偏移电信
轮岗，轮班；工作班次
尽力设法对付
时移，时间迁移
日班（等于dayshift）
夜班；全体夜班的工人
晚班；小夜班
更多收起词组短语
n. 移动；变化；手段；轮班
vi. 移动；转变；[遗]转换
vt. 转移；改变；替换
移动的；狡诈的
变化的；诡诈的；机智的
[计] 移位；狡猾
移动装置；搬移东西者
改变（shift的ing形式）
transfer, remove, shift, move
这组词都有“从一处移往另一处”的意思，其区别是：
一般表示转送或移交迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。
作“移动”解时，与move可换用，还可指撤职或开除学藉等。
侧重位置与方向的改变。
普通用词，指从一处到另一外的任何距离的转移。
以上来源于
But that shift affected only one segment of the population.
但是那次转变只影响到人口的一部分。
Once you have the vowels, you know which way to shift the rest of the letters.
知道了这些带元音的词后，您就知道了移动其余字的方法。
They need to shift from farming to industry, and they need to do so desperately.
他们需要从农业领域转移到工业领域。 他们需要拼命地那么做。
Historian Jeff Sklansky says a slow shift to personhood for American companies began with a Supreme Court ruling in eighteen nineteen.
VOA: special.
So the reasons for this really enormous shift in plans, and the enormous shift in subject matter, are worth exploring.
弥尔顿的计划变化为何如此之大，他对主题的选择为何有这么大的改变，是值得探究的。
So, ideally what we did see was, in fact, it does have enough energy with the UV lamp, it wasn't a dramatic shift you saw because we didn't start very high and then it went to that stuck point.
所以，理想上我们所看到的，事实上，紫外灯没有足够的能力，因为我们没有从非常高开始,所以它没有一个特别显著的移动,然后它又回到了黏着点。
Berman started at ABC News as a desk assistant working the overnight shift in 1995.
What has buoyed the premium oyster business is a historic shift in the habits of oyster eaters.
But at some grade level the emphasis needs to shift from shoring up weaknesses to building on strengths.
shift，上档转换键，电脑键盘上的键，左右两个 ，常用于中英文转换。它作为辅助控制键，可以和其它的键一起使用。
以上来源于：
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请问您想要如何调整此模块？
感谢您的反馈，我们会尽快进行适当修改！Transfer RNA modifications that alter +1 frameshifting in general fail to affect -1 frameshifting.
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FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListChoose DestinationFileClipboardCollectionsE-mailOrderMy BibliographyCitation managerFormatSummary (text)Abstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListCSVCreate File1 selected item: FormatSummarySummary (text)AbstractAbstract (text)MEDLINEXMLPMID ListMeSH and Other DataE-mailSubjectAdditional textE-mailAdd to ClipboardAdd to CollectionsOrder articlesAdd to My BibliographyGenerate a file for use with external citation management software.Create File
):760-8.Transfer RNA modifications that alter +1 frameshifting in general fail to affect -1 frameshifting.1, , , , , , .1Department of Molecular Biology, Ume? University, SE-90 187 Ume?, Sweden.AbstractUsing mutants (tgt, mnmA(asuE, trmU), mnmE(trmE), miaA, miaB, miaE, truA(hisT), truB) of either Escherichia coli or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and the trm5 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have analyzed the influence by the modified nucleosides Q34, mnm(5)s(2)U34, ms(2)io(6)A37, Psi39, Psi55, m(1)G37, and yW37 on -1 frameshifts errors at various heptameric sequences, at which at least one codon is decoded by tRNAs having these modified nucleosides. The frequency of -1 frameshifting was the same in congenic strains only differing in the allelic state of the various tRNA modification genes. In fact, in one case (deficiency of mnm(5)s(2)U34), we observed a reduced ability of the undermodified tRNA to make a -1 frameshift error. These results are in sharp contrast to earlier observations that tRNA modification prevents +1 frameshifting suggesting that the mechanisms by which -1 and +1 frameshift errors occur are different. Possible mechanisms explaining these results are discussed.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] A dual-error model for frameshifting (). (A) Hypomodified cognate tRNA is defective in the amino acid-tRNA selection step, thereby allowing a wild-type near-cognate tRNA to be accepted instead at the A-site. After a normal 3-nt translocation, the near-cognate tRNA slips into either -1 or +1 frame depending on the sequence of the mRNA. (B) The hypomodified tRNA is very slow in entering the A-site, inducing a pause, thereby allowing the wild-type tRNA in the P-site to frameshift into either -1 or +1 frame. (C) As in A, but the hypomodified cognate tRNA is accepted in the A-site and when residing in the P-site, the hypomodification induces slippage into the -1 or +1 frame.RNA. ):760-768.Influence of the Q34 and mnm5s2U34 on frameshifting at A-AAA-AAC and G-UUU-UAU sites. (A) In the tgt mutant, the tRNALysmnm5s2UUU, reading AAA codon, is fully modified, whereas tRNAAsnQUU, reading AAC codon, contains G34; the tRNAPheGmAA, reading UUU codon, is fully modified, whereas tRNATyrQUA, reading UAU codon, contains G34. (B) In the mnmE mutant, AAA codon is read by tRNALysmnm5s2UUU, containing s2U34, whereas in the mnmA mutant, this tRNA contains mnm5U34; tRNAAsnQUU, reading AAC codon, is fully modified in both mutants. The frequency of frameshifting is expressed as the β-galactosidase activity normalized to the β-lactamase activity normalized encoded by the bla gene present on the same plasmid as that encoding lacZ gene.RNA. ):760-768.Influence of ms2io6A37, yW37, and m1G37 on frameshifting at U-UUU-UUA, G-UUU-UAU, and G-GGU-UUA sites. (A) In the miaA mutant, both UUU and UUA codons at slippery sites are read by tRNAs containing A37. In the miaB mutant, those tRNAs contain io6A37, and the miaE mutant, they contain ms2i6A37. In the double miaA-miaB mutant, both UUU and UAU codons are read by tRNAs containing A37. The frequency of frameshifting is expressed as the β-galactosidase activity normalized to the β-lactamase activity normalized encoded by the bla gene present on the same plasmid as that encoding lacZ gene. (B) In the trm5 mutant, tRNAPheGmAA, reading the UUU codon, contains G37 instead of yW37; tRNALeuU?AA, reading the UUA codon, contains G37 instead of m1G37, and tRNAGlyU?CC, reading the GGU codon, contains m1G37. The frequency of frameshifting is expressed as the luciferase/β-galactosidase ratio of a test construct (pAC1789 or pAC-LA) normalized to the ratio obtained with the in-frame control (pAC1790 or pAC-LAFF).RNA. ):760-768.Influence of Ψ39 and Ψ55 on frameshifting at U-UUU-UUA and A-AAA-AAC sites. (A) In the truA mutant, all tRNAs, reading codons at slippery sites, contain U39 instead of Ψ39. (B) In the truB mutant, all tRNAs, reading codons at slippery sites, contain U55 instead of Ψ55. The frequency of frameshifting is expressed as the β-galactosidase activity normalized to the β-lactamase activity normalized encoded by the bla gene present on the same plasmid as that encoding the lacZ gene.RNA. ):760-768.Publication TypesMeSH TermsSubstancesGrant SupportFull Text SourcesOther Literature SourcesMolecular Biology Databases
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3秒自动关闭窗口液体货物运输船靠船过驳作业----航次租船合同中的条款和争议
文/应送波&
未经允许，请勿转载
----&航次租船合同中的
(1) 两种不同目的的过驳
在液货运输领域，船靠船过驳作业已被广泛使用。部分航次租船合同会对此作出约定，以约定承租人是否有权利要求过驳作业、费用分担、装卸时间和滞期费、过驳操作规则、运费的计算等问题。
需要说明的是，期租合同中一般都会约定承租人有权指示船舶进行船靠船过驳作业，但期租合同中的该条款和航次租船合同中的有所不同，其也不会涉及装卸时间和滞期费问题，且可能会对于一段时间内或租期内承租人可指示的过驳次数作出限制，具体的可见期租合同一章相关章节的分析。
过驳的目的不同，形态也不同。
i. 为之后的靠泊卸货需要，在卸货港内过驳减载
由于港口的吃水限制，需减载一部分货物，因此在港口内过驳。
ii. 不在卸货港内过驳，或者在卸货港过驳但其后不再靠泊卸货
例如将船舶的货物全部过驳至另外一条或者几条船上，或者将船舶的货物部分过驳至其它船。如广西钦州先前无法接纳VLCC船舶，笔者先前所在的公司所承租的船舶在南海上进行过驳，将货物过驳至较小船型的船舶。
(2) 过驳条款所需注意的问题
航次租船合同中的船靠船过驳条款在承租人要求过驳作业的权利、费用分担、装卸时间和滞起费、过驳操作规则、运费的计算问题上常约定如下：
i. 承租人要求过驳作业的权利
对此问题，一般会约定承租人可指示船舶进行过驳作业，并常会进一步约定承租人的指示要受制于船长/船东的批准，但船长/船东不可不合理拒绝。
ii. 过驳费用
过驳会需要使用额外的设备，如浮筒（fender，过驳通常所需的放置在两船之间的浮筒）、管子、机器设备等。由于在租约订立时通常无法预计承租人是否会选择过驳作业，因此该费用的产生对于船东来说某种程度是笔额外费用，因此通常会约定承租人需要承担所有过驳费用。
iii. 装卸时间的开始和终止
我们知道，在油轮航次租船合同中，如果约定的装卸地是港口，通常的会约定在递交NOR后六个小时或靠泊时（以先者为准）为装卸时间的起算时间。但在过驳的情形下，装卸时间的起算可能会有不同的约定。
针对为了靠泊而减载所进行的过驳，通常约定抛锚后6小时或所有过驳船舶系固、安放好后（以先者为准）开始计算装卸时间。
针对另一种非为了靠泊减载而进行的过驳（通常在港外），通常会约定到达过驳地点即开始起算装卸时间，直至拆管装卸时间终止起算；甚至可能约定直至拆管或者“Vessel's
separated/STS equipment redelivered”，以后者为准。当然，具体如何约定完全是订约自由，也有租约约定抛锚后6小时或所有过驳船舶系固、安放好后（以先者为准）开始计算装卸时间。
iv. 天气原因对于装卸时间的影响
特别需要说明的是，Asbatankvoy格式合同虽然没有规定天气不良时装卸时间计算问题，但实践中常会约定因天气、海况原因造成的延误时间只计为一半装卸时间（如果已滞期计算为一半滞期时间）（如常见的Conoco
Weather Clause约定了因天气原因装卸时间减半计算），但对于过驳作业来说，其对天气的要求更高，因此，为避免不必要的争议及为了保护自己的权益，船东常会要求加入约定、规定如因天气、海况造成的过驳延误全部计算为装卸时间。
v. 操作规则
过驳的操作规则方面，一般会约定需要遵守ICS
/OCIMF Ship to Ship Transfer Guide，ICS是International Chamber of
Shipping的简称，其是业内标准的参考指引。OCIMF是Oil
Companies International Marine Forum的简称。当前最新版本是第四版（2005年）。
vi. 运费的收取-是否计为额外港口
在大部分情形下，油轮航次租船合同的运费计算都会依照Worldscale进行计算，部分情形下则会是固定运费费率或包干收费。由于依照Worldscale进行计算时，装卸港数量的多少将会影响到最终的运费费率，因此，有必要约定过驳是否计为一个港口。
在是否过驳、过驳地并不完全确定的情形下，通常会确定一个原则性的条款，即何类过驳视同为如同多靠了一个港口，当然，这完全是双方的订约自由。通常的，会约定如果过驳为港口减载的形式、过驳地点位于该港口的习惯过驳锚地，则该港口不单独计算为一个港口。而就另一种情形的过驳，部分租约会约定计算为一个额外的卸港，而部分租约则约定其不是一个额外的卸港。
vii. 绕航费用
如果就港外卸货的情形，约定的不计算为一个额外的卸港，则正常的会约定船东方有权利收取绕航的费用，及相应的燃油消耗等费用，以维护船东方的利益。
当然，合同也可完全的约定两个过驳条款，对于两种不同目的的过驳分别作出约定，毕竟两者在装卸时间的起算、运费的收取方面可能会有根本性的不同的约定。
viii. 对于过驳船舶的要求
一个完善的过驳条款可能会规定对于接收货物的船舶的要求，例如以下Koch
Ship to Ship Transfer (1/15/98)的表述：
1) At least, Master and Chief mate of the receiving ship must
be able to communicate readily in English.
2) The receiving ship should rig sufficient derrick and/or
crane to operate cargo hoses.
3) The receiving ship should fit out VHF and walky-talky to
communicate with STBL.
4) The receiving ship should be manned efficient and enough
number of crewmembers for Mooring, Unmooring and Cargo
operating.
5) The receiving ship should fit out fenders by ICS/OCIMF STS
6) The receiving ship should rig Cargo hoses for cargo
Operation Safety.
7) The STS operations are subject to good weather
condition.
ix. 美国过驳的特殊情形
此外，对于在美国的过驳，由于涉及特殊问题，宜作出说明以避免不必要的争议：
Owner is advised that lightering in the U.S. Gulf may entail
operations within the areas defined is USCG Navigation and Vessel
Inspection Circular (NVIC) No. 8-92 as ‘offshore area’ and or ‘open
ocean’, and that Vessel response plans and Vessel response
capability must address and include these operations.
(3) 过驳条款介绍
我们在第（2）部分说明了过驳条款起草可能需要注意的问题，在此介绍几个常见的过驳条款。
以下我们介绍一个较为普通的过驳条款：
Charterers shall have the option to load and discharge the vessel
via ship to ship transfer at a safe location within trading limits
of this charter party provided weather permitting and always at
master’s and owners discretion which shall not be unreasonably
withheld. （对于承租人的权利作出了规定，并予以了一定的限制）
Charterers will provide all fenders, hoses and equipments as
necessary at their expenses to STS operations always to be in
accordance with the latest edition of ICS/OCIMF STS transfer
guide. （对于费用问题作出了规定，基本上都会约定由承租人承担）
Time shall commence Six(6) hours after anchoring or
the lighterage/STS craft all secure alongside, whichever occurs
first and time shall count until all lightering equipment is clear
from the mother vessel. During such STS/lightering operation time
is to count in full weather permitting or not. （对于装卸时间问题作出了规定）
The anchorage, STS or lighterage area shall not be considered as an
additional port or berth provided such lightering position
is considered
the customary lightering position to said port by
worldscale, otherwisedual
port flat rate is to apply. （对运费问题作出了规定，即两种不同情形下的过驳区别对待，为了卸货而在港口内减载的过驳不视为额外港口）
If the STS position is withinthe
customary lightering position to said port, running time from STS
anchorage to berth shall not count as laytime or demurrage whether
or not laytime has expired. （就过驳完需要靠泊卸货，本质上所花费的港口锚地驶往泊位的时间和一般租约执行中的移泊相同，因此常约定移泊时间不计算为装卸时间）
当然，对于两种不同目的和形式的过驳，也完全可以分两个条款分别规定，更为清楚，例如以下常用的附加条款：
Afran (Gulf) Lighterage Clause
(针对为了减载而在港口过驳)
If lightering is required prior to berthing at any designated port,
and it is necessary to lighter the
vessel while at a customary lightering anchorage, time used in
lightering shall count as used laytime
and shall commence six(6) hours after anchoring and presentation of
Readiness or when the first lightering craft is moored alongside,
whichever first occurs. The TIME
USED lightering anchorage shall not be considered as an additional
discharge port nor an
additional discharge berth and running time from the anchorage to
the berth shall not count as used
laytime or demurrage if allowed laytime has expired.
（可能再加上PROVIDED
CHTRS HAVE PAID ANY EXTRA
EXPENSES NOT COMPENSATED FOR IN THE W/S FLAT
Afran Vessel to Vessel Lighterage Clause
(针对为了另外一种形式的过驳）
If requested by Charterers, Owners agree that vessel will perform a
vessel to vessel lighterage
operation at sea at a safe location other than the customary
anchorage for the discharge
in which event,
Charterers will provide the lighterage vessel, mooring master,
fenders, hoses and all other
equipment necessary for a safe operation.
(为避免歧义，从船东的角度考虑，建议将黑体部分修改成safe
port/lighterage location within the agreed range等表述，因为此类过驳也可能是在卸港的习惯锚地内，只是其目的不是为了减载后靠泊该卸港。当然，如果和另一个过驳条款不是在同一租约中使用，则不应修改，以免引起进一步的歧义。)
All timeconsumed
from vessel's arrival at the lightering site until the cargo hoses
are disconnected
shall count
as used laytime as calculated in Part II hereof except those delays
attributable to proven weather
conditions which shall count as one half used laytime, or if
demurrage one half demurrage,
provided vessel is otherwise capable at all times of discharge
while at the lighterage location.
(此条后半部分约定因为天气原因导致的延误，只计算一半的装卸时间，对于船东不利，船东应尽量删除，租约中也经常删除)
The lightering location shall not count as an additional discharge
port or discharge berth in the
determination of freight payable per published Worldscale
rates. （由于不计算为另外一个港口，而视过驳地点，过驳可能导致船舶绕航，因此建议船东补充约定由此产生的绕航、燃油等应当由承租人承担，例如：ANY
DEVIATION COSTS INCURRED DUE TO
LIGHTERING AT NON CUSTOMARY LIGHTERAGE POSITIONS TO BE
CHARTERER'S CCOUNT. COSTS ARE DEFINED AS BUNKERS CONSUMED AND
TIME TO BE PAID AT EMURRAGE
RATE PROVIDED CHARTERERS HAVE PAID ANY EXTRA EXPENSES NOT
COMPENSATED FOR IN THE W/S FLAT RATE PLUS ANY DEVIATION FROM
ACTUAL DISCHARGE PORT AT DEMURRAGE PLUS BUNKERS）
Owners warrant that the vessel is outfitted
and capable of safely carrying out all procedures as set
out in the latest revised edition of the ICS/OCIMF Ship To Ship
Transfer Guide(Petroleum).
（可能再加上对于过驳船舶的要求）
&(4) 案例介绍
Shipping Co v Arcadia Energy Pte Ltd
关于VLCC之间过驳是否被准许
本案案情较为简单，船东和承租人签订了一个VLCC船舶的航次租船合同，租约基于BPVoy4格式，承租人选择通过船靠船过驳作业的方式卸货，承租人向船东提名了两艘Frontline的VLCC作为接收货物的船舶，但船东予以了拒绝。
船舶最后通过过驳至较小的船舶完成卸货，其后承租人提出索赔。
承租人认为，基于BPVoy4和租约的其它规定，可在所有油轮、驳船之间作过驳，虽需取得船东许可，但船东不可不合理拒绝，承租人主张船东拒绝VLCC之间的过驳是违约行为。承租人的专家声明VLCC之间的过驳已是业界常态，且未有任何不良后果。承租人并指出船东拒绝了其愿意就过驳提供的Letter
of Indemnity。
船东则认为，ICS/OCIMF
Ship to Ship Transfer Guide 不包含VLCC之间过驳的指引，而如此作业有技术上的困难和危险，这也正是指引不包含该程序的原因。因此，合理的对租约条款的解释应当是VLCC之间的过驳在租约下是被排除在外的。
涉案租约包含了BPVoy
4 第8条规定：
“8.1 charterers shall have the option of transferring the whole or
part of the cargo . . . to or from any other vessel including, but
not limited to, an ocean-going vessel, barge and/or lighter (the
‘Transfer Vessel’) . . . All transfers of cargo to or from
Transfer Vessels shall be carried out in accordance with the
recommendations set out in the latest edition of the ‘ICS/OCIMF
Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (Petroleum)’. owners undertake that
the Vessel and her crew shall comply with such recommendations, and
similarly charterers undertake that the Transfer Vessel and her
crew shall comply with such recommendations. charterers shall
provide and pay for all necessary equipment including suitable
fenders and cargo hoses. charterers shall have the right, at their
expense, to appoint supervisory personnel to attend on board the
Vessel, including a mooring master, to assist in such transfers of
租约并包含额外的STS条款：
“(i) if charterers require a ship-to-ship transfer operation or
lightening by lightering barges to be performed then all tankers
and/or lightering barges to be used in the transhipment/lightening
shall be subject to prior approval of owners, which not to be
unreasonably withheld, and all relevant certificates must be
(ii) all ship-to-ship transfer operations shall be conducted in
accordance with the recommendations set out in the latest edition
of the ics/ocimf ship-to-ship transfer guide
(petroleum).
(iii) all such lightering ships must have a fully working inert gas
system (igs), unless the cargo flash point exceeds 60f and only
with express approval of the owners/master.” On the trial of the
issue of liability, the owners submitted (1) that on the true
construction of clause 8 and/or the STS lightering clause,
VLCC-VLCC tran alternatively (2) that they did
not act unreasonably in withholding their approval of the Frontline
商事法院的结论很明确：
租约允许VLCC之间的过驳。虽然ICS/OCIMF
Guide中没有VLCC之间过驳的程序，但指引并未禁止VLCC之间的过驳。船东拒绝接受承租人提名的VLCC的行为是不合理的行为、违反了租船合同。
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。}