27. understandment n.理解
28. pick out 挑选
29. inject vt.注射, 注入（ject-喷射）
30. ingenuity n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧（gen-生、天生、天才）
31. cope with 对付，应对
32. burdensome adj.繁重的, 烦累的（burden-负担）
33. result in 导致
34. confer n.商讨，授予（fer-带，把意见带到一起来 ）
35. version n.译文, 译本（verse-转、翻、翻、翻译）
36. as a result 结果是
37. gizmo n.小发明（没想出来。。。）
38. universal adj.普遍的, 通用的, 宇宙的（verse-转）
39. hum to v.嗡嗡叫, 哼
40. assembly n.集合, 装配（sem=same）
41. automated adj.自动化的（mat=move）
42. terminal n. 终端, adj.末期, 每期的(Term-罗马守界神，守卫边界之神)
43. control v.控制
44. miniaturization n.小型化
（mini-小，ature-复合名词后缀，ization-复合名词后缀）
45. submillimeter n.微米 （millimeter-毫米，mill-碎的、打碎的）
46. supervision n.监督, 管理 （vise-看）
47. at least 至少
48. interact vi.互相作用, 互相影响
49. despite prep.不管, 尽管, 不论 （in-不，spite-看）
50. initial adj.最初的, 词首的, n.词首大写字母 （init-往里走、开始、起初）
51. in attempting to 企图 （attempt-企图、尝试 tempt-诱惑——被诱惑而想尝试）
52. a fraction of n.小部分, 片断, 分数 （fraction-破碎）
53. irrelevant adj.不相关的 （relevant-相关的）
54. instantaneous adj.瞬间的, 即刻的（in-不 ，st-停）
55. suspicious adj. 可疑的, 怀疑的 （spic-看）
56. neuroscientist n.神经科学家（neur=nerve神经）
57. return vi.归还
58. jump vi.跳跃，上涨
59. scary adj.引起惊慌的（scare-恐吓 scar-刀疤）
60. quadruple adj.四倍的, 四重的, n.四倍 （quart-四，pl-折、重 ）
61. suspend vt.吊, 悬挂v.延缓 （pend-挂、靠）
62. consequence n.结果, [逻]推理, 因果关系（sequ-跟着）
63. severe adj.严厉的, 剧烈的, 严重的（several-多，系列，严重）
64. effect n.结果, 影响, vt.招致,达到(目的等)
65. sensitive to adj.敏感的, 灵敏的, 感光的
66. conservation n.保存, 保持, 守恒（serve=save-保存、保留）
67. intensive adj.强烈的（tens=tend-延伸、伸、拉伸——紧张）
68. consumption n.消费, 消费量 （consume-消费）
69. consultancy n. -cies 顾问（顾问工作）
70. estimate v.估计, 估价, 评估（estate-财产、地产）
71. compared with 相比
72. commodity n.日用品（mod-mode-模式）
73. supreme adj.极度的, 极大的, 最高的（supr=super）
74. implicaton n.暗示（pl-说）
75. constitutional adj.构成的, 宪法的（st-站成、站）
76. intend vt.想要,意指（tend-伸、伸向）
77. foresee vt.预见, 预知（fore-向前）
78. permissible adj.可允许的（permit许可，mit-might-可以,m-may）
79. justify v.证明...是正当的
80. morphine n.吗啡
81. principle n.法则, 原则, 原理（prin=pre，cip-拿、掌握）
82. mediation n.仲裁, 调停, 调解（med=middle-中间）
83. maintain vt.维持, 供养, 主张（tain-持、持什么的观点）
84. prescribe v.指示, 规定, 处(方)（scribe-写）
85. legitimate adj.合法的, 合理的, v.合法（leg-法律）
86. homicide n.杀人，谋杀 （home-家，cide=cut——在他家杀了他）
87. community n. 团体,共同体, 共有, 共同体（mun-交流、交通）
88. acknowledge vt.承认, 答谢, 报偿（ac-往里、向里、接收、承接、承）
89. prolonged vt.延长, 拖延
90. ineffectual adj.无效的, 不成功的 （effect-效）
91. hospice n.旅客住宿处, 收容所（同源于“hospital”）
92. therapy n.治疗（treat-对待、治疗）
93. to the extent that 大意是说
94. systematic adj.系统的, 体系的
95. presumptively adv.假设地（presume-假设、臆断，sume-抓摘，）
96. incompetently adv.不合格地、无竞争力的
翻译部分：
1. major adj.主修的, 成年的（maj-多、主要，m-多）
2. behavior n.举止, 行为 （hav-作为、行为，h-f-手、做）
3. similar adj.相似的, 类似的
4. discard vt.丢弃, 抛弃
5. remain vi.保持, 逗留, 剩余（main=man-手）
6. obscure adj.暗的, 模糊的（ob-不，sc-看）
7. interaction n.交互作用, 交感
8. prescientific adj.科学以前的
9. entrench v.以壕沟防护 （trench-沟、渠、通道，tr=through-通）
10. illustrate vt.举例说明, 图解（lus-光、明、明白）
11. responsibility n.责任, 职责（respond-回应，spond=speak）
2003年重点词组与词汇
阅读理解部分:
1. spymaster n.间谍组织的首脑（master主人）
2. lay the root for 打下基础
3. be fascinated with 着迷（fasc-法西斯-权利的象征——迷人）
4. believe in 相信
5. espionage n.间谍, 侦探（spi=spy）
6. reshape vt.改造, 再成形（shape-形）
7. vocation n.召唤, 职业（voc=voice）
8. electronic adj.电子的（electric-电）
9. decade n.十年, 十（dec-十）
10. point-and-click 点击
11. intelligence n.智力, 聪明, 智能（lig-说、解说、智能）
12. increasingly adv.日益, 愈加（cr-grow）
13. influential adj.有影响的, 有势力的（flu=flow）
14. compile vt.编译, 编辑, 汇编 （pile-堆）
15. by a large margin 大幅度
16. advantage n.优势, 有利条件, 利益（vant=vent-走）
17. mastery n.掌握（maser-主人）
18. private adj.私人的, 私有的
19. corporation n.[律]社团, 法人（corp-体、团体，）
20. prediction n.预言, 预报 （dict-说）
21. mutually adv.互相地, 互助 （mut-互动、彼此）
22. distribution n.分配（tribut-给，tribe-部落）
23. vacuum up 清空（vac-空）
24. predict v.预知, 预言, 预报（dict-说）
25. sign-up 登记
27. back-and-forthing 来来回回
28. dramatic adj.戏剧性的, 生动的
29. declaration n.宣布, 宣言（clar =call-喊叫、宣传）
30. take pride in 骄傲
31. independent n.中立派, adj.独立自主的（depend-依靠）
32. paraphrase n.短语,措词 （phrase-短语，ph-说）
33. triumph n.胜利, 成功 v.获得胜利 （tr=through——穿越、胜利——过了）
34. misguide vt.误导（guide-引导）
35. seek to v.寻找, 探索
36. biomedical adj.生物(学和)医学的（bio生命，medicine-医、药）
38. advocate n.提倡者, vt.提倡（voc=voice）
39. advance in n.前进, v., 预付adj.前面的（v-走）
40. allegation n.主张，断言, 辩解 （leg=lect-说，l-舌）
41. cruelty to n.残忍, 残酷（cruel=cool）
42. perplexed adj.困惑的, 不知所措的 （plex-折叠、复杂）
43. deliberately adv.故意地（liber-解放、自由、随意）
44. staffing 安置职工 （staff-职工，谐音“士大夫”）
45. fair adj公正的，美丽的（长得对称、长得正点、长得正）
46. distributing v.分配,分发,分布（tribut-给、贡，tribe-部落）
47. encourage vt.鼓励, 怂恿
48. immunization n.使免除, 使免疫 （mun-交流、传染）
49. vaccine adj.疫苗的, n.疫苗（vacca母牛、牛，v-牛头）
50. epidemic adj.流行的, n.时疫, （epi-在中间，dem-人民）
51. compassionate adj.富于同情心的 （passion-感情、情）
52. molecular adj.[化]分子的, 由分子组成的 （mole-摩尔）
53. make clear 弄清楚
54. connection between 联系
55. hip n. 屁股，忧郁 adj.熟悉内情的 （h-高，臀部很高——臀部、坐着——整天坐着——忧郁）
56. at best adj.最好的 adv.最好地
57. at worst adj.最坏的, 最差的
58. editor n.编辑, 编辑器, 编者（edit-编辑 e-往外，dit-说——往外说、编辑、校订）
59. lest conj.唯恐, 以免
60. misinformation n.误报, 误传 （information-通知、信息）
61. institution n.公共机构, 协会（st-立、设立）
62. ultimate adj.最后的, 最终的（ult=out）
63. citizenry n.公民成市民(集合称)
64. ember n.灰烬, 余烬 （ber=burn）
65. combine with v.与...结合 （bin=band-绑，bandage-绷带）
66. merge into v.合并, 并入（merge-沉默）
67. heightened v.提高, 升高
68. monopoly n.垄断, 垄断者（mono-独，poly-多）
69. account for v.说明, 占, 得分
70. freight n.货物, 运费, vt.装货（fre=fare-运费）
71. allow for v.虑及, 体谅
72. substantial adj.坚固的, 实质的（sub-底下，st-站着、存在——存在于基部——实质、本质）
73. coordinated n.同等者, adj.同等的, vt.调整,
74. fierce competition from 激烈的竞争 （fierce-猛烈的，fier=fire-火、猛烈）
75. commodity n.日用品、商品（mod-mode-模型）
76. have them by throat 控制（throat-喉咙）
77. consolidation n.巩固, 合并（solid-固体、固）
78. captive n.俘虏, adj.被俘的（capt-抓）
79. compete for 为... ...竞争
80. appeal to v.呼吁, 上诉, 有吸引力（peal-说）
81. federal
adj.联邦的，同盟的（fed=fid=faith-信，因为信仰结盟，confidence-信、信心）
82. extreme adj.尽头的,最后的 n.极端（extr-出、超）
83. discrimination 辨别, 歧视 （discern-辨别，cern=cut，discern=discr）
84. on the grounds 在... ...基础上
85. in the long run 从长远看
86. have the option of 有... ...的选择权（option-选择）
87. subscribe v.捐款, 签署(文件),（scribe-写）
88. in practice 实际上
89. position n.位置, 阵地 vt.安置
90. flourish vi.繁荣
91. despite prep.不管, 尽管，不顾（spite-看、管、顾）
92. fortune n.财富, 命运
93. cheer on 鼓励
94. transaction n.交易，处理，学报（学问交流之处），处理事务（trans-through）
95. grip vt.紧握, 紧夹 （gr-抓 比如：grasp-掌握 ）
96. pressing adj.紧迫的 v.挤压（press-压）
97. inevitable adj.不可避免的, 必然的（evit=evade-逃跑）
98. optional adj.可选择的, 随意的（opt-选择 out +put =opt——拿出来——选择）
99. hip n. 忧郁 adj.熟悉内情的
100. clinical depression 临床忧郁症 （depress-压抑）
101. surgical adj.外科的, n.外科病房（surgeon-外科医生）
102. failure to 未能做某事
103. disintegrate vt.(使)分解, (使)碎裂 （integrate-完整，teg=tact-碰）
104. perish vi.毁灭,枯萎（per-周、全——完）
105. shield n.防护物, vt.(from) 保护（shell-壳）
106. inability to n.无能, 无力
107. unsustainable adj.不能证实的
108. sustain vt.支撑, 撑住, 维持, 持续（sus-下面，tain-take in）
109. have a duty to 有责任
110. get out of 排除
111. potential adj.潜在的,势的（pot-罐子）
112. energetic adj.精力充沛的
113. dazzlingly adv.灿烂地, 耀眼地（联想“zz”——“zzzzz”——炫耀、炫目、迷糊）
114. surgeon n.外科医生、军医 （surge-serve-服务、服役）
115. prevention n.预防, 防止 （vent-走）
116. productively adv.有结果地, 有成果地（produce-生产）
117. dramatic adj.戏剧性的, 生动的 （drama-戏剧）
118. therapy n.治疗
翻译部分：
1. in all times 一直
2. think about 思考
3. wonder at 怀疑
4. possess of 占有、拥有（sess-坐、拥有，所谓“坐拥”）
5. subject to v.使服从, 使遭受（sub-下面，ject-扔、投——仍在下面、在底下遭受）
6. diversity n.差异, 多样性 （verse-旋转）
7. result from 起源于
8. seek to 寻求 （see-看）
9. endeavor in 致力于（deav-dive-投水、投入，d-下）
10. dispassion n.冷静, 公平（passion-激动、激情）
11. specialization n.特殊化, 专门化（special-特殊、专门）
12. anthropology n.人类学（throp-群、人群、人类）
13. orient n.东方, vt.使适应, 确定方向 （o-太阳，ri-rise）
14. comparative adj.比较的, 相当的（par=pair-对、比）
15. unique adj.唯一的, 独特的（uni=one）
16. moral adj.道德(上)的（mor =mind-精神）
17. insight n.洞察力, 见识
18. entirely adv.完全地, 全然地（entire=integ-没有碰过——完全、完整）
19. perceive vt.察觉（ceive-得到、拿刀、领悟，c-抓）
20. abstract n.摘要, adj.抽象的（str-拉车、抽取）
21. immense adj.极广大的（mense=meter-测量）
2004年重点词组与词汇
阅读理解部分
1. hunt for v.搜寻（hunt变化自find）
2. stumble v.绊倒, 使困惑, 蹒跚, 结结巴巴地说话（st-停——走走停停——结巴）
3. attract vt.吸引 vi.有吸引力, 引起注意
4. intellectual property 知识产权（property-产、权）
5. counsel n.讨论, 商议, 辩护律师 vt.劝告, 忠告（变化自：consult-商讨）
6. inefficient adj.效率低的, 效率差的, (指人)不能胜任的, 无能的（effect-效率）
7. drawback n.缺点, 障碍, 退还的关税, 退税(指进口货物再出口时退还其进口时的关税)
8. eliminate vt.排除, 消除 v.除去 （lim=line-线、界限）
9. concept n.观念, 概念 （cept-拿、接受）
10. implicit adj.暗示的, 盲从的, 含蓄的（pl-说）
11. strategy n.策略, 军略 （struct-结构、空间，军略是排兵布阵、架构）
12. design n.设计, 图案（sign-标记、作标记、作图）
13. tempt vt.诱惑, 引诱, 吸引（t-说、勾引、引诱，empy-empty-空，联想：诱惑就是空）
14. sign up 登记，签约
15. potential adj.潜在的, 可能的 n.潜能, 潜力, 电压 （pot-罐子）
16. traffic n.交通, 通行（tr=through）
17. marketing n.行销, 买卖
18. worthwhile adj.值得做的, 值得出力的
19. keep a close watch on 密切注视，密切关注
20. demand for 需求 （mand-命令）
21. compensation to 补偿，赔偿 （pens-钱）
22. negotiate 谈判，商量 （neg-未、未定）
23. maintain vt.维持, 维修, 继续, 供养, 主张 （main-man-手 tain-take in）
24. mean n. 用意
25. look out v.面朝, 留神, 照料
26. discrimination n.辨别, 区别, 识别力, 辨别力, 歧视
（discr=discern-区分、辨别）
27. condemn vt.判刑, 处刑, 声讨, 谴责（demn=damn-谐音“大骂、谴责”）
28. illegal adj.违法的, 不合规定的 （legal-合法的）
29. continue to 继续
30. unaware of 没有意识到 （aware-意识到）
31. have a big advantage over 对…有较大优势
32. spread n.伸展, 展开, 传播, 蔓延, 酒席, 宴会, 桌布
33. suspiciously adv.猜疑着, 怀疑着 （su-下面 ，spic-看）
34. start with 以...开始
35. respectively adv.分别地, 各个地
36. predecessor n.前辈, 前任, (被取代的)原有事物 （cess-走）
37. coincidence n.一致, 相合, 同时发生或同时存在(尤指偶然)的事
38. dream up v.空想出, &俗&构思, 创造, 设计(发明物等)
39. junior n.年少者, 晚辈, 下级, (年龄、职位等)较低者, 大学三年级学生
40. improving 改进, 改善(质量) , 精炼 （pr-向前）
41. insensitive adj.对...没有感觉的, 感觉迟钝的（in-否）
42. qualification n.资格, 条件, 限制, 限定, 赋予资格（quality-质量）
43. confidence n.有信心
44. publicly 　　adv.公然地, 舆论上
45. graduation n.毕业, 毕业典礼, 刻度, 分等级
46. ceremony n.典礼, 仪式, 礼节, 报幕员（cere-谷类、mony=many）
47. literally adv.照字面意义, 逐字地 （liter=letter）
48. draw up v.草拟, 停住, 逼近, 追上, 整队
49. recipient adj.容易接受的, 感受性强的 n.容纳者, 容器（cip=cept）
50. plough through 费劲地阅读, 吃力地钻研,艰难地通过
51. come to v.达到, 继承, 复苏, 停止,想起,共计
52. client n.[计]顾客, 客户, 委托人
53. blame vt.责备, 谴责 n.过失, 责备（bl-说，lame-跛子）
54. concern about (利害)关系, 关心, 关注, 关注, 所关心的是 （concern-牵挂）
55. shop at 购物
56. admission　　n.允许进入, 承认某事之陈述, 供认（miss-投、掷——投怀送抱）
58. approach 　　n.接近, 逼近, 走进, 方法（proach-roach=road-路、方法）
59. crucial 　　adj.至关紧要的（cruc=cross）
60. panic　　n.惊慌, 恐慌, 没有理由的（pan-潘 希腊神话牧羊神-丑恶之神）
61. prospect 　　n.景色, 前景, 前途, 期望　vi.寻找, 勘探 （spect-看）
62. modest 　　adj.谦虚的, 谦让的, 适度的（mod=mid=middle）
63. in despair　　绝望（despair绝望，spair=spire-呼吸，de-低、下——垂头丧气）
64. despite 　prep.不管, 尽管, 不论 （spite=spect）
65. fortune 　　n.财富, 运气, 大量财产, 好运, 命运
66. predominately adv. 占主要优势地 （dome-顶、支起，d=t=top）
67. overbid　　vt.出价高与(别人), (桥牌上)叫牌超过(别人)　vi.过高出价
68. folk 　n.人们, 亲属(复数), 民族　adj.民间的（f=p people——提取：pol-folk）
69. comfortable　　adj.舒适的
70. lining 　n.加衬里, 内层, 衬套（line-线）
71. bubble 　n.泡沫, 幻想的计划　vi.起泡, 潺潺的流
72. be influenced by　被…影响
73. ingredient　n.成分, 因素
74. sustain 　vt.支撑, 撑住, 维持, 持续 （tain=take in——持 ）
75. be worth doing　　值得做
76. place a very high value on　　特别重视
77. entertainer　　n.款待者, 表演娱乐节目的人, 演艺人员
78. for the sake of 　为了
79. symptom 　　n.[医][植]症状, 征兆（sym-seem，pt=ped-去——看起来要…）
80. intellectual　　adj.智力的, 有智力的, 显示智力的　　n.知识分子
81. counterbalance　　vt.使平均, 使平衡, 弥补　n.平衡量, 平衡力, 势均力敌
82. anything but　　　adv.决不
83. distaste 　n.讨厌, 嫌恶（taste-品位）
84. pursuit 　n.追击，追求 （pur=per-一致，s-sec-跟着）
85. participate in 　v.参加, 参与, 分享
86. democracy　 n.民主政治, 民主主义（demo-人民）
87. resent v.愤恨, 怨恨 （sent-感觉）
88. privilege　　n.特权, 特别待遇, 基本公民权力, 特免 vt.给与...特权, 特免（）
89. innate 　adj.先天的, 天生的（nat-生）
90. reluctantly　　adv.不情愿地, 嫌恶地（luct=like）
91. manipulate　 vt.(熟练地)操作, 使用(机器等), 操纵
92. ponder 　　v.沉思, 考虑（“胖得”——重、沉重、沉思）
93. in the gripe of 掌握
94. militantly　　好战地 （mil-male）
1. assume　　vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现 （sume-抓、摘）
2. have some connection with　　与…有关
3. take root in　　生根，扎根
4. diverse adj.不同的, 变化多的 （verse-旋转）
5. vanish vi.消失, 突然不见, [数]成为零 n.[语]弱化音（van-走）
6. assimilate v.吸收、同化 （sim=same）
7. native n.本地人, 土产, 土人 adj.本国的, 出生地的, 本地的
8. grateful adj.感激的, 感谢的（grate=great）
9. strikingly adv.醒目地, 引人侧目地 （strike罢工、打击、打，醒目的，所谓“打眼的”）
10. fabricate vt.制作, 构成, 捏造, 伪造, 虚构（fable寓言、编造，f-说）
11. habitual 　　adj.习惯的, 惯常的（habit-习惯）
12. formulate vt.用公式表示, 明确地表达, 作简洁陈述　v.阐明（form-公式）
13. imprison vt.监禁, 关押　v.监禁
14. consequence n.结果, [逻]推理, 推论, 因果关系, 重要的地位（sequ=sec-跟着）　
15. hypothesis 　n.假设 （hypo-后面、背后，thesis-理论、想法）
16. inappropriate adj.不适当的, 不相称的（appropriate恰当的）
17. emphasize 　vt.强调, 着重　v.强调（em-往里，phas-说）
18. diversity　　n.差异, 多样性（di二，verse-旋转）
19. explicitly adj.外在的, 清楚的, 直率的, (租金等)直接付款的（pl-说
explicit坦率的）
20. linguistic determinism 语言决定理论
2004 Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled
across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched
it with no success but was attracted by the site's personal search
agent. It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job
criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them
when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose
the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C.
Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. 'I
struck gold,' says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer
and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding
promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search
agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But
although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see
drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against
you: 'Every time you answer a question you eliminate a
possibility.' says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what
you think you want to do — then broaden it. 'None of these programs
do that,' says another expert. 'There's no career counseling
implicit in all of this.' Instead, the best strategy is to use the
agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a
when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to
check the database again. 'I would not rely on agents for finding
everything that is added to a database that might interest me,'
says the author of a job-searching guide.
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When
CareerSite's agent sends out messages to those who have signed up
for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs
— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in
job hunters will have to visit the site again to find
them — and they do. 'On the day after we send our messages, we see
a sharp increase in our traffic,' says Seth Peets, vice president
of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents
worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for
their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm
themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed,
Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. 'You always keep your
eyes open,' he says, Working with a personal search agent means
having another set of eyes looking out for you.
2004 Text 2
Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination
have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form
continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of
such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose
surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big
advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone
directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has
in life over Z Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread
between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number
of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames
starting with B and C and 26 of George Bush's
predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half
of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more
striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich
countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush,
Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The world's three top central
bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top
of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese
characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett,
Allen Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the
spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the
rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school,
teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it
easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets
stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions
posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically
disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the
result may be worse qualifications, because they get less
individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the
ABCs proudly ge by the time they reach the
Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job
interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers
and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their
recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
2004 Text 3
When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her
nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting,
filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most
of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime
customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening
economy. 'I'm a good economic indicator,' she says. 'I provide a
service that people can do without when they're concerned about
saving some dollars.' So Spero is downscaling, shopping at
middlebrow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland
home, instead of Neiman Marcus. 'I don't know if other clients are
going to abandon me, too' she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot
economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of
the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales
have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For
retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue
between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming
at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7
percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet.
Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they
remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as
they do some modest belttightening.
Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful
headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices
are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, 'there's a new
gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range,
predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,' says broker Barbara
Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as
frenzied overbidding quiets. 'Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe
you only get two or three,' says john Deadly, a Bay Area
real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable
about their ability to find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home
buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't
mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem
to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now
view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might
see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain
Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that,
Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.
2004 Text 4
Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our
heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.
Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical
education — not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.
Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't
difficult to find.
'Schools have always been in a society where practical is more
important than intellectual,' says education writer Diane Ravitch.
'Schools could be a counterbalance.' Razitch's latest book, Left
Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of
anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything
but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life
of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.
Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and
understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in
our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl
Shorris, 'We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less
civil society.'
'Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,' writes
historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism
in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of
anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From
the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and
populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of
elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have
been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn
from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers
thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural
restraints on children: 'we are shut up in schools and college
recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a
bellyful of words and do not know a thing.' Mark Twain's
Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its
hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read
— so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native
intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the
critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.
Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust,
while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes
and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter
says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who
'joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and
their eagerness to identify with children who show the least
intellectual promise.'
2005 Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish
if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed,
if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying
assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely
developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and
Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has
just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin
monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative
creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their
female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention
to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such
characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and
Dr. de waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their
monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were
happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining
chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in
return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly
different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much
preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in
exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over
for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without
having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either
tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or
refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence
of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat
it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are
guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative,
group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only
when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of
righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people
alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings
abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether
such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and
humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the
species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered
2005 Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking
would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for
sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?
That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and
the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought
that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went
to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave
after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global
warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of
Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s
atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely
man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect
ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts,
added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science
never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the
best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out
nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments
that science can provide concerning the future consequences of
present actions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting
that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s Ok
to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is
a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may
be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people
would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s
obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t
take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they
continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis
by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press
forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research
alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the
legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning
conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of
West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private
industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is
getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy
needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is
crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
2005 Text 3
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be
least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world
where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago,
Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the
disguised shadows of our unconscio by the late
1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just
“mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work
that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are
part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the
brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these
intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but
actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel
better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of
psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it,
change it.”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as
active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid
dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger
at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are
the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is
especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of
intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from
dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all
day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in
Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early
in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening,
suggesting that they are working through negative feelings
generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied
with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional
significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright
believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad
dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the
dream. Visualize how you would li the next
time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course.
With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay
attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or
“we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic
uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased
people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should
seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its
ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream --
on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
2005 Text 4
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in
writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor
do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book,
Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why
We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and
controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the
triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of
formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet
another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s
academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the
gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no
more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own
thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and
music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone
when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well
regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on
the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative
genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both
oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking,
spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high
and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is
unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his
subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges
that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones
like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no
language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight
because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large
chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian
politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned
to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal
language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical
education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of
something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on
paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an
inevitable one.
2006 Text 1
In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an
amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing
uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence
of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are
absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the
19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods
in an elegant atmosphere.” Instead of intimate shops catering to “a
knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter,
regardless of class or background.” This turned shopping into a
public and democratic act. The mass media, advertising and sports
are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may
not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for
the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that
today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant
to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 p
percent. In the 10 years prior to
immigrants arrived for every 1,000 in the 10 years prior
for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of
assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each
of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’
or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of
immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the
third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of
immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a
“graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had
arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent,
higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born
Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of
intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third
generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to
non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married
to non-Asians.
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are
fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet
“some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States
remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America?
Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But
particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s
social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social
environment.
2006 Text 2
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William
Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and
increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare
Company (ASC), which presents superb productions of the plays at
the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the
townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see
the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s
birthplace and the other sights.
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a
penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them
with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all
deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns
their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share
of noise-making.
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who
come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace
on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are
even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the
playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their
playgoing. It is the playgoers, the ESC contends, who bring in much
of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them
four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.
The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by
nightfall.
The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not
contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare
Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every
hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.
Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will
be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the
Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very
expensive.
Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare
Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records
for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent
occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The
reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices
have stayed low.
It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive
away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive
clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They
all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean,
pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their
buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the
theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for
the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30
2006 Text 3
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something
strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became
extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals
were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now
something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What
researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just
how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of
data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt
to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological
matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but
rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest
paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals
that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on
average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In
some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason
for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels
can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not
available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is
in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present
and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in
catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more
saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been
caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap
them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish
were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a
problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct
baseline, which future management efforts must take into account.
They believe the data support an idea current among marine
biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that
people have failed to detect the massive changes which have
happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a
relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory
suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped
from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about
50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that,
which is a bad way to do business.
2006 Text 4
Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest
may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they
choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and
music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in
the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid,
phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth’s
daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because
modern times have seen such misery. But it’s not as if earlier
times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of
innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is
too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost
completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise
of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass
media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not
just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They
worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young.
In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most
powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers
that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat
for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to
be a bummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not
religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news
anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our
magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect
homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to
open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem
unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug
Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart
But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting --
is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things
that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss
and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy
happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, Memento
mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that
happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a
message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a
breath of fresh air.
四级高频重点700词
1.alter[5C:ltE] v. 改变，改动，变更（ 词源自 other）
2.burst[bE:st] vi.n. 突然发生，爆裂，爆炸（bur-burn）
3.dispose[dis5pEuz] vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of) （dis-分开 pose-放，放置）
4.blast[blB:st] n. 一阵风，一股气流，爆炸；气流 vi. 炸，炸掉（bl-blow-吹）
5.consume[kEn5sju:m] v. 消耗，耗尽（sume-词根：抓、摘）
6.split[split] v. 劈开；割裂；分裂 a.裂开的（spl=spr-喷开、裂开，谐音“死不裂它”）
7.spit[spit] v. 吐（唾液等）；唾弃（sp-喷、溅）
8.spill[spil] v. 溢出，溅出，倒出（sp-喷、溅）
9.slip [slip]v. 滑动，滑落；忽略（sl-瘦、滑）
10.slide[slaid] v. 滑动，滑落 n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片
11.bacteria[bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌（bact-词根：球、棒 er-后缀 ia-后缀
细菌都是球状或者棒状的）
12.breed[bri d:] v. 繁殖，产仔 n. 种，品种（br-born）
13.budget [5bQdVit]n. 预算 v. 编预算，作安排（bud-burse-钱包）
14.candidate[5kAndidit] n. 候选人（cand-白色 古罗马的候选仪式上待选择岗位的人着白色装）
15.campus [5kAmpEs]n. 校园（camp-田野、土地）
16.liberal[5libErEl] a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的
17.transform[trAns5fC:m] v. 转变，变革；变换（trans-from one to
anotherform-样式、形式）
18.transmit[trAnz5mit] v. 传播，播送；传递（mit-投、扔）
19.transplant[trAns5plB:nt] v. 移植
20.transport[trAns5pC:t] vt. 运输，运送 n. 运输，运输工具
21.shift[Fift] v. 转移；转动；转变
22.vary[5vZEri] v. 变化，改变；使多样化（v-转、化）
23.vanish[5vAniF] vi. 消灭，不见（van-走、消失）
24.swallow[5swClEu] v. 吞下，咽下 n. 燕子（sw-摇摆）
25.suspicion[sEs5piFEn] n. 怀疑，疑心（su-底下 spic-看）
26.suspicious[sEs5piFEs] a. 怀疑的，可疑的
27.mild[maild] a. 温暖的，暖和的；温柔的，味淡的（结合 middle中间的 一起记忆）
28.tender[5tendE] a. 温柔的；脆弱的（tend-延伸 “伸出去的、末梢的”感觉）
29.nuisance[5nju:sns] n. 损害，妨害，讨厌（的人或事物）
30.insignificant[7insi^5nifikEnt] a. 无意义的，无足轻重的；无价值的
31.accelerate[Ak5selEreit] vt. 加速，促进（cel-词根：速度）
32.absolute[5AbsElu:t] a. 绝对的，唯一的，无条件的；完全的（sole-唯一的）
33.boundary[5baundEri] n. 分界线，边界（bound-词根：边界）
34.brake[breik] n. 刹车，制动器 v. 刹住（车）
35.catalog[5kAtElC^] n. 目录（册） v. 编目（cata-往下 log-说）
36.vague [vei^]a. 模糊的，不明确的（vag-走）
37.vain [vein]n. 徒劳，白费
38.extinct[iks5tiNkt] a. 绝灭的，熄灭的（ex-往外 stinct-站着——站到世界之外）
39.extraordinary[iks5trC:dnri, iks5trC:dinEri] a.
不平常的，特别的，非凡的（extra-往外）
40.extreme[iks5tri:m] a. 极度的，极端的 n. 极端，过分（extra-往外）
41.agent [5eidVEnt]n. 代理人，代理商；动因，原因（ag-act）
42.alcohol[5AlkEhCl]n. 含酒精的饮料，酒精（辅助联想“哎哟可好！”）
43.appeal[E5pi:l] n./vi. 呼吁，恳求（peal-词根：说）
44.appreciate[E5pri:Fieit] vt. 重视，赏识，欣赏（preci-price）
45.approve[E5pru:v] v. 赞成，同意，批准
46.stimulate[5stimjuleit] vt. 刺激，激励（stim-sting-刺）
47.acquire[E5kwaiE] vt. 取得，获得；学到（qu=get）
48.accomplish[E5kCmpliF] vt .完成，到达；实行（pl-完，饱满）
49.network[5netwE:k]n. 网状物；广播网，电视网；网络
50.tide[taid]n. 潮汐；潮流
51.tidy[5taidi] a. 整洁的，整齐的
52.trace [treis]vt. 追踪，找到 n. 痕迹，踪迹（象声词）
53.torture[5tC:tFE] n./vt. 拷打，折磨（tort-turn-转）
54.wander[5wCndE] vi. 漫游，闲逛
55.wax[wAks]n. 蜡
56.weave[wi:v] v. 织，编
57.preserve[pri5zE:v] v. 保护，保存，保持，维持（serve-save-保留）
61. abuse[E5bju:z] v. 滥用，虐待；谩骂
62. academic[7AkE5demik] a. 学术的；高等院校的；研究院的
63. academy[E5kAdEmi] n. （高等）专科院校；学会
64. battery [5bAtEri]n. 电池（组）（bat-棒子 棒形的）
65. barrier[5bAriE] n. 障碍；棚栏（bar-小木条）
66. cargo[5kB:^Eu]n. （船、飞机等装载的）货物
67. career [kE5riE]n. 生涯，职业
68. vessel[5vesl] n. 船舶；容器，器皿；血管
69. vertical [5vE:tikEl]a. 垂直的
70. oblige[E5blaidV] v. 迫使，责成；
71. obscure[Eb5skjuE] a. 阴暗，模糊（ob-不 sc-看 ure-名词或形容词后缀
看不见、看不清的）
72. extent[iks5tent] n. 程度，范围，大小，限度（tent=tend-词根：延伸 伸开的——范围）
73. exterior[eks5tiEriE]n. 外部，外表 a. 外部的，外表的（ex-外 ter=to 往外去的）
74. external[eks5tE:nl] a. 外部的，外表的，外面的
75. petrol [5petrEl]n. 汽油（=&美&gasoline）
76. petroleum[pi5trEuliEm] n. 石油（petr-词根：石）
77. delay[di5lei] vt./n. 推迟，延误，耽搁（de-往下 lay-放 放下-延误）
78. decay[di5kei]vi. 腐烂，腐朽（de-往下 cay=go 走下坡路-腐烂了）
79. decent[5di:snt] a. 像样的，体面的（dec-词根：装饰、美观）
80. route[ru:t]n. 路；路线；航线（变化自：road路）
81. ruin[ 5ru:in] v. 毁坏，破坏 n. 毁灭，[pl.]废墟
82. sake[seik] n. 缘故，理由（词源：seek-寻找、查找&与see有关&
“缘故、理由”是找出来的，所谓“找
83. satellite[5sAtElait] n. 卫星
84. scale[skeil] n. 大小，规模；等级；刻度（sc-雕刻）
85. temple[5templ] n. 庙宇
86. tedious[5ti:diEs]a. 乏味道，单调的，（ted=tend-词根 ：延伸 无限延长的——乏味的
，没头没尾的）
87. tend [tend]vi.易于，趋向
88. tendency[5tendEnsi] n.趋向，趋势（tend-词根 ：延伸）
89. ultimate[5Qltimit] a. 极端的，最大的，最终的 n. 极端（ult-out-外边的，远的）
90. undergo[7QndE5^Eu] v. 经历，遭受
91. abundant [E5bQndEnt]a. 丰富的，充裕的，大量的（来自动词 abound-丰富 充裕
a-无+bound-边界——
无边无界、一望无垠——丰富）
92. adopt [E5dCpt]v. 收养；采用；采纳（opt-词根：选择）
93. adapt [E5dApt]vi. 适应，适合；改编，改写 vt. 使适应（apt-适宜、恰当 简写自
appropriate恰当的、适
94. bachelor [5bAtFElE]n. 学士，学士学位；单身汉（bach=bac-词根：棒子 “光棍儿”
elor-复合名词后缀）
95. casual [5kAVjuEl]a. 偶然的，碰巧的；临时的；非正式的（cas=cata-词根：落下
都变化自decide中的 cid-
词根：落下）
96. trap [trAp] n. 陷阱，圈套 v. 设陷阱捕捉（tr-拉扯、引诱 用tractor拖拉机 来记）
97. vacant [5veikEnt]a. 空的，未占用的（vac-词根：空）
98. vacuum [5vAkjuEm]n. 真空，真空吸尘器（vac-词根：空 u-附加成分 um-名词后缀）
99. oral [5C:rEl] a. 口头的，口述的，口的（or-嘴）
100. optics [5Cptiks] n. （单、复数同形）光学
101. organ [5C:^En] n. 器官，风琴（用organize-组织 反着记）
102. excess [ik5ses, 5ekses] n. 过分，过量，过剩（cess-词根：走）
103. expel [iks5pel] v. 驱逐，开除，赶出（pel=push）
104. expend [iks5pend] v. 消费（pens=pend-词根：钱）
105. expenditure [iks5penditFE, eks-] n.
支出，消费；经费（pens=pend-词根：钱）
106. expense [Ik5spens] n. 开销，费用（pens-词根：钱）
107. expensive [iks5pensiv] a. 花钱多的；价格高贵的（pens-词根：钱）
108. expand [iks5pAnd] v. 扩大，扩张；展开，膨胀（pans=pand-词根：膨胀）
109. expansion [iks5pAnFEn] n. 扩大，扩充；发展，膨胀（pans=pand-词根：膨胀）
110. private [5praivit]a. 私人的，个人的
111. individual [7indi5vidjuEl] a. 个别的，单独的 n. 个人，个体（in-不
divide-划分——不能再分的：个人的）
112. personal [5pE:sEnl] a. 个人的，私人的；亲自的（al-形容词后缀）
114. personnel [7pE:sE5nel] n. [总称]人员，员工；人事部门（el-名词后缀）
115. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
116. the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
117. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋
118. the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋
119. grant [^rB:nt] vt. 授予，同意，准予（g-give）
119. grand [^rAnd] a. 宏伟大，壮丽的，重大的（变化自 great）
120. invade [in5veid] v. 侵入，侵略，侵袭 （vade-词根：走）
121. acid [5AsId] n. 酸，酸性物质 a. 酸的；尖刻的（ac-词根：尖 ，变化自 angle-角、尖角 。
122. acknowledge [Ek5nClidV] v. 承认；致谢（ac-往里、接受
knowledge-知识、认知）
123. balcony [5bAlkEni] n. 阳台（balc-balk-棒子 本词 原指一种用棍棒围成的护栏）
124. calculate [5kAlkjuleit] vt. 计算，核算（calc-小石子 ul-连字符
古人用小石子计算）
125. calendar [5kAlindE] n. 日历，月历（cal-calc-计算 endar-复合后缀）
126. optimistic [7Cpti5mistik] a. 乐观（opt-词根 ：选择 还有选择余地的
并非绝境的）
127. optional [5CpFEnEl] a. 可以任选的，非强制的
128. outstanding [aut5stAndiN] a. 杰出的，突出的，显著的
129. export [5ekspC:t]n. 出口（物） v. 出口，输出
130. import [im5pC:t]n. 进口（物） v. 进口，输入
131. impose [im5pEuz] vt. 把...加强(on)；采用，利用（pose-放 im-往里）
132. religion [ri5lidVEn] n. 宗教，宗教信仰（rely-依赖、信赖）
133. religious [ri5lidVEs] a. 宗教的
134. victim [5viktim] n. 牺牲品，受害者（vict-胜利、战胜）
135. video [5vidiEu] n. 电视，视频 a. 电视的，录像的
136. videotape n. 录像磁带 v. 把...录在录像带上
137. offend [E5fend] v. 进攻；冒犯，触犯（of=out fend=fence-剑 出剑）
138. bother [5bCTE] v. 打搅，麻烦
139. interfere [7intE5fiE] v. 干涉，干扰，妨碍（inter中间 fer带
往中间带——干扰、打搅）
140. internal [in5tE:nl] a. 内部的，国内的
141. beforehand [bi5fC:hAnd] ad. 预先，事先
142. racial [5reiFEl] a. 人种的种族的（race-种族）
143. radiation [7reidi5eiFEn] n. 放射物，辐射（rad-词根：辐射
用熟词radio收音机来记）
144. radical [5rAdikEl] a.根本的；激进的
145. range [reindV] n. 幅度，范围 v. （在某范围内）变动
146. wonder [5wQndE] n. 惊奇，奇迹 v. 想知道，对...感到疑惑（wond=want）
147. isolate [5aisEleit] vt. 使隔离，使孤立（sole-唯一的、孤独的）
148. issue [5isju:] n. 问题，争论点；发行，（报刊）一期（s-说出、流出）
149. hollow [5hClEu] a. 空的，中空的，空虚道（hole-洞、空洞）
150. hook [huk] n. 钩 vt. 钩住（用法辅助记忆：hooker妓女——妓女是勾引人的钩子）
151. adequate [5Adikwit] a. 适当地；足够（equ=equal-相等的——与所要求的相等：足够）
152. adhere [Ed5hiE] vi. 粘附，附着；遵守，坚持（her-词根：粘贴）
153. ban [bB:n] vt. 取缔，禁止
154. capture [5kAptFE] vt. 俘虏，捕获（capt-抓、捉）
155. valid [5vAlid] a. 有效的，有根据的；正当的（val-value-价值、效用）
156. valley [5vAli] n. 山谷，峡谷（vall-山谷 v-恰似山谷的样子）
157. consistent [kEn5sistEnt] a.
坚固定；一致的，始终如一的（sist-站着，不倒——全部站
着的，没有倒下的：始终如一）
158. continuous [kEn5tinjuEs] a. 继续的，连续（不断）的
159. continual [kEn5tinjuEl] a. 不断地，频繁的
160. explore [iks5plC:] v. 勘探
161. exploit [iks5plCit] v. 剥削；利用，开采（pl-用 apply-申请、应用
employ雇用）
162. explode [iks5plEud] v. 爆炸；爆发；激增（pl=blast-爆炸）
163. explosion [iks5plEuVEn] n. 爆炸；爆发；激增
164. explosive [iks5plEusiv] a. 爆炸的；极易引起争论的
165. remote [ri5mEut] a. 遥远的，偏僻的（mote-词根：移动）
166. removal [ri5mu:vEl] n. 除去，消除（mov-move）
167. render [5rendE]回报；归还（re-返、回、还）
168. precaution [pri5kC:FEn] n. 预防，防备，警惕（caut-词根：火）
169. idle [5aidl] a. 懒散的，无所事事的（id-词根：相通、不变——一天到晚生活没有变化）
170. identify [ai5dentifai] vt. 认出，鉴定（id-词根：相通、不变）
171. identify [ai5dentifai] n. 身份；个性，特性（id-词根：相通、不变）
172. poverty [5pCvEti] n. 贫穷（pov=poor）
173. resistant [ri5zistEnt] a.
(to)抵抗的，抗...的，（re-反、对，sist-站着。对着站——抵抗）
174. resolve [ri5zClv] vt. 解决；决定，决意（solve-解决）
175. barrel [5bArEl] n. 桶（bar-小木条）
176. bargain [5bB:^in] n. 便宜货 vi. 讨价还价（bark-叫、狗吠 讨价还价就是叫嚷 联想：
bar-柜台 gain-get-收获——在柜台处的一次收获：便宜货）
177. coarse [kC:s] a. 粗的，粗糙的，粗劣的（辅助联想：coar-coal-煤——胡编：煤很粗糙）
178. coach [kEutF] n. 教练；长途公共汽车（c-car-go）
179. code [kEud] n. 准则，法规，密码
180. coil [kCil] n. 线圈 v. 卷，盘绕
181. adult [E5dQlt, 5AdQlt] n. 成年人
182. advertise [5AdvEtaIz] v. 为...做广告
183. advertisement [Ed5vE:tismEnt]n. 广告
184. agency [5eidVEnsi] n. 代理商，经销商（ag=act-处理、代理）
185. focus [5fEukEs] v. （使）聚集 n. 焦点，中心，聚焦
186. forbid [fE5bid] vt. 不许，禁止（for-否）
187. debate [di5beit] n./v. 辩论，争论（de-低 bat-棒子 放下棒子——改成舌战）
188. debt [det] n. 欠债
189. decade [5dekeid] n. 十年（dec-拉丁文数字：十）
190. enclose [in5klEuz] vt. 围住；把...装入信封（close-关起来）
191. encounter [in5kauntE] vt./n. 遭遇，遭到（en-使 counter-相对的）
192. globe [^lEub] n. 地球，世界；地球仪（gl-cl-全 ob-orb-词根：圆的、球 。同根词：
orbit轨道）
193. global [5^lEubEl] a. 全球的；总的
194. scan [skAn] vt. 细看；扫描；浏览（sc-看）
195. scandal [5skAndl] n. 丑事，丑闻（此词源自：scar-疤痕）
196. significance [si^5nifikEns] n. 意义；重要性（sign-标志、标志的）
197. subsequent [5sQbsikwEnt] a. 随后的，后来的（sequ=sec-词根：跟着）
198. virtue [5vE:tju:] n. 美德，优点（virt-词根：真实、不虚伪）
199. virtual [5vE:tjuEl, -tFuEl] a. 实际上的，事实上的
200. orient [5C:riEnt] vt. 使适应，(to,toward)使朝向 n. 东方（o-太阳 ri-rise-升起
ent-后缀）
201. portion [5pC:FEn] n. 一部分（port=part-部分）
202. target [5tB:^it] n. 目标，靶子 vt. 瞄准
203. portable [5pC:tEbl] a. 手提式的（port-携带、运输）
204. decline[di5klain]v. 拒绝，谢绝；下降（de-向下 cl-climb-爬）
205. illusion [i5lu:VEn, i5lju:-] n. 错觉（lus-词根：光）
206. likelihood [5laiklihud] n. 可能，可能性
207. stripe [straip] n. 条纹（str-拉紧、扯紧）
208. emphasize [5emfEsaIz] vt. 强调，着重（e-往外 phas=fess-词根：说）
209. emotion [i5mEuFEn] n. 情感，感情（e-往外 mote-词根：移动
向外移动的东西、要喷出来的——感情、情绪 词中间的mot-也和mood情绪 密切相关）
210. emotional [i5mEuFEnl] a. 感情的，情绪（上）的
211. awful [5C:ful]a. 极坏的，威严的，可怕的（aw-模仿人在感到糟糕的时候的语气声音）
212. awkward [5C:kwEd] a. 笨拙的，棘手的（辅助联想：拗口的）
213. clue [klu:] n. 线索，提示
214. collision [kE5liVEn] n. 碰撞，冲突（动词collide碰撞、抵触）
215. devise [di5vaiz] vt. 发明，策划，想出（vise-词根：看、观点、想法）
216. device [5laivEn] n. 装置，设备（来自动词 devise-发明）
217. inevitable [in5evitEbl] a.
不可避免的（evitable可避免-evade逃避、规避-vade-词根：走）
218. naval [5neivEl] a. 海军的（nav-词根：船、舟）
219. navigation [7nAvi5^eiFEn] n. 航行（navigate动词：航行）
220. necessity [ni5sesiti] n. 必需品；必要性
221. previous [5pri:vjEs] a. 先，前，以前的（pre-前 vi-走 ous-的——走在前的）
222. provision [prE5viVEn] n. [pl.]给养，口粮；准备，设备，装置（provide供应）
223. pursue [pE5sju:] vt. 追逐；追求；从事，进行
224. stale [steil] a. 不新鲜的，陈腐的（st-stop-停止的、停滞的、不发展的）
225. substitute [5sQbstitju:t] n. 代用品 vt. 代替（de-底下 st-站着
itute-复合名词后缀——
站在下面的、站在更次要地方的——代替品）
226. deserve [di5zE:v] vt. 应受，应得，值得
227. discrimination [dis7krimi5neiFEn] n. 歧视；辨别力（dis-分开 sc-看
分开看，不同地看、
区别地看——歧视）
228. professional [prE5feFEnl] a. 职业的，专门的
229. secure [si5kjuE] a.
安全的，可靠的（se-分着，cure-care-关心、关怀——分着关怀、贴
身保护：安全）
230. security [si5kjuEriti] n. 安全，保障
231. scratch [skrAtF] v./n. 抓，搔，扒（scr-爪子）
232. talent [5tAlEnt] n. 才能，天资；人才
233. insure [in5FuE] vt. 给...保险，保证，确保
234. insurance [in5FuErEns] n. 保险，保险费
235. nevertheless [7nevETE5les] ad. 仍然，然而，不过（）
236. neutral [5nju:trEl] a. 中立的，中性的（来自“neither既不、也不” 的变化）
237. spot [spCt] n. 地点；斑点 vt. 认出，发现；玷污
238. spray [sprei] v. 喷，（使）溅散（spr-喷洒）
239. medium [5mi:djEm] a. 中等的，适中的 n. 媒介物，新闻媒介（med-词根：中间）
240. media [5mi:djE] n. 新闻传媒（ia-后缀 ）
241. auxiliary [C:^5ziljEri] a. 辅助的，补助的 （aux-aug-词根：增加、增多）
242. automatic [7C:tE5mAtik] a. 自动的（auto-自己）
243. compete [kEm5pi:t] vi. 竞争，比赛
244. competent [5kCmpitEnt] a. 有能力，能胜任的（compete-竞争。competent
：有竞争力的）
245. competition [kCmpi5tiFEn] n. 竞争，比赛
246. distribute [dis5tribju(:)t] vt. 分发（tribute-词根：给）
247. disturb [dis5tE:b] vt. 打搅，妨碍，弄乱（turb=turn-拧、乱 turbulent
[5tE:bjulEnt] 狂
暴的, 吵闹的）
248. infer [in5fE:] v. 推论，推断（fer 词根：拿、带 “往里带”——把上一个结论往下一
个命题里带入就是-推论）
249. integrate [5inti^reit] v. (into,with)（使）成为一体，（使）合并（in-未
teg=touch 同根
词：integer整数）
250. moist [mCist] 潮湿的；潮湿（hoist升起 辅助联想：mo-谐音“冒、冒了”）
251. moisture [5mCistFE] n.潮湿, 湿气n. 潮湿
252. promote [prE5mEut] vt. 促进；提升（mote=move-词根：移动
同根：motion运动）
253. region [5ri:dVEn] n. 地区；范围；幅度（reg-词跟：管理
源自：rein（另一种写法reign）
-缰绳、统治、支配）
254. register [5redVistE] v./n.登记，注册（reg-词跟：管理 “登记”是一种管理行为）
255. stable [5steibl] a. 稳定的（st-站着）
256. sophisticated [sE5fistikeitid] a. 老于世故的，老练的；很复杂的（soph-词根：智慧
根：sophist贵辩家）
257. splendid [5splendid] a. 极好的，壮丽的，辉煌的（用“spring喷泉、春天” 来体会一
下 spr(spl)的“喷放”的含义）
258. cancel [5kAnsEl] vt. 取消，废除
259. variable [5vZEriEbl] a. 易变的，可变的（vary-改变、变更 v-转 “转”就是“变”）
260. prospect [5prCspekt] n. 前景，前途；景象（spect-词根：看）
261. prosperity [prCs5periti] n.兴旺，繁荣（sper=spect-看
“向前看，有前景”——就是“兴
旺、繁荣”）
262. aspect [5Aspekt] n. 方面；朝向；面貌（spect-词根：看）
263. cope [kEup] vi. (with)（成功地）应付，处理
264. core [kC:] n. 果心，核心
265. maintain [men5tein] vt. 维持，保持；坚持，主张（main=man-词跟：手 tain=take
266. mainland [`meInlEnd,-lAnd] n. 大陆（main-主要的）
266.remain [ri5mein] vi.保持（re-往回 main-man-手、拿）
267. discipline [5disiplin] n. 纪律；惩罚；学科（disciple-门徒、信徒）
268. domestic [dE5mestik] a. 本国的，国内的；家用的；家庭的（dome-词根：屋顶、家）
269. constant [5kCnstEnt] a. 不变的，恒定的 n. 常数（con-无义、加强语气
st-停止、不变）
270. cliff [klif] n. 悬崖，峭壁（cl-climb-爬）
271. authority [C:5WCriti] n. 权威；当局（author-作者）
272. audio [5C:diEu] a. 听觉（aural-听觉的、听力的 au-听）
273. attitude [5Atitju:d] n. 态度（t-说、表达、表态）
274. community [kE5mju:niti] n. 社区，社会（mun-词跟：交流、互动）
275. commit [kE5mit] vt. 犯（错误，罪行等），干（坏事等）
276. comment [5kCment] n./vt. 评论（ment-词跟：精神 源自mind的变化）
277. distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] vt. 区分，辨别（distinct截然不同的 dis-分着 st-站着
inct=ing-的）
278. distress [dis5tres] n. 痛苦，悲伤 vt. 使痛苦（tr-拉扯 tractor-拖拉机）
279. facility [fE5siliti] n. [pl.] 设备，设施；便利，方便（facile-容易做的
fac-fact-做 ile-能…的
容易...的）
280. faculty [5fAkElti] n. 能力，技能；系，学科，学院；全体教员（fac-fact-做　ul-连字符
ty-名词后缀）
281. mixture [5mikstFE] n. 混合，混合物（mixt=mix-混合）
282. mood [mu:d] n. 心情，情绪；语气
283. moral [5mCrEl] a. 道德上的，有道德的
284. prominent [5prCminEnt] a. 突出的（min-mountain-突起）
285. substance [5sQbstEns] n. 物质；实质
286. substantial [sEb5stAnFEl] a. 可观的；牢固的；实质的
287. prompt [prCmpt] vt. 促使 a. 敏捷的，及时的（变化自 promote促进）
288. vivid [5vivid] a. 生动的（viv-词根 生）
289. vocabulary [vE5kAbjulEri] n. 词汇（量）；词汇表
290. venture [5ventFE] n. 风险投资，风险项目 v. 冒险；取于
291. version [5vE:FEn] n. 版本，译本；说法（verse-转 转达 翻译）
292. waist [weist] n. 腰，腰部
293. weld [weld] v./n. 焊接
294. yawn [jC:n] vi. 打哈欠
295. yield [ji:ld] vi. (to)屈服于；让出，放弃 n. 产量（year+field）
296. zone [zEun] n. 地区，区域
297. strategy [5strAtidVi] n. 战略，策略（str-紧张 斗争 例如：strike罢工 斗争
298. strategic [strE5ti:dVik] a. 战略（上）的）
299. tense [tens] a. 紧张的 v. 拉紧 n. 时态（tend-延伸 拉伸 扯紧）
300. tension [5tenFEn] n. 紧张（状态），张力
301. avenue [5Avinju:] n. 林荫道，大街
302. available [E5veilEbl] a. 现成可用的；可得到的
303. comparable [5kCmpErEbl] a. (with,to)可比较的，类似的
304. comparative [kEm5pArEtiv] a. 比较的，相对的
305. dash [dAF] vi. 猛冲，飞奔
306. d}