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你可能喜欢vt. 收获，获得；收割
vi. 收割，收获
n. (Reap)人名；(英)里普
GRE 考 研 TOEFL
1、reap音变自“ripe：成熟”，因为只有“成熟”后才能“收割”。
收获，收割来自古英语 ripan,收割，来自 Proto-Germanic*ripana,抓取，来自 PIE*rep,抓走，夺取，词源 同 rape,rip.
reap: see "to cut grain with a hook or sickle," Old English reopan, Mercian form of ripan "to reap," related to Old English ripe "ripe" (see ). Related: Reaped; reaping.
1. We are not in this to reap immense financial rewards.
我们从事这一行不是为了获得巨大的经济回报。 来自柯林斯例句 2. Cultivating a positive mental attitude towards yourself can reap tremendous benefits.
培养一种自信的积极心态会让人受益匪浅。 来自柯林斯例句 3. It is not easy to reap the harvest of my hard work.
获得自己辛勤工作的成果是不容易的. 来自《简明英汉词典》 4. The modest receive benefit, while the conceited reap failure.
谦受益, 满招损. 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》 5. It'serves you right. As a man sows, so does he reap.
你是罪有应得, 种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆嘛! 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
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以便我们及时发放福利！如果忘了，请通过微博私信或者网站底部的联系通道告知我们）新东方丽丽所讲的我个人觉得靠谱的语法点
时间： 7:24:32
&&&&&&&&GMAT个人语法笔记说明&&&&本笔记全面覆盖PREP2008所有知识点，Manhattan所有语法点，新东方丽丽所讲的我个人觉得靠谱的语法点，管卫东语法点以及平时真题时遇到的语法点，有很强的覆盖性！编撰此笔记旨在方便各位CDer在需要时查询各个知识点并快速定位到相应解释！时间紧迫的复习者也可直接看此笔记作为复习！需要提醒各位，GMAC最近加大了逻辑和语义的考察力度，在做题中一定要加强逻辑和语义的判断！语法只能作为提速和初步判断的工具！切记！&&&&&&&&感谢Chasedream和各位大牛的鼎力支持！&&&&&&&&制作时间：日&&&&&&&&Like用法总结&&&&一．Like用法三原则&&&&原则一：like比较的是名词和名词。要找准比较对象。原则二：Justlike是wordy,like就可以了。Like**,**also也是redundant。原则三：要把like的句子改写成as（连词）引导的从句的话，要补上从句的谓语动词（或助动词），并且该动词和主句的动词应该没有逻辑上的矛盾。&&&&&&&&二.&&&&&&&&Like九条及例题&&&&&&&&woodorstone总结得挺好。我自己也总结了9条，改了改发出来，一家之言，仅供参考。例子太长，没贴，可根据文中题号，到大全987和og里找到。&&&&&&&&&&&&1.as作连词，like作介词时，才可表示”象...一样”2.like和as的优缺点like优点是，直接接名词，简洁，比as灵活，象得没as那么象。但有时太灵活以至导致歧义(e.g.,og060.A)。相比之下as的优点是准确，缺点是过于死板，以致于有时导致逻辑上不通。（e.g.,og119.C)3.like常用于比较名词，作独立成分，大部分时候出现在句首。(e.g.,og091)但like+n.也可作表语(lookslike,readslike(e.g.,大全568))，或普通状语（说普通是区分独立成分）(v.+like+n.,e.g.,og119)。平时我们说“worklikeadog”,即属此类。4.当like+n.作状语时，象所有的介词短语作状语一样，要考虑它在句中的位置和用来修饰什么，不可导致歧义。5.当like+n.作状语时，感觉GMAT接受v.+like+n.，很少用v.+n.+like+n.,除非是固定用法（如：treat...like...（大全310））。例如下面的句子，GMAT会认为confusing：Tomdriveshiscarlikeatank.（drivelikeatank,orcarlikeatank?）6.like,as,和asif。当用as和like都感觉不舒服时，用asif＋虚拟语气，尤其用于和假设的事物或事实比较。如上面的句子用as不行，因为Tomdriveshiscarashedrivesatank。显然不妥，因为Tom未必开坦克。但可以这么说：Tomdriveshiscarasifitwereatank。（大全310）7.n1,liken2和n1,suchasn2。表“比如...”，只能用suchas；而表“象...”时，用like。或说，当n2是n1的子集时，用suchas；当n1和n2为平行可比物时，用like。记住suchas一般对，也小心“大全229”那样的陷阱。8.likethis/these和sth.ofthiskind，改成such+n.（e.g.，大全792）9.like和unlike。unlike只作独立成分和表语，没见过unlike作普通状语。worksHeunlikeadog(别扭)。注意isnotunlike表强调，不要改成islike。（e.g.,og051)例：og091：like独立成分，平行比较og060，大全844，大全045：like歧义og119/og189：v.+like普通状语，as过于死板大全310/大全973：asif，treat...like大全568：系表结构，readlike...大全792：likethese=such+n.大全229：表“象..”，用like，不用suchasog208：表“比如...”，只能用suchas，不用like&&&&&&&&&&&&三．OG对like的讲解1.Likemanyself-taughtartists,PerleHessingdidnotbegintopaintuntilshewaswellintomiddleage.(A)Like(B)Ashave(C)Justaswith(D)Justlike（A）(E)AsdidChoiceA,thebestanswer,isconciseandgrammaticallycorrect,usingthecomparativeprepositionliketoexpressthecomparisonbetweenmanyself-taughtartistsandPerleHessing.ChoicesBandE,whichreplaceA’sprepositionalphrasewithclausesintroducedbyas,useauxiliaryverbsthatcannotproperlybecompletedbyanypartoftheverbphraseinthemainclause:neitherhave...didnotbeginnordid...didnotbeginislogicallyorgrammaticallysound.InCandD,JustaswithandJustlikearebothunnecessarywordy.2.LikeAuden,thelanguageofJamesMerrillischatty,arch,andconversational—giventocomplexsyntacticflightsaswellastoprosaicfree-versestrolls.(A)LikeAuden,thelanguageofJamesMerrill(B)LikeAuden,JamesMerrill’slanguage(C)LikeAuden’s,JamesMerrill’slanguage(D)AswithAuden,JamesMerrill’slanguage（C）(E)AsisAuden’sthelanguageofJamesMerrillAtissueisacomparisonofAuden’slanguagewithMerrill’slanguage.OnlyC,thebestchoice,usestheellipticallikeAuden’s(languagebeingunderstood),tocompareAuden’slanguagewithMerrill’slanguage.A,B,andDcompareAuden(theperson)withMerrill’slanguage.ChoiceEisawkwardandunidiomatic.&&&&&&&&3.Liketheirmalecounterparts,womenscientistsareaboveaverageintermsofintelligenceandcreativity,butunlikemenofscience,theirfemalecounterpartshavehadtoworkagainstthegrainofoccupationalstereotypingtoentera―man’sworld.‖(A)theirfemalecounterpartshavehadtowork(B)theirproblemisworking(C)onethingtheyhavehadtodoiswork(D)thehandicapwomenofsciencehavehadistowork（E）&&&&&&&&&&&&(E)womenofsciencehavehadtoworkEisthebestchoice.Themeaningiscleardespitetherelativecomplexityofthesentence,thecomparisonofwomenwithmenislogical,andparallelismismaintainedthroughout.InA,theconstructionunlikemenofscience,theirfemalecounterpartsviolatesrulesofparallelismandsyntax.Itwouldbestberenderedasunlikemenofscience,womenofscience....ChoiceBincorrectlysuggeststhatacomparisonisbeingmadebetweenmenofscienceanda.problemfacedbyfemalescientists.InC,thelengthyseparationbetweenwomenandtheymakesthepronounreferencevague,andthecomparisonbetweenmenofscienceandonething(ratherthanwomenofscience)isfaulty.Thephrasingisunnecessarilywordyaswell.ChoiceDintroducesunnecessaryredundancyandawkwardnesswiththeconstructionthehandicapwomen...havehadistowork.ChoiceDalsoincorrectlycomparesmalescientistswithahandicapfacedbyfemalescientists.4.LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelledagainsttheunnaturalcomplexityofhumanrelationsinmodernsociety.(A)LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelled(B)LikeRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas(C)AsRousseau,Tolstoirebelled(D)AsdidRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas（A）(E)Tolstoi’srebellion,asRousseau’s,wasInchoiceA,thebestanswer,aclearandlogicalcomparisonismadebetweenRousseauandTolstoi.ChoiceBillogicallycomparesaperson,Rousseau,toanevent,Tolstoi’srebellion.Also,Tolstoi’srebellionwasagainstislessdirectthanTolstoirebelledagainst.InsertingdidafterAswouldmakeCgrammatical.BecauseAsisaconjunction,ithencethenounRousseaumusthaveaverb.ChoiceDcomparesanimpliedaction(AsdidRousseau)withanoun(Tolstoi’srebellion).ChoiceEisawkwardlyformed,andlikeisneededinplaceofastocomparetwonouns(rebellionisunderstoodafterRousseau’s).Also,Tolstoi’srebellion...wasagainstislessdirectthanTolstoirebelledagainst.&&&&&&&&5.LiketheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.‖(A)LiketheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.(B)InhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongand&&&&&&&&&&&&narrow―seamonster‖similartotheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,which,likeLakeChamplain,isaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver.(C)InhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster‖similartoLochNess’s,which,likeLakeChamplain,isaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver.(D)LikeLochNess’reputedmonster,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,claimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.‖（B）(E)SimilartothatreputedtoliveinLochNess,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,claimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.‖ChoiceA,DandEillogicallycomparethemonsterreputedtoliveinLochNesstotheinhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,nottothemonsterthatsomelocalinhabitantsclaimtohavesighted.Furthermore,inEthephraseSimilartothatreputedtoliveinLochNessisneedlesslywordyandindirect.CisfaultybecausethepronounwhichwouldrefertoLochNess,nottothe―seamonster‖similartoLochNess’s.B,thebestchoice,useswhichcorrectlyandmakesalogicalcomparison.Thequestionisalittleeasierthanmiddledifficulty.&&&&&&&&6.LikeByronatMissolonghi,JackLondonwasslowlykilledbythemistakesofthemedicalmenwhotreatedhim.(A)LikeByron(B)LikeByron’sdeath(C)JustasByrondied(D)SimilartoByron（A）(E)AsdidByronChoiceAcorrectlycomparestwopersons,ByronandJackLondon.ChoiceBillogicallycomparesByron’sdeathtoLondon.ChoiceCdoesnotcompareonepersontoanotherandcouldbereadassayingJustatthetimethatByrondied.ChoiceDmisstatestheidea:thepointisnotthatLondonwassimilartoByronbutthathewaslikeByroninthemannerofhisdeath.InchoiceE,didcannotgrammaticallybesubstitutedforwasinthephrasewasslowlykilled.Thisquestionisalittlemoredifficultthantheaverage.7.LikeHaydn,Schubertwroteagreatdealforthestage,butheisrememberedprincipallyforhischamberandconcert-hallmusic.&&&&&&&&&&&&(A)LikeHaydn,Schubert(B)LikeHaydn,Schubertalso(C)AshasHaydn,Schubert(D)AsdidHaydn,Schubertalso（A）(E)AsHaydndid,SchubertalsoChoiceAiscorrect.InB,alsoisredundantafterLike,whichestablishesthesimilaritybetweenHaydnandSchubert.AsinchoicesC,D,andEisnotidiomaticinhasinCwronglysuggeststhattheactionandalsoinDandEissuperfluous.Thisquestionisalittlemoredifficultthantheaverage.三．大全like题目练习1.LikeByronatMissolonghi,JackLondonwasslowlykilledbythemistakesofthemedicalmenwhotreatedhim.(A)LikeByron(B)LikeByron’sdeath(C)JustasByrondied(D)SimilartoByron（A）(E)AsdidByron2.LikeEdvardGrieg,whomtheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognize,theItalians’disregardforVerdipersistedforadecadeafterhiscriticalacclaiminFranceandAustria.(A)LikeEdvardGrieg,whomtheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognize,(B)LikeEdvardGrieg,whotheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognize,(C)JustasEdvardGriegwaslongrefusedrecognitionbytheScandinavians,(D)JustastheScandinavianslongrefusedtorecognizeEdvardGrieg,so（E）(E)LiketheScandinavians’longrefusaltorecognizeEdvardGrieg,3.LikeHaydn,Schubertwroteagreatdealforthestage,butheisrememberedprincipallyforhischamberandconcert-hallmusic.(A)LikeHaydn,Schubert(B)LikeHaydn,Schubertalso(C)AshasHaydn,Schubert(D)AsdidHaydn,Schubertalso（A）(E)AsHaydndid,Schubertalso&&&&&&&&&&&&4.LikeJohnMcPhee’sworks,AnnBeattiepainstakinglyassemblesinherworksaninterestingandcompleteworldoutofhundredsoftinydetailsaboutaseeminglyuninterestingsubject.(A)LikeJohnMcPhee’sworks,AnnBeattiepainstakinglyassemblesinherworks(B)LikeJohnMcPhee,AnnBeattie’sworkspainstakinglyassemble(C)LikeJohnMcPhee,AnnBeattiepainstakinglyassemblesinherworks(D)JustasJohnMcPhee’s,soAnnBeattie’sworkspainstakinglyassemble（C）(E)JustasJohnMcPhee,AnnBeattiepainstakinglyassemblesinherworks5.LikemanyothersofhisgenerationofNativeAmericanleaders,JosephBbornintoanIroquoiscommunityandinstructedintraditionalIroquoisways,healsoreceivedaneducationfromEnglish-speakingteachers.(A)LikemanyothersofhisgenerationofNativeAmericanleaders,JosephB(B)LikemanyothersofhisgenerationofNativeAmericanleaders,livingintwoworlds,JosephBrantwas(C)LikemanyanotherofhisgenerationofNativeAmericanleaders,JosephBrant,livingintwoworlds,was(D)AswithmanyothersofhisgenerationofNativeAmericanleaders,livingintwoworlds,JosephBrantwas（A）(E)AswithmanyanotherofhisgenerationofNativeAmericanleaders,JosephB6.Likemanyself-taughtartists,PerleHessingdidnotbegintopaintuntilshewaswellintomiddleage.(A)Like(B)Ashave(C)Justaswith(D)Justlike（A）(E)Asdid7.Likeothereducatorswhoprefertosubstituteanthologiesofshortstoriesorcollectionsofpopularessaystodull―basalreaders,‖Ms.Burtonemphasizeshowimportantitistoenjoygoodliterature.(A)todull―basalreaders,‖Ms.Burtonemphasizeshowimportantitistoenjoy(B)fordull―basalreaders,‖Ms.Burtonemphasizestheimportanceofenjoying(C)todull―basalreaders,‖Ms.Burtonemphasizesthatitisimportanttoenjoy(D)fordull―basalreaders,‖Ms.Burton’semphasisisthatitisimportanttoenjoy（B）(E)todull―basalreaders,‖Ms.Burton’semphasisisontheimportanceofenjoying&&&&&&&&&&&&8.LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelledagainsttheunnaturalcomplexityofhumanrelationsinmodernsociety.(A)LikeRousseau,Tolstoirebelled(B)LikeRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas(C)AsRousseau,Tolstoirebelled(D)AsdidRousseau,Tolstoi’srebellionwas（A）(E)Tolstoi’srebellion,asRousseau’s,was9.Likethe1890sPopulistswhoexaltedtheruralmyth,sourbanleadersofthe1990saretryingtoglorifytheurbanmyth.(A)Likethe1890sPopulistswhoexaltedtheruralmyth,(B)JustasthePopulistsofthe1890sexaltedtheruralmyth,(C)ThePopulistsofthe1890shavingexaltedtheruralmyth,(D)JustliketheruralmythwasexaltedbythePopulistsofthe1890s（B）(E)Populistsofthe1890swereexaltingtheruralmyth,and10.Likethecolor-discriminatingapparatusofthehumaneye,insects’eyesdependonrecordingandcomparinglightintensitiesinthreeregionsoftheelectromagneticspectrum.(A)insects’eyesdependon(B)aninsecteyedependson(C)thatofinsectsdependonthe(D)thatofaninsect’seyedependson（D）(E)thatofaninsect’sisdependentonthe11.Likethegovernmentthatcamebeforeit,whichsetnewrecordsforgrowth,laissez-fairecapitalismisthecornerstoneofthenewgovernment.(A)laissez-fairecapitalismisthecornerstoneofthenewgovernment(B)thecornerstoneofthenewgovernmentislaissez-fairecapitalism(C)laissez-fairecapitalismisthenewgovernment’scornerstone(D)thenewgovernmenthasmadelaissez-fairecapitalismitscornerstone（D）(E)thenewgovernmenthasalaissez-fairecornerstoneofcapitalism12.LiketheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.‖(A)LiketheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.‖(B)InhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster‖similartotheonereputedtoliveinLochNess,which,like&&&&&&&&&&&&LakeChamplain,isaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver.(C)InhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplainclaimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster‖similartoLochNess’s,which,likeLakeChamplain,isaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver.(D)LikeLochNess’reputedmonster,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,claimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.‖（B）(E)SimilartothatreputedtoliveinLochNess,inhabitantsoftheareaaroundLakeChamplain,alsoaninlandlakeconnectedtotheoceanbyariver,claimsightingsofalongandnarrow―seamonster.‖13.Liketheirmalecounterparts,womenscientistsareaboveaverageintermsofintelligenceandcreativity,butunlikemenofscience,theirfemalecounterpartshavehadtoworkagainstthegrainofoccupationalstereotypingtoentera―man’sworld.‖(A)theirfemalecounterpartshavehadtowork(B)theirproblemisworking(C)onethingtheyhavehadtodoiswork(D)thehandicapwomenofsciencehavehadistowork（E）(E)womenofsciencehavehadtowork&&&&&&&&14.Asvirtuallyallthenation’s50busiestairportsare,NewYork’swerebuiltforanageofpropellers,beforejetplanesweighing800,000poundsneededovertwomilesofrunway.(A)Asvirtuallyallthenation’s50busiestairportsare(B)Aswithvirtuallyallofthenation’s50busiestairports(C)Likevirtuallyallofthenation’s50busiestairports(D)Likethecitieswherevirtuallyallthenation’s50busiestairportsare（C）(E)Likeothercitieswherevirtuallyallthenation’s50busiestairportsare&&&&&&&&15.JustastheEuropeancountriesoftheearlyeighteenthcenturysoughttoexploittheresourcesofourcontinent,sotooarewenowattemptingtoextractenergyandmineralsfromtheoceanbed.(A)JustastheEuropeancountriesoftheearlyeighteenthcenturysoughttoexploittheresourcesofourcontinent,sotoo(B)TheEuropeancountriesoftheearlyeighteenthcenturysoughttoexploitthe&&&&&&&&&&&&resourcesofourcontinent,andinasimilarway(C)LikethecaseoftheEuropeancountriesoftheearlyeighteenthcenturywhosoughttoexploittheresourcesofourcontinent,sotoo(D)AsintheexploitationoftheresourcesofourcontinentbyEuropeancountriesoftheearlyeighteenthcentury（A）(E)SimilartotheEuropeancountrieswhichsoughtintheearlyeighteenthcenturytoexploittheresourcesofourcontinent&&&&&&&&number/numbers用法小结&&&&几种用法之间区别：非核心词与核心词；number的意义；number与相关成分的单复数一致关系。1)anumberof/numbersof+可数名词复数+动词复数可以理解为量词结构，anumberof表示一些，numbersof表示大量。of后面的复数名词才是核心词，谓语动词因此总是复数Manystudentsarrivedearly,butonlyanumberofthemworkedontheirexercises.Thelakeproducesagoodnumberof(=alotof)salmoneachseason.Numbersofbirdsflyacrossthelake.另外：anynumberof用于非正式场合，表示大量Therecouldbeanynumberof(=many)reasonswhysheslate.2)thenumberof+可数名词复数+动词单数:number是核心词，可以被具体的一个数字表示可数物品累积起来的数量,可数名词需用复数形式这时number是核心词，可以被具体化为一个数字，如50或者100，谓语动词因此总是单数Thenumberofstudentswhoparticipatedtheinterviewwas100.Today’scasebringsthenumberofsuccessfulprosecutionsintheregiontothirty-four.&&&&[这里有个疑问有待考证：是否可以从例子派生出Thenumbersofgirlandboystudentsarerespectively30and70?如果可以，则规则为：thenumber(s)of+n.(总是复数)+v.(单数或者复数-取决于number的形式)]。&&&&&&&&&&&&OG-verbal-5.ALaborDepartmentstudystatesthatthe(D)numberofwomenemployedoutsidethehomeincreasedbymorethanthirty-fivepercentinthepastdecadeandaccountedformorethansixty-twopercentofthetotalgrowthinthecivilianworkforce.492.LosAngeleshas(C)ahighernumberoffamilydwellingspercapitathandoesanyotherlargecity.有人问为什么不选(D)highernumbersoffamilydwellingspercapitathandootherlargecities.ETS：thepluralnumbersisincorrectinthatthereisonlyasinglenumberofsuchdwellings.这题是什么时候用单数，什么时候用复数number的好例证：ETS的意思是，因为人均住房面积只用一个数值就可以表示了，例如20平方米/人，即number就是这个数，所以number和对应谓语动词都用单数。另外，比较级higher表示将LA的number和其他城市相应的number相比：onenumberislarger/greaterthantheothernumber.&&&&&&&&3)numbers作为核心词，表示可以被具体化的几个数&&&&530.(D)NewJerseyhasoneofthefivehighestnumbersofreportedcasesofLymediseaseintheUnitedStates.908.Upsetbytherecentdownturninproductionnumbersduringthefirsthalfoftheyear,(E)theboardofdirectors,atitsquarterlymeeting,raisedthepossibilityofaddingworkerincentives.因为每个公司的生产指标有很多，所以用复数形式的productionnumbers。比较题No.492，在那里familydwellingspercapita只可以被具体化为一个数。这些情况下，如果明确知道有多个数字，就用numbers。再例如Dontjudgeateambyitsnumbers.不能仅仅从数字（指标）上判断一个队（的好坏）。如NBA队伍中每个球员都有rebound,assist,turnover,score等指标，球队有胜率，排名等指标。这些指标就是由多个数字表达的，所以即使team是单数，但是its+numbers是最合理的。上面的句子也可以改写为：Don’tjudgeateambythosenumberslistedonitswebsite.&&&&&&&&4)numbers作为核心词，但可以被具体化的几个数倾向不明显&&&&OG-verbal-72.Thegyrfalcon,anArcticbirdofprey,hassurvivedaclosebrushwith(A)itsnumbersarenowfive-timesgreaterthanwhentheuseofDDTwassharplyrestrictedintheearly1970’s.因为动词是复数，所以可推知numbers是number的复数形式，而不是什么固定用法。TTGWD9-Q7:InScotland,the(E)wildsalmon’snumbershavebeenreducedbyuncontrolleddeep-seaandcoastalnetting,bypollution,andbyvariousotherthreatstothefish’shabitat.另外，一些讨论中说：numbers是复数做―人数，鸟群‖讲。Longman字典：Visitornumbersincreaseinthesummer.游客人数在夏季增加。现代英汉词典：Birdsgatherinlargenumbersbesidetheriver.鸟儿一群群地聚在河边。但是显然后面一个例子中inlargenumbers是做副词用，参见5)。这一类用法是最难的，还没有找到最有说服力的解释。但是作题的时候，我们可以借用其他方面的线索，排除错误项&&&&&&&&5)innumber(s)惯用法:如downturn/declineinnumber(s)，表示在数量指标方面Innumberadv.,prep.,n.总共，在数目上Theywereprintedinlimitednumbers.Youngpeoplehavebeenleavingthecountrysideinlargenumbersforurbanareas.[leave…for…]&&&&&&&&&&&&Thecondorshavedwindledtoanestimatedsixtyinnumber.&&&&48(non-OG).ThegoldencraboftheGulfofMexicohasnotbeenfishedcommerciallyingreatnumbers,primarily(C)becauseitlivesatgreatdepths–2,500to3,000feetdown.ThroughouttheWesternplains,(A)black-footedferretsarethoughttohavedeclinedinnumberasaresultofthepoisoningofprairiedogs,theirprey.这题主要是考察逻辑关系：black-footedferrets(is)commonthroughout…,只有A正确。er或者innumbers在某些情况下，并不需要严格区分，毕竟GMAT时要求找最佳答案。或许550中用numbers也没错。&&&&&&&&6)thenumber(s)of+名词单数或者复数+动词单数或者复数，表示标号，数字标识这时number是核心词，number、物品、谓语动词三者的单/复数形式要一致ThenumbersofthemachinepartsAandBarerespectively201and203.机器零件A和B的标号分别是201和203。派生出ThenumberofmachinepartAis201.这时number与numbers互为单复数的关系。注意，这里。Thenumbersofthemachinepartsarenotavailable.这些机器零件的号码找不到了。&&&&&&&&其他用法：beyondnumber=toomanytocount:数不胜数:grainsofsandbeyondnumber.数不胜数的沙粒。&&&&&&&&numbers作为复数形式，用在短语中：playthenumbers玩赌字的游戏，numbersgamethenumber–apieceofmusical:sangseveralnumbersfromtheOPERA.&&&&&&&&动词用法：numberv.1计数；Thebooksinthelibrarynumberinthethousands。图书馆里的书数以千计。[seealso#5]2包含在内；Severaleminentscientistsnumberamonghisfriends.他朋友中有几位杰出科学家。&&&&&&&&3给…标号；Thepagesofthebookwerenumbered1to268.&&&&&&&&&&&&相关题：712.Thecommissionacknowledgedthat(D)neithervastamountsofmoneynoralargestaffcanensurethesafetyofpeoplewholiveinthevicinityofanuclearplant,butitapprovedtheinstallationbecauseitbelievedthatallreasonableprecautionshadbeentaken.其中(C)neithervastamountsofmoneynornumbersofstaffmembers的后半部分不通：staff可以看作集体名词，用alargestaff结构最好。ETS:inchoiceCitisnotcertainwhethervastmodifiesamountsonlyoramountsandnumbers.&&&&&&&&When引导的名词从句&&&&theresnothingungrammaticalaboutfromwhen,becausetheclausestartingwithwhenisaperfectlylegitimatenounclause(i.e.,whenagriculturebeganservesasanoun.however:-itspossiblethatthegmatdoesconsidersutheonlywaytotellistoseeiftheysaysoinanyofficialanswerchoices-regardlessofwherethegmatstandsontheissue,thebeginningofagricultureisunquestionablybetterthanwhenagriculturebegan(i.e.,anactualnounisalmostalwayssuperiortoacircuitousnounclause,whenpossible)&&&&&&&&代词that的用法补充&&&&youcantusethatinthissortofconstruction,becauseconstructionsusingthatof(orotherprepositionafterthat)musthaveEXACTLYparallelstructures.inotherwords,ifthesecondhalfsaysthatduring10,000years,thentheprecedinghalfmustsaythegrowthof___duringsomethingelse(orsomeothertime&&&&&&&&&&&&preposition,suchasbeforeorafter,inplaceofduring).&&&&&&&&Help固定搭配&&&&Helpsb(to)doBehelpfulinHelp(to)do&&&&&&&&Suchas用法&&&&SuchAasBAsuchasBSuchas+these/thosethat…….Suchas+todo/sentence/when…..ABCsuchasthese&&&&【表示列举时后面不用etc.】&&&&&&&&notcorrect&&&&&&&&so…that&&&&&&&&V.S.&&&&&&&&so…astobe/do的用法&&&&&&&&so…that可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样；so…astobe/do一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误&&&&原理：so…asto事实上是三个结构的结合，so引出的是状语，as指代句子前面的核心含义，to是不定式引导状语结构(adverbialstructure)，此不定式修饰的正是前面的核心动词以及该动词的逻辑主语，所以只有当前面只有一个核心动词而且很明确的时候才能够用so…asto，也正因为修饰成分离被修饰词过远会造成修饰不清，所以tobe/do结构不能与前面动词不能太远。&&&&&&&&&&&&enough的固定搭配&&&&enoughforsb.对某人来说足够了enoughtodosomething足够做某事错误搭配：(X)enough+‖that/soasto/soto/sothat‖&&&&相关链接：enoughto,so/such…that…,so/such…asto三者都表示结果,区别在于:enoughto表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用;so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题;so/such...asto逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行asto后面动词所表达的作用。&&&&参考例题738.TheEmperorAugustus,itappears,commissionedanidealizedsculpturedportrait,thefeaturesofwhicharesounrealisticastoconstitutewhatonescholarcallsan“artificialface.”?sounrealisticastoconstitute?sounrealistictheyconstituted?sounrealisticthattheyhaveconstituted?unrealisticenoughsothattheyconstitute?unrealisticenoughsoastoconstituteKey:A&&&&OG的解释：Theverbsareandcallsindicatethatthesculptureisbeingviewedandjudgedinthepresent.Thus,neitherthepasttenseverbconstituted(inB)northepresentperfectverbhaveconstituted(inC)bothsuggestthatthestatue’sfeaturesonceconstitutedanartificialfacebutnolongerdoso.Also,Bwouldbebetterifthatwereinsertedaftersounrealistic,althoughtheomissionofthatisnotungrammatical.ChoicesDandEuseunidiomaticconstructionswithenough:unrealisticenoughtoconstitutewouldbeidiomatic,buttheuseofenoughisimpreciseandawkwardinthiscontext.ChoiceA,whichusestheclear,concise,andidiomaticconstructionsounrealisticastoconstitute,isbest.&&&&&&&&Soasto与to&&&&Soasto跟to并不是完全对等的！soasto里面有as这个连词，隔开前后，前面的统统是过程，后面统统是目的，而to没有连词，如果&&&&&&&&&&&&todo做状语，修饰的是最近谓语动词。&&&&参考例题738.TheEmperorAugustus,itappears,commissionedanidealizedsculpturedportrait,thefeaturesofwhicharesounrealisticastoconstitutewhatonescholarcallsan“artificialface.”?sounrealisticastoconstitute?sounrealistictheyconstituted?sounrealisticthattheyhaveconstituted?unrealisticenoughsothattheyconstitute?unrealisticenoughsoastoconstituteKey:A&&&&OG的解释：Theverbsareandcallsindicatethatthesculptureisbeingviewedandjudgedinthepresent.Thus,neitherthepasttenseverbconstituted(inB)northepresentperfectverbhaveconstituted(inC)bothsuggestthatthestatue’sfeaturesonceconstitutedanartificialfacebutnolongerdoso.Also,Bwouldbebetterifthatwereinsertedaftersounrealistic,althoughtheomissionofthatisnotungrammatical.ChoicesDandEuseunidiomaticconstructionswithenough:unrealisticenoughtoconstitutewouldbeidiomatic,buttheuseofenoughisimpreciseandawkwardinthiscontext.ChoiceA,whichusestheclear,concise,andidiomaticconstructionsounrealisticastoconstitute,isbest.&&&&&&&&Constitute&&&&&&&&的固定搭配&&&&&&&&constitute可以做linkingverb，也可以做transitiveverb，在本题是linkingverb.[linkingverb,notinprogressive]tobeconsideredtobesomethingFailingtocompletetheworkconstitutesabreachoftheemploymentcontract.Theriseincrimeconstitutesathreattosociety.[linkingverb,notinprogressive]ifseveralpeopleorthingsconstitutesomething,theyarethepartsthatformitWemustredefinewhatconstitutesafamily.[Tusuallyinpassive]formaltoofficiallyformagroupororganization&&&&&&&&&&&&TheFederationwasconstitutedin1949.&&&&&&&&GMAT时态问题全解析&&&&过去时：originally,from,previously完成时态：within/during/over/in+thepast/last/recent+时间短语(注意during/in/overthelastyear可以用现在时也可以用完成时，取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在或对现在是否还有影响，而lastyear用过去时)将来时：条件从句/时间从句/方式从句/让步从句不能用将来时或过去将来时，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。（对比状从省略的几种是：转折，时间，条件。）possibilitythat…/likelihoodthat…/expectthat…中,that从句后用一般将来时标准书面语中,优先使用一般将来时,主观将来时用besupposedtodo,较少用begoingtodo,不用betobedoing/betobedone一般现在时：common:themostcommonreasons,thecommonprocedure过去完成时的使用：必须在语义上有时间的对照(不一定会有一般过去时的出现)，来反映出发生在过去的过去。&&&&&&&&Other/theother/others&&&&one…theothersome…theothersone…another，another…some…others，others…others=otherpeople/thingstheothers=therest&&&&&&&&&&&&1）泛指另一个用another。2）一定范围内两人（物），一个用one，另一个用theother。3）一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one（another），第三个可用theother，athird。4）一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用theothers。5）泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。&&&&&&&&表比较的连语使用（contraryunlikesimilar……）&&&&Unlike/like前后连接的结构要对称平行，可接抽象名词和具体名词contraryto：一般接抽象名词(ideas,opinions,oractions)，在句首的时候不需要逻辑主语incontrastwith：后面接具体名词和抽象名词都可以(adifferencebetweenpeople,ideas,situations,thingsetc)，要求平行Similar=like，differentfrom=unlike但是similarto和differentfrom一般不可放在句首&&&&&&&&Campaign固定搭配&&&&Campaignfor/against&&&&&&&&Make用法全解&&&&Makeitadj.todoMake(doing)sth.Adj.&&&&&&&&&&&&MakeN1N2Makesth.Adj.中，如果形容词太长，完全可以后置，例如makepossiblethemassproductionofmanufacturedgoods.&&&&&&&&Expect用法全解&&&&Expect的固定搭配：意为―预料‖时：sth.beexpectedtodo/指望，期望itisexpectedthat预期（与上着一个意思，但是没有上者简洁）(prep1-107)expecttodosth.expectsb./sth.todosth.expectthatexpectsth.意为―想要―时：expectsth.fromsb.expectsb.todosth.错误用法：sth.beexpectedforsth.todo(也就是说forsth.不能加)sth.beexpectedthat错(T-4-Q31)itisexpectedforsb.todo累赘，不如直接用sth.beexpectedtodo/beexpectsb.that错&&&&&&&&倍数表达全解&&&&Twice/double&&&&twiceY/XtimesYcandefinitelybeusedasanappositive。注意doublingtheincreaseof和doubleasmuchastheincreaseof是两个完全不同的结构。&&&&&&&&&&&&?&&&&&&&&关于twiceasmany/muchas结构：(http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/the-number-of-people-flying-first-t5600.html)?Ifyousaytwiceasmany,thenthisconstructionshouldbepairedwithacountablenoun.e.g.,twiceasmanydogs--dogsisacountablenoun?Ifyousaidtwiceasmuch,thenthisconstructionshouldbepairedwithanuncountablenoun.e.g.,twiceasmuchwater--waterisanuncountablenoun?Ifthenouninquestionisalreadyanexplicitlynumericalquantity,thenyoushoulduseneithermuchnormany.Instead,youshouldjustusetwiceordoublebyitself.e.g.,twicetheincrease--increaseisanexplicitlynumericalquantity?Theserulesarefollowedprettyclosely.so,forinstance:twiceasmuchwater--correct,sincewaterisanuncountablenoun(butisnotanexplicitlynumericalquantity)twicethewater...--incorrect,sincewaterisnotanumericalquantitytwiceasmuchastheincrease...--redundanttwicetheincrease...--correct4.关于类似twiceasmany/muchas的结构：appositivemodifier（同位语修饰词）。不仅仅名词，有些形容词也是可以作为appositivemodifier的，这种形容词用逗号隔开放在句尾，还是习惯于修饰最近的词语（但是不绝对）。这样的形容词有differentfrom,(double/twice)asmanyas等。一道来自Manhattan的模考题：Antigenicshiftreferstothecombinationoftwodiffereincontrast,antigenicdriftreferstothenaturalmutationofasinglestrainofinfluenza.A.incontrast,antigenicdriftreferstothenaturalmutationofasinglestrainofinfluenzaB.influenza,differentthanthenaturalmutationofasinglestrain,knownasantigenicdriftC.influenza,incontrasttothenaturalmutationofasinglestrain,knownasantigenicdriftD.influenza,differentthanantigenicdrift,whichreferstothenaturalmutationofasinglestrainofinfluenzaE.incontrasttoantigenicdrift,whichreferstothenaturalmutationofasinglestrainofinfluenzaKey:A.此题里面D选项differentthan先改为differentfrom。而即便改为differentfrom，也修饰不到Antigenicshift，因为太远了，需要在differentfrom前面加上andis(其他错误暂不考虑)。不过如果前面的成分比较短，不会引起歧义，这个同位语还是可以跳跃修饰的，比如这个例子：AccordingtosurveysbytheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuse,about20percentofyoungadultsusedcocainein1979,doublingthosereportedinthe1977survey.(A)doublingthosereportedinthe1977survey(B)todoublethenumberthe1977surveyreported(C)twicethosethe1977surveyreported&&&&&&&&&&&&(D)twiceasmuchasthosereportedinthe1977survey(E)twicethenumberreportedinthe1977surveyOA：E。其中twice跳跃usedcocaine修饰20percentofyoungadults.5.asmany可以当一个数目来用。但是如果连接twice这样的倍数，则后面要用asmanyas，做比较来用。一、twice的用法：twiceasmany…twiceasmuch…twice+n.(可以是代词，比如that);twice+what从句;*：一个大家常误会的句子：Thefarmhasmorethantwiceasmanycowsasithaspigs.:农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量（农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多）。（很多人会误读为猪比牛多。）解读方法：可以类比一下AhasBtwiceasmanyasC这个比较句型也可以写为AhastwiceasmanyBasC.所以句子的核心是AhasB，即：Thefarmhascows.详细解读：twiceas…as中前一个as是副词，morethantwiceas修饰many；而asithaspigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbialclause（状语从句/副词从句），而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as所修饰的内容相呼应，所以asithaspigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象many相呼应，即asithaspigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么说asithaspigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。故，牛多猪少。二、用动词表达倍数：double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv,predeterminer)sth.doublesth.;sth.sth.double(adj.);几个永远错误的形式：(1)producedouble；produceadoubling(2)asmuchastwicetheapples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为sth.doublesth.）*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）三、…times(或数字)as+形容词或副词+四、sb.be+百分数+morelikely(todosth.)thantodosth.(前面的todo能省，后面的不能省)如：atleastfiftypercentlesslikelythanthosewhoaresedentarytodieofaheartattack五、表达倍数用“…times+more+adj.+than，…timeas+adj.+as”都正确六、三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold,threefold,fourfold,tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为twotimesasmuchorasmanyofsomething。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：athreefoldincreaseinrevenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。七、章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：i.xtimes(twice)+the+n.(twice还能做determiner)ii.xtimesadj.(比较形式)thaniii.xtimesasadj.as注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配Adoxtimesasadj.…xasBdo&&&&&&&&&&&&iv.v.vi.&&&&&&&&xtimes+what分句(名词性从句相当于名词)x-folddouble,triple,quadruple,quintuple,sextuple&&&&&&&&need用法&&&&needsthforsthneedsthtodosthsthneedsn./doing/tobedone(接名词性成分)；&&&&&&&&分词做定语、状语&&&&&&&&用法全解&&&&&&&&V-ing结构在句子中可以做定语，状语&&&&1、放在句子末尾时，如果前面是主谓宾结构，如果同时时态上与主句搭配合理，V-ing结构作状语，作为：?伴随动作，表与主句动词同时发生的动作?伴随结果，表主句动作带来的结果。此时注意其逻辑主语的判断：其所修饰分句的动作发出者。2、如果前面是主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是V-ing结构依然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语（如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物--见OG10-39,OG11-24中对正确选项C的解释）。例：OG10-39Formembersoftheseventeenth-centuryAshantinationinAfrica,animal-hideshieldswithwoodenframeswereessentialitemsofmilitaryequipment,amethodtoprotectwarriorsagainstenemyarrowsandspears.?amethodtoprotect?asamethodprotecting?protecting?asaprotectionof?toprotectOG10-39的解释（注意C选项的解释）：ChoiceCisbestbecausetheparticipleprotectingbeginsaphrasethatexplainswhattheshieldsdid.ChoicesAandBawkwardlyusethesingularwordmethodtorefertoitemsofmilitaryequipmentratherthantotheuseofsuchitems.Also,amethodofprotectingwouldbemoreidiomaticthanamethodtoprotectinAoramethodprotectinginB.InBandD,as&&&&&&&&&&&&also,aprotectioninDhasnonounforwhichitcanlogicallysubstitute.ChoiceEusedtoprotectwouldhavebeenacceptable.OG11-24的解释（注意C和E选项的解释）&&&&Logicalpredication+rhetoricalconstructionTheunderlinedpartofthesentencebeginsaphrasedescribingitemsofmilitaryequipment.Itisawkwardandinaccuratetodescribeitemsasamethod.Replacingtheunderlinedphrasewiththeparticipleprotectingcreatesamodifyingphrasethatclearlyexplainsthepurposeoftheitemsofmilitaryequipment.AAmethodtoprotectisanawkwardreferencetoitemsBThesingularamethodshouldnotrefertothepluralitems,asamethodprotectingisnotidiomaticCCorrect.Inthissentence,protectingproperlyintroducesamodifyingphraserevealingthepurposeoftheitems.DBeginningthephrusingthenounformprotectioncreateswordinessETheinfinitivetoprotectcannotactasanadjtheparticipialformoftheverb,protecting,isrequiredThecorrectanswerisC.&&&&&&&&3、现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。如下题如果前面主句的谓语是完成时态，那么既然已经完成了，drawing就无法再做其的伴随，所以只剩下做定语的功能。例：OG12-21Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,arenowdrawingsolidconclusionsabouthowthehumanbraingrowsandhowbabiesacquirelanguage.(A)Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,are(B)Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepasttwentyyears,andare(C)Neuroscientistsamassingawealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepasttwentyyears,andare(D)Neuroscientistshaveamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,(E)Neuroscientistshaveamassed,overthepasttwentyyears,awealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,答案是A。OG对D项的解释:Thefinaldescriptorinpresenttense,nowdrawingconclusions....doesnotfittheopeningclause,whichisinpresent-prefecttense(haveamassedawealth)andseemstomodifyadulthood.4、aeoluseros对于Havingdone知识点的补充说明：?不能作为名词结构，因此不能用该结构作主语。?我对定语、状语的理解是这样的：有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语，也可以做状语，只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了，没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说，区不区分定语、状语都可以，关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话，不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”，只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。prep1-188中，A选项havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwenty&&&&&&&&&&&&yearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood，你可以把这个成分理解成状语，也可以理解为定语，修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作，只要你把having看做定语和状语时，句意理解起来是一样的，那么就没有歧义问题。而prep1-97：Industrializationandmodernmethodsofinsectcontrolhaveimprovedthestandardoflivingaroundtheglobewhileatthesametimetheyhaveintroducedsome100,000dangerouschemicalpollutants,havinggonevirtuallyunregulatedsincetheyweredevelopedmorethan50yearsago.这里面having可能修饰pollutants，也可能修饰theyhaveintroducedsome100,000dangerouschemicalpollutants整个分句，所以having产生了修饰歧义?havingdone可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰。夸克的语法大全里面明确写出havingdone做限定性修饰是错误的：Theperfectiveaspectcannotusuallybeexpressedinthefiniteclause:wrong:Themanhavingwontheraceismybrother.correct:Themanwhohaswontheraceismybrother.也就是说.完成时的ing分词形式(havingdone)作为限制性的修饰是不可以的，但是可以作为非限制性的修饰。?havingdone短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前?Whenhavingdone结构一定错错，因为不应该有when。单是Havingdone就够了。Have有很多地方与正牌动词不同，When后就不能用having了。原因是havingdone是过去，而when是当时，所以有冲突。&&&&&&&&分词短语逻辑主语的判断&&&&分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语ing分词短语在句尾:?表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语?表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加thus/thereby/ineffect/infact等,也可以不加(现在分词做状语表结果，OG154和259。)ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词[OG127]ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词[OG191]介词或介词短语+ing分词:inadditionto/in/by/without/besides+doing…,句子?在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语?在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是&&&&&&&&?&&&&&&&&关于分词修饰语的理解–bytigercaiqun&&&&1.当过去分词在句末时，不管有无逗号，都是就近修饰名词;2.现在分词在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语；3.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词.所以OG127说C选项:thephrasehavingbeenassigned...isuncertaininreference,makingthesentenceunclear.--就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了.(另外在GMAT里,havingbeendone的用法错误,应直接用done)避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B(而不&&&&&&&&&&&&用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义)就比定语从句简洁)还有OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.4.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;5.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后--形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG1796.在前面有多个名词如名词1+介词+名词2结构,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名词1+分词.见OG208。&&&&&&&&现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法&&&&&&&&--&&&&&&&&bydxwei2008&&&&&&&&GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：Sheissittingonthetreeandreadingabook.(一般语法)Sheissittingonthetree,readingabook.(GMAT语法)所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语?前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用?两个同时发生的动作，补充主语的动作?正向考法正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：Hescored100,makinghimthebeststudent.这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。?反向考法既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：Hewentintotheclassroomandsatonthechair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)ETS的干扰选项：Hewentintotheclassroom,sittingonthechair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)Hescored100inthe1sttestandscored99inthe2ndtest.(逻辑上很合理)ETS的干扰选项：Hescored100inthe1sttest,scoring99inthe2ndtest.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)&&&&&&&&&&&&Tend固定搭配&&&&TendtodosthTendtosb/sth照顾某人…….&&&&&&&&Bother固定搭配&&&&(not)bothertodosomethingthequestion.notbotherabout/with(not)botherdoingsomethingbothervoting.HedidntbothertoanswerHedidntbotherwithareply.Manyyoungpeopledidnt&&&&&&&&同位语用法全解&&&&1、同位结构的特征起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语；―解释的是整个名词，不是名短中某个词‖，故同位语不是核心词修饰。必须对其修饰对象具有解释力；位置：名词前或名词后，一般在修饰对象的后面；不影响主谓一致（谓语应该和主语保持一致，而不是和同位语）；同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。2、同位结构的形式名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词）&&&&&&&&&&&&N.,n.;n.,a/an+n.或a/an+n.,n.;the+n.,n.（前面的the+n为同位结构）内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短&&&&语/句子，n.+that/doing/done...名词重复性同位结构：n,n（重复所修饰的名词）+that定语从句代词代替性同位结构：n,one/ones+that定语从句3、同位语从句有很多名词后可以跟that引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称作同位语从句。HereferredtoCopernicus’sstatementthattheearthmovesroundthesun.有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。（其实是同位语从句太长后置）Therumourspreadthatanewschoolwouldbebuilthere.在少数情况下也可用连接副词（代词）引起的从句作同位语。Hehadnoideawhysheleft.4、同位语中逗号的使用&&&&关于同位语用法中的the和逗号（如B选项中的TM,thejazzpianistandcomposer）--摘自Manhattan：?ifyouprefacesomeonesnamewithanoundescribingtheiroccupation(orotherworddescribingwhatthatpersondoes),WITHOUTANARTICLE,ORWITHTHEDEFINITEARTICLETHE,youDONOTuseacomma.如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号（本题的情况）。example:JazzpianistandcomposerTheloniousMonk...--correct注意：?ifyouareusingTHE(description)(name)tointroducesomeoneforthefirsttime,thenyouDONTuseacomma.但有要注意：当职位、称号前是定冠词时，如果是第一次提到某人，是不必用逗号的example:&&&&&&&&&&&&?&&&&&&&&?&&&&&&&&TheauthorErnestHemingwaywasknownforhisdrunkenandviolentescapades.--hereweareintroducinghemingway,sowedontuseacomma.?ifyouhavealreadyintroducedtwoormorepeople,butyouareusingTHE(description)tosingleoutoneofthem,thenyouDOuseacomma.example：Amongherfriendswertheauthor,ErnestHemingway,wentontobecomeaniconofAmericanliterature.--wevealreadthistimeweuseacommatosinglehimout.iftheresanindefinitearticle(a/an),youDOuseacomma.如果前面有不定冠词，就要用逗号。exampleAjazzpianistandcomposer,TheloniousMonk...--correctifitsanadjective,youDOuseacomma.如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，那就要用逗号。example:Creativeandoriginal,TheloniousMonk...--correct&&&&&&&&独立主格&&&&&&&&用法全解&&&&&&&&1.独立主格结构做伴随状语：独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（作为该短语结构的逻辑主语），加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语（作为该短语结构的逻辑谓语）构成.独立主格结构放在句首或句尾，起状语作用，表伴随原因、条件、状态等1)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系，与主句描述动作、状态同时发生或存在，形式为:n．+n.;n.+-ed/ing形式;n.+介词短语;n.+形容词短语2)with型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:由―with＋宾语＋宾补‖构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随，修饰邻近分句主语，with后面宾语为与主语相关的东西。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当。&&&&&&&&&&&&例：Visitorstotheparkhaveoftenlookedintotheleafycanopyandseenmonkeyssleepingonthebranches,witharmsandlegshanginglikesocksonaclothesline.3)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:句子+复数名词结尾,each+介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式。注意点：独立主格并不包括―with+n.+定语从句‖和―n.+定语从句‖的形式，这个形式做的是非限定性修饰前面名词的定语，因为这个形式就相当于n,with+n.，或者是n.,n.+that概括性同位语。2.同位语与独立主格最主要的区别在于：同位语描述的是事物的具体内容、特征，是一种解释；独立主格则是表示一种伴随状态，描述与所描述分句同步发生的事情。【独立主格范例】&&&&Usually(butnotalways,asweshallsee),anabsolutephrase(alsocalledanominativeabsolute)isagroupofwordsconsistingofanounorpronounandaparticipleaswellasanyrelatedmodifiers.Absolutephrasesdonotdirectlyconnecttoormodifyanyspecificwordininstead,theymodifytheentiresentence,addinginformation.Theyarealwaystreatedasparentheticalelementsandaresetofffromtherestofthesentencewithacommaorapairofcommas(sometimesbyadashorpairofdashes).Noticethatabsolutephrasescontainasubject(whichisoftenmodifiedbyaparticiple),butnotatruefiniteverb.?Theirreputationaswinnerssecuredbyvictory,theNewYorkLibertychargedintothesemifinals.(chargeinto猛攻入)Theseasonnearlyfinished,RebeccaLoboandSophieWitherspoonemergedastrueleaders.Thetwosuperstarssignedautographsintothenight,theirfacesbeaminghappily.&&&&&&&&Whentheparticipleofanabsolutephraseisaformoftobe,suchasbeingorhavingbeen,theparticipleisoftenleftoutbutunderstood.Theseason[being]over,theyweremobbedbyfansinTimesSquare.[Havingbeen]Starsalltheiradultlives,theyseemedusedtotheattention.&&&&&&&&Anotherkindofabsolutephraseisfouitaddsafocusingdetailorpointoffocustotheideaofthemainclause.Thiskindofabsolutephrasecantaketheformofaprepositionalphrase,anadjectivephrase,oranounphrase.?Theoldfirefighterstoodoverthesmokingruins,hissensesalerttoanysign&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&ofanotherflare-up.Hissubordinates,theirfacessweat-streakedandsmudgedwithash,leanedheavilyagainstthefiretruck.Theyknewalltoowellhowalltheirhardworkcouldbeundone—inaninstant.&&&&&&&&Itisnotunusualfortheinformationsuppliedintheabsolutephrasetobethemostimportantelementinthesentence.Infact,indescriptiveprose,thetellingdetailswilloftenbewrappedintoasentenceintheformofanabsolutephrase:CoachNykeshastrolledontothecourt,herarmsakimboandalargesilverwhistleclenchedbetweenherteeth.Thenewrecruitsstoodinonecornerofthegym,theiruniformsstiffandillfitting,theirfacesbetrayingtheiranxiety.&&&&&&&&Anounphrasecanalsoexistasanabsolutephrase:(GMAT中暂未出现此现象)Yourbestfriends,wherearetheynow,whenyouneedthem?AndthentherewasmybestfriendSally—thedeargirl—whohascertainlyfallenonhardtimes.ItmightbeusefultoreviewthematerialonMisplacedModifiersbecauseitisimportantnottoconfuseanabsolutephrasewithamisplacedmodifier.&&&&&&&&定语从句用法全解&&&&?普通的非限定性定语从句要用which引导(个别非限定性定语从句依然用that引导，但不在GMAT考核范围之内)，而限定性定语从句要用that引导。如果关系代词that在定语从句中做宾语成分,那么这个that一般都要省略。&&&&&&&&?&&&&&&&&3.定语从句与分词短语作定语的区别：?定语从句强调具体时间具体动作,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统不确定的时间，抽象/客观/重复性/多次性的行为?都可以接受时,分词短语优于定语从句(更简洁),定语从句要转换为分词短语(但不能引起歧义或破坏平行)?定语从句包含情态动词时不能转化为分词短语?ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转化为定语从句n.+havingdone—》n.that…4.关于定语从句的关系代词能否跨越谓语动词指代：如果关系代词与先行词相隔较短，关系代词能跨越谓语动词指代&&&&&&&&&&&&5.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句一，限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。例句：Doyouknowtheprofessorwhoisspeakingatthemeeting?WhereisthebookwhichIboughtthismorning?二，非限制性定语从句：1)作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。?例句：?Thisletterisfromhisparents,whoareworkinginTibet.?Englishiisanimportantsubject,whicheverystudentsshouldstudywell.?Thebuilding,infrontofwhichsataboy,wasaschool.?定语从句谓语的平行，不需要补出that，相当于共享了句子成分，如在本句中共享了主语；不似宾语从句两个名词性从句的平行需要补出从句引导词，如that/whether等。6，定语从句的先行词?who,whom只能指人，不可指物（如language，要用which指代）；which只能指物，不可指人?传统语法规定that不能用于指人，而只能用that指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体(植物属于不具有生命的物体)，要用whose,whose可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192)?OG11-130里面说that不能指代人，只能用who来指代。(虽然现代英语用法中that可以用于不同情形)7，定语从句中谓语的平行，不需要补出that.相当于共享了句子成分。而宾语从句中两个名词性从句需要补出从句引导词，如that/whether等。&&&&&&&&嵌入式关系分句&&&&“有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。该书举例：Inhisbreast-pockethehadapatchofscarlet,whichisupposewasthepapercapservingasahandkerchief.注意两点：1）从句whichwasthepapercapservingasahandkerchief首先是patchofscarlet的定&&&&&&&&&&&&语从句。2）从句which（patchofscarlet）wasthepapercapservingasahandkerchief也是isuppose的宾语从句，即Isuppose（that）thepatchofscarletwasthepapercapservingasahandkerchief。综上所述，当一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句。&&&&&&&&Support固定搭配&&&&support作为n.时的固定搭配：(have/receive/win)supportof/fromsomeone来自某人的支持supportforsomething/someone支持某事/某人insupportofsomething支持某事&&&&&&&&UnqualifiedV.S.Unqualifying&&&&unqualifying与unqualified(frommanhattan)unqualifying释义:notmeetingsomesortofstandardforqualificationunqualified释义:withoutanysortofrestrictionorreservation&&&&&&&&Notonly…….butalso…….&&&&But/butalso表示的是转折.&&&&&&&&用法全解&&&&&&&&首先Notonly…..but(also)表示的关系是递进,其中also可以省略在butalso中,ring_cheng认为also不属于重复,所以应当&&&&&&&&&&&&保留.该观点尚未证实.notonly...butalso表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为notonly...butalso必须一起出现。单独出现butalso是可能的，此时表示的是转折，参见大全74All-terrainvehicleshaveallowedvacationerstoreachmanypreviouslyinaccessibleareas,buttheyhavealsobeenblamedforcausinghundredsofdeaths,injurytothousands,andseriouslydamagingthenation’srecreationalareas.?deaths,injurytothousands,andseriouslydamaging?deathsandinjuringthousands,andseriousdamageto?deaths,thousandswhoareinjured,aswellasseriouslydamaging?deathsandthousandsofinjuries,aswellasdoingseriousdamageto（D）?deaths,thousandsareinjured,andtheydoseriousdamageto关于notonly…butalso..的用法,我根据前人的发言并结合GMAT的思路挑出了这几条:1.在正常语序中:notonly…butalso应连接两个相对称的并列成分。例如：NotonlyMrLinbutalsohissonjoinedthePartytwoyearsago.（连接两个主语）Inotonlyplaytennisbutalsopractiseshooting.（连接两个谓语动词）Heplaysnotonlythepianobutalsotheviolin.（连接两个宾语）在正常语序中:短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：notonly...butitalso...是错误的（因为破坏了平衡）。如大全中：125.ThewindsthathowlacrosstheGreatPlainsnotonlyblowawayvaluabletopsoil,therebyreducingthepotentialcropyieldofatractofland,andalsodamageordestroyyoungplants.?andalsodamageordestroy?aswellasdamagingordestroying?buttheyalsocausedamageordestroy?butalsodamageordestroy（D）?butalsocausingdamageordestroyingChoiceD,thebestanswer,correctlyemploysthecorrelativeconstructionnotonlyxbutalsoy,wherexandyaregrammaticallyparallelandwherebothxandy(damageanddestroy)applytoyoungplants.ChoicesA,(notonly...andalso),B(notonly...aswellas),andC(notonly...buttheyalso)violatethenotonly...butalsoparadigm.Moreover,Bcontainsterms(blow...damaging)thatarenotparallel.InCandE,damageisusednotasaverbwithyoungplantsasitsdirectobjectbutasanounreceiconsequently,thesechoicesfailtostateexplicitlythatthedamageisdonetoyoungplants.Ealsoviolatesparallelism(notonlyblow...butalsocausing)2.notonly…butalso连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwasagainsttheplan./Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswereagainsttheplan.3.notonly…butalso不能用在否定句中。例如：误：Theydontfearnotonlyhardshipbutalsodeath.正：Theyfearneitherhardshipnordeath.正：Theydontfeareitherhardshipordeath.4.notonly…butalso连接两个分句，并且notonly位于句首时，第一个分句中的主&&&&&&&&&&&&语和谓语要部分倒装。例如：Notonlydoesthesungiveuslight,butalsoitgivesusheat.NotonlydidhespeakEnglishcorrectly,buthealsospeaksitfluently.《新编英语语法》薄冰P633：Notonlydoeshecomposemusic,buthealsoplay./Notonlydoeshehavetotypeouttheansweronacomputer,buthealsogetsthecomputertotranslateitintosounds.《新编英语语法》章振邦1005：Shewasnotonlycompelledtostayathome,butshewasalsoforbiddentoseeherfriends英语语法大全上的例句是:Notonlydidtheybreakintohisofficeandstealhisbooks,buttheyalsotoreuphismanuscripts.所以我个人认为在倒装的情况下,butalso是可以被主语拆开的.这里附上ring_cheng的观点:倒装时可以在短语中插入某类成分，notonlydidsbdo如：sth,butsbalsodidsth（之所以前后都加入主语，不是为了连接主语，而是为了句子的对仗工整而补足主语，连接的其实是主语的两个不同的谓语动作。又因为notonly在句首已经倒装过了，所以butalso用正常语序即可。依然满足句子平衡的要求）.如大全354中butalso被主语+助动词拆开:354.In1978anationalstudyfoundthatnotonlyhadmanycontractorslicensedbyaself-policingprivateguildfailedtopassqualifyingexams,theyinadditionfalsifiedtheirreferences.?theyinadditionfalsifiedtheirreferences?theyhadtheirreferencesfalsifiedinaddition?buttheyhadalsofalsifiedtheirreferences?theyhadalsofalsifiedtheirreferences（C）?buttheirreferenceswerefalsifiedaswell&&&&&&&&WhetherornotV.Swhether&&&&whetherornot的使用：(见thehandbookofgoodenglish)1)在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether，而不能加ornot，否则累赘2)在引导状从的时候必须加上ornot，即whetherornot特别注意：if在书面语中只表示―如果‖不可表示―是否‖3)whether表示列举时候的用法：whetherA,B,orC.&&&&&&&&&&&&But+insteadV.SBut-instead&&&&But后面接名词时，but为介词，不可以加instead,因为累赘。但是如果But后面加动词，But为连词，是可以加instead的！&&&&&&&&状语从句的省略原则&&&&状语从句的省略：1、两点省略要求：第一点是毫无疑问的：逻辑主语等于句子主语第二点也是必须的：从句的谓语必需是be（没要求主句谓语也必需是be！换句话说状从的省略可以看成是省略了一个be），且从句主语和谓语要么同省，要么同留。2、形式?正确形式:表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词(when/while/if/unless/although/eventhough/evenif)+形容词短语/-ing短语/-ed短语(逻辑主语等于句子主语)(所以whenachild/whenchildren是错的；if+n.也是错的)?错误形式:表示时间/条件/转折的连词+介词短语/名词短语(althoughjustinsidetheorbitofJupiter是错的)(OG10-69)?特殊情况:once可以加介词短语/名词短语;whatever可以加名词短语&&&&&&&&Which指代用法小结&&&&Which指代小结—byaeoluseros：以下收录官方材料中能对于which的使用，可以发现which的指代其实并没有固定死规则，不一定只指代最近的名词，跟所有代词一样，有就近指代的的倾向，但是具体修饰对象，应该根据各种线索或者逻辑含义来判断：1.尽管AofB的结构，which没有就近修饰。561.Onepervasivetheoryexplainstheintroductionofbreakfastcerealsintheearly1900sasaresultofthegrowingnumberofautomobiles,whichledtoadeclineinhorseownershipandbypersuadingpeopletoeatwhathad&&&&&&&&&&&&previouslybeenhorsefeed,marketequilibriumwasrestored.2.which不一定跳过插入语指代：462.JudgeLoisForer’sstudyaskswhysomelitigantshaveapreferredstatusoverothersintheuseofapublicresource,thecourts,whichintheoryareavailabletoallbutinfactareunequallydistributedbetweenrichandpoor.3.通过单复数判断which的所指：80.Changesinsealevelresultnotonlyfromchangesinwatertemperature,whichaffectwaterdensity,butalsofromthemeltingofglaciers.44.Thesurvivalofcoralcolonies,whicharecomposedofinnumerabletinypolypslivinginasymbioticrelationshipwithbrilliantlycoloredalgae,isbeingthreatened,expertssay,notonlybypollutantssuchasagriculturalrunoff,oilslicks,andtrash,butalsobydroppedanchors,probingdivers,andglobalwarming.173(GWD-10-Q18)Inanalyzingcampaignexpenditures,themediahavefocusedonthehighcostsandlowethicsofcampaignfinance,buttheyhavegenerallyoverlookedthecostofactuallyadministeringelections,whichincludesfacilities,transport,printing,staffing,andtechnology.205.(GWD-9-Q17)Unlikemostothermergersintheutilityindustry,whichhavebeendrivenbytheneedtosavemoneyandextendcompanies’serviceareas,themergerofthenation’sleadinggascompanyandleadingelectriccompanyisintendedtocreateahugenetworkformarketingtheutilitiesinquestionasstatesopentheirutilitymarketstocompetition.216.(GWD-13-1)AlthoughshehadbeenknownasaneffectivelegislatorfirstintheTexasSenateandlaterintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,BarbaraJordandidnotbecomeanationallyrecognizedfigureuntil1974,whensheparticipatedinthehearingsontheimpeachmentofPresidentRichardNixon,whichweretelevisednationwide.4.通过时态区别which的所指：488.Likethegovernmentthatcamebeforeit,whichsetnewrecordsforgrowth,thenewgovernmenthasmadelaissez-fairecapitalismitscornerstone.Stoneren关于which指代的一个观点：OG10-114:FromthebarkofthepaperbirchtreetheMenominicraftedacanoeabouttwentyfeetlongandtwofeetwide,withsmallribsandrailsofcedar,whichcouldcarryfourpersonsoreighthundredpoundsofbaggageyetwassolightthatapersoncouldeasilyportageitaroundimpedingrapids.当which的潜在指代对象是一个独立的主语结构或独立的宾语结构时，且其指代对象的修饰成分比较简单，那么定语侧重于指代核心名词（在没有语法和逻辑问题的前提下）。&&&&&&&&As和than引导比较状语从句的省略原则&&&&1、比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，可用do，did，does代替。2、比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。&&&&&&&&&&&&3、主语谓语动词短语使用“助动词（如have，has，had，will）或情态动词（can，could，may，should）+verb”形式时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词。4、比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省去，常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。5、比较从句的主语与主句主语相同，可以省略。&&&&&&&&Plan的固定搭配&&&&plantodosomething：Hesaidheplannedtowritehisessaytonight.planondoingsomething：WhendoyouplanongoingtoGeneva?plansomething：Theformerpresidentisplanningareturntopolitics.&&&&&&&&强调句详解&&&&强调句的结构是：+be+强调部分+that(who)+主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，Itthat和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用who，其余用that。强调句中it无所指。*：区别强调句型和其他从句的最好方法是“试减法”。也就是说，如果把句子中“Itbe…that…”这一框架去掉，句子的剩余部分（可以进行位置上的调整）结构完整，意思通顺，合乎逻辑，则that引导的是强调句型，否则为其他从句。例如：wasatnineyesterdaythatItwemetthefilmstar.运用“试减法”，此句可改写为：Wemetthefilmstaratnineyesterday.显然，句子结构完整，意思通顺，故为强调句型。&&&&&&&&&&&&Prohibit固定搭配&&&&prohibitsth；prohibitfromdoing；prohibitsbfromdoing&&&&&&&&Neithernor用法全解&&&&Nor的相关用法：1)nor用在否定句中表示“也不”的意思2)neitherAnorB后面跟的谓语动词由B决定:Neitherwenortheywantit.(来自AHD的例子)，说明由B决定的。再看两个来自jukuu的例子：1.Neithermenusnordialogboxeshavethisimmediateproperty.Eachonerequiresanintermediatestep,sometimesmorethanone.2.Neitherthesalesmannorthesupervisorhasbeennotifiedofthesale.另外单个neithernor用法：TheywerenotinShanghaiatthattime.Neither(nor)werewe.TheyarenotfromEngland.Neither(nor)isshe.&&&&&&&&Indicate固定搭配&&&&Indicate(tosb)somethingIndicatethat……..&&&&&&&&&&&&Presume固定搭配&&&&presume的固定搭配，表示假设的时候就这三种用法：1、presumethat…….Ipresumewellbetherebysixoclock.2、presumesomebody/somethingtobesomebody/something(被动即sth.presumedtobe)Fromthewayhetalked,Ipresumedhimtobeyourboss.3、bepresumedtodosomethingThetempleispresumedtodatefromthefirstcenturyBC.&&&&&&&&Expend固定搭配&&&&Expendsthin/onsth&&&&&&&&Enshrine固定搭配&&&&Enshrinein……..Beenshrinedin…….&&&&&&&&&&&&Justas引导的比较结构&&&&?justasAdo,soBdo平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…*:这里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且like…so…不符合搭配习惯，应该去掉so…*:justaswith和justlike都是很wordy的&&&&&&&&2.下面三种形式无区别（后两种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。Justas…,so…Justasyousow,soyouwillreap主从句要尽量形式对称Justas…,as…Justasyousow,asyouwillreap主从句要尽量形式对称Justas…,sotoo…主句要部分倒装(sotoo后是主句)Justasyousow,sotoowillyoureap?sowith是错误结构。(prep1-15)?aswith的结构在日常语法中是对的(意思为“正如……的情况一样”，看作是asisthesamewith的省略式，with后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句)：(1)Aswithotherforwardcontracts,thecashsettlementamountistheamountnecessarytocompensatethepartywhowouldbedisadvantagedbytheactualchangeinmarketratesasofthesettlementdate.(2)Aswithmostdiseasesanddisasters,theyoungsufferthemost.就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样，最遭罪的是年轻人。(3)Aswithdrawingapicture,youshouldbepatientandcarefulindoingthisjob.正如画画一样，你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。(4)AswithwhatIsaid,hefailedagain.正如我所说的，他又一次失败了。但用于GMAT语法中，需要有其他结构与之平行:大全938.Withdiamonds,aswithallgems,youshouldaskforawrittendescrthedescriptionmayproveusefullaterifyouhavereasontobelievethejewelermisledyou.单纯的aswiththecase+prep.(of/with/in)+sth.结构错误，应该用asisthecase+prep.(of/with/in)+sth.prep1-39Asisthecasewithtraditionalpharmacies,prescriptionsarethecornerstoneofasuccessfulon-linedrugstore,sinceitisprimarilyprescriptionsthatattractthecustomers,whothenalsobuyotherhealthrelateditems.?inthesamewaythat…,as/so…也是错误结构?like…,so/as…也是错误结构：like的比较必须是严格对称的3.to和inorderto的比较：（prep1-131-651-144）(1)inorderto不如to简洁，但是inorderto有强调含义，所以未必错。prep1-101Manyenvironmentalists,andsomeeconomists,saythatfreetradeencouragesindustrytorelocatetocountrieswithineffectiveorpoorlyenforcedantipollutionlaws,mostlyinthedevelopingworld,andthat,inordertomaintaincompetitiveness,richnationshavejoinedthisdownwardslidetowardmorelaxattitudesaboutpollution.(2)inorderforsth.todo/be，inorderthat和inordertodosth.都可以。&&&&&&&&&&&&IamsavingmoneyinorderthatIcanbuyahouse.我正在攒钱，以便我能买一所房子。(3)inorderto不能做主语，只能做状语；不定式可以做主语，因为它可以做名词成分。(4)inorderto因为只做状语，所以不会修饰前面名词，todo可以做定语，所以有修饰前面名词的功能。Prep1-13Unlikemostseverancepackages,whichrequireworkerstostayuntiltheirlastscheduleddayinordertocollect,theautomobilecompanysseverancepackageisavailabletoworkers.(5)inorderto和to都不用考虑逻辑主语。Prep1-1Tomeettherapidlyrisingmarketdemandforfishandseafood,suppliersaregrowingfishtwiceasfastastheygrownaturally,cuttingtheirfeedallotmentbynearlyhalfandraisingthemonspecialdiets.201.Tobesuccessful,cardiopulmonaryresuscitationshouldbeginwithinonetofourminutesafteracardiacarrest.957.Inordertoprotectthepublic,bylawonlyaqualifiedphysiciancanprescribemedicine.ManhattanCR：Tohelpregulatetheinternaltemperatureofthetree,theoutermostlayersofwoodoftheBrazilianashoftenpeelawaywhenthetemperatureexceeds95degreesFahrenheit,leavingthetreewithfewerringsthanitwouldotherwisehave.&&&&&&&&To和inorderto对比&&&&1、inorderto不如to简洁，但是inorderto有强调含义，所以未必错。prep1-101Manyenvironmentalists,andsomeeconomists,saythatfreetradeencouragesindustrytorelocatetocountrieswithineffectiveorpoorlyenforcedantipollutionlaws,mostlyinthedevelopingworld,andthat,inordertomaintaincompetitiveness,richnationshavejoinedthisdownwardslidetowardmorelaxattitudesaboutpollution.2、inorderforsth.todo/be，inorderthat和inordertodosth.都可以。IamsavingmoneyinorderthatIcanbuyahouse.我正在攒钱，以便我能买一所房子。3、inorderto不能做主语，只能做状语；不定式可以做主语，因为它可以做名词成分。4、inorderto因为只做状语，所以不会修饰前面名词，todo可以做定语，所以有修饰前面名词的功能。Prep1-13Unlikemostseverancepackages,whichrequireworkerstostayuntiltheirlastscheduleddayinordertocollect,theautomobilecompanysseverancepackageisavailabletoworkers.5、inorderto和to都不用考虑逻辑主语。Prep1-1Tomeettherapidlyrisingmarketdemandforfishandseafood,suppliersaregrowingfishtwiceasfastastheygrownaturally,cuttingtheirfeedallotmentbynearlyhalfandraisingthemonspecialdiets.&&&&&&&&&&&&201.Tobesuccessful,cardiopulmonaryresuscitationshouldbeginwithinonetofourminutesafteracardiacarrest.957.Inordertoprotectthepublic,bylawonlyaqualifiedphysiciancanprescribemedicine.ManhattanCR：Tohelpregulatetheinternaltemperatureofthetree,theoutermostlayersofwoodoftheBrazilianashoftenpeelawaywhenthetemperatureexceeds95degreesFahrenheit,leavingthetreewithfewerringsthanitwouldotherwisehave.&&&&&&&&What引导的比较结构&&&&what=justas,意}