we will be takenget this matter taken care of是什么句式?

take care of it 完美作业网 www.wanmeila.com
take care of等于什么 take careof 1.take charge of;look after 照顾;照看*The nurse takes good care of thebaby.保姆把婴儿照顾得很好。*“Don't worry about me while you're away;I'll betaken good care of by our neighbours.”“你外出期间不要挂念我,邻居们会很好地照顾我的。”2.be responsible for 负责*Will you take care of buying the wine fortonight's party?你负责为今晚的聚会买酒好吗?*Don't worry about this.I'll take care ofit.这事不要担心,我会负责处理的。3.be careful of 当心;注意*You must take much care of yourhandwriting;it's so illegible.你得特别注意书法,你的字迹太潦草了。*She never takes care of herwording.她从来不注意自己的措辞。
take care of it 怎么用 i will take care of it
初中英语完形填空!!!!!The earth is our home .We must take care of it 请选出正确答案并解释为什么!! 1-5 B C C D A6-10 C A B C D***********************************************************加油!不明白再问!如果帮到你,请采纳,谢谢!***********************************************************
Time kills, Time cures, let time take care of it.怎么翻译 是《名扬四海》里的《Try》这首歌吧。大概是这样。我自己翻译的喔:我们消磨了时间,却慢慢治愈所有的伤口就让时间替我们抚平缓解所有曾经执着过伤害过的一切。我是这么理解的,这个it太概括了,这要看你心里想要抚平的是什么?是伤痛?是回忆?
求帮忙翻译英文 I love you, don't take care of it! 蟹蟹 I love you, don't take care of it!我爱你,这是我的事,你不需要在意我爱你,不要照顾它我爱你,不需要照顾它
How will you take care of it (cat)? How will you take care of the cat?你将如何照顾那只猫呢?如不明白请追问,如果满意请采纳手机提问者如果满意,请在客户端右上角评价点“满意”即可, 谢谢!祝学习进步
为什么It's easy to take care of中有of而It's easy to take part中没有in? 这个要看it的具体用法。第一句的it 应该是做代词使用,作为take care of 的宾语。第二句的it 应该是做形式主语吧。 当然这个还是要看上下文需要什么用法,如果对不上号的话,第二句也可能是病句哦。
I'll take care of it on my lunch break.为什么用介词on 类似upon+time,on用在这里,表示当……时,是一个时间段,如果用at,一般表示时间点。
Theearthisourhome.Wemusttakecareofit.Lifetodayiseasierthanitwas……全文 Theearthisourhome.Wemusttakecareofit.Lifetodayiseasierthanitwashundredsofyearsago,butit(61)__(bring)somenewproblems.Oneofthebiggestproblemsispollution.Wecanseeit,smellitandevenhearit. Man(62)________(pollute)theearth.Themorepeople,themorepollution.Manyyearsago,theproblem(63)___(benot)soseriousbecausetherewerenotsomanypeople.Whentheland(64)_____(use)uportheriverwasnotcleaninaplace,manwenttoanotherplace.Nowman(65)_________(pollute)thewholeworldslowly. Airpollutionisstillthemostserious.it’sbadforlivingthingsintheworld. Manycountriesdon’tletpeople(66)(burn)somethingbadfortheairinhousesandfactories.PollutionbySO2isnowthemostdangerouskindsofairpollution.It(67)______(cause)byheavytraffic.Peoplesayit’sbest(68)___(ride)bikes.Whenyouareriding,thereisnopollution.Butevenindevelopedcountries,mostpeopledon’tgotoworkbybike. It’snotbecausebikesareexpensiveorpeoplearetirediftheyridetowork.It’sbecausethenumberofcarsontheroads(69)____(become)larger.Somorepeopleputawaytheirbikesandgotoworkbycar,thenthings(70)___(get)worseandworse.Weshouldhavespecialroadsonlyforbikesandmakeitsodifficultandexpensivefordiverstotaketheircarsintothecitythattheywillgobacktousingtheirbikes. 填空答案 61.hasbrought,62.haspolluted,63.wasn’t,64.wasused,65.ispolluting,66.burn,67.iscaused68.toride,69.becomes,70.aregetting 补充:个人觉得69填hasbecome,70填get比较好。(我是前英语老师。) 满意请及时采纳,谢。[转载]考研英语十二大基础语法体系
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
考研英语十二大基础语法体系
对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。
一、 英语动词的时态
(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:
英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。英语就不同了,book,
books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。
(二)英语动词的形式:
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:
动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
(4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
(5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:
词尾变化(规律与名词变复数相同,读音也与名词复数相同)
Help--- read---reads
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es
Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes,
以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i再加-es
Try, study --- tries, stuides
与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:
动词后面加-ed
Help---helped Work---worked
Watch---watched
清辅音之后读[t]
Want---wanted need---needed
[t] ,[d]之后读[t]
Turn---turned play--played
元音和浊辅音([d]除外)之后读[d]
以不发音的“e”结尾的词,加-d
Love---loved
Serve---served
结尾是辅音字母+y时,y变i,再加-ed
Study---studied
Try---tried
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写辅音字母再加-ed
Stop---stopped
Drop---dropped
清辅音之后读[t]
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept,
sleep→slept, sweep→swept
现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成,规则如下表:
一般加-ing
Look---looking, try---trying
以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉e,再加-ing
Write---writing, dance---dancing
以一个辅音字母(x除外)词尾的重读闭音节词,先双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ing
Begin---beginning, swim---swimming,
Run---running, sit---sitting
以-ie结尾的词,变ie为y,再加-ing
Die---dying, lie---lying
为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do 为例,列表如下:
Am/is/are+doing
Has/have+done
Has/have+been doing
Was/were+doing
Had been doing
Shall/will+do
Shall/will be +doing
Shall/will have + done
Shall/will+have been doing
过去将来时
Should/would/+do
Would/should+be doing
Should/would + have done
Would/should + have been doing
“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化,来表达动作发生的时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)及所处的状态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形do 变成are doing
的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时;
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do 变成have
done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时;
在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do
的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。
在这三句话中,动词do 虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
(三)时态详解
16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。
下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。
动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为:
第一人称单数
第二人称单数
第三人称单数
一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:
I am not (I’m not)…
I have not (haven’t)…
You are not (aren’t)…
You have not (haven’t)…
Are you…?
Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)…
He has not (hasn’t)…
Has he …?
动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式
Am I not (aren’t i)…?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t
Are you not (aren’t you)…?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t
动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:
I am not (I’m not)…
I have not (haven’t)…
Have I …?
You are not (aren’t)…
You have not (haven’t)…
Are you …?
Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)…
He has not (hasn’t)…
Has he …?
动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式
Have I not (haven’t i)…?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
注意:have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does)
I do not (don’t) study
Do I study
You do not (don’t) study
Do you study
He does not (doesn’t) study
Does he study
否定疑问句式
简单回答(肯定/否定)
Do I not (Don’t I) study…?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…?
Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…?
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
2、现在进行时
由助动词be + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is,
其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例:
I am not studying
Am I studying?
You are not studying,
Are you studying?
He is not studying.
Is he studying?
5、一般过去时
一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did,
同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
I did not (didn’t) study….
Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study….
Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study….
Did he study…?
否定疑问式
简单回答 (肯定/否定)
Did I not (Didn’t I) study…?
Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
Di you not (Didn’t you) study…?
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did he not (Didn’t he) study…?
Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
6、过去进行时
由助动词be 的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.
1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.
昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the
room.&&老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out.
我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。
He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时,他在读书。
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2)过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently
等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were
young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western
powers. 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
7、过去完成时
一律用had + 过去分词构成。
1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:
She told me she had been there three times before.
她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)
How long had he taught here by the end of last term?
到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦? (“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)
When we arrived, the football match had already begun.
我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before she came this year.
她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five
years. 到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours.
到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time.
我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。
3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。
4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when…
这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如:
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.
= He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.
他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was
captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he
was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
8、过去完成进行时
had been + 动词的现在分词。
用法:表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如:
When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple
of hours. 他进来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole
days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn.
他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been
hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:
(1)shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will,其余用will.
其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
I shall/will not study….
Shall I study…?
You will not study….
Will you study…?
He will not study….
Will he study…?
否定疑问式
简单回答(肯定/否定)
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…?
Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…?
Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….?
Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?
He probably won’t go with us.  他大概不能和我们一起去。
1)shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:
I will give you a new pen for your birthday.
我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺)
I will take the college entrance examination.
我将参加大学入学考试。(决心)
Shall I open the
window?&&我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)
You shall have the book as soon as I get it.
我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺)
The enemy shall not
pass.&&决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)
I will do my best to help
you.&&我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令)
(2)be going + 动词不定式
1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:
My brother is going to learn English next
year.&&我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be
there.&&她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your
work?&&你的工作什么时候做完?
He is going to stay a
week.&&他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:
Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain. 看这些乌云?要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.  恐怕我要得重感冒。
10、将来进行时
shall/will be + 现在分词
用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory.
下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting
breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。
I will be seeing him next
month.&&我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.    我们明天去赶集。
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in
July.&&七月份我们要去海边度假。
一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。
11、过去将来时
(1)由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用
第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d;
would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
(2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如:
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t.
我告诉他马上离开,但他不。
He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits.
他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the
summer holidays every year to earn my tuition.
我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构:
12、将来完成时
shall/will + have + 过去分词
用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。例如:
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if
the train keeps good line. 如果火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上海了。
Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work.
到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。
By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on
this job for five years. 到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.
 到2008年9月,北京将举行完了奥运会。
二、被动语态
(一)简介
在英语中,语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active
voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。如:
Saddam is being
tried.&&萨达姆正在接受审判。
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。
More and more people use computers now.(主动语态)
Computers are more and more widely used now.(被动语态)
English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)
(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示,如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂,用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
(三)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个,以give为例说明如下:
一般现在时
Am/is/are given
一般过去时
Was/were given
一般将来时
Shall/will be given
现在进行时
Am/is/are being given
过去进行时
Was/were being given
过去将来时
Should/would be given
现在完成时
Has/have been given
过去完成时
Had been given
被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。如:
“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?”
“No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.”
“面试的时候,用英语问你问题了吗?”“没有,没有用英语问我问题。”
The origin of the universe will probably never be explained.
宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。
Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗?
The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the
restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上,那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
(四)被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的,这时就用被动语态。例如:
I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed.
我接受面试的时候,有点紧张。
These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。
That place has been turned into a swimming pool.
那个地方已被变成游泳池。
2、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A.
据说/据信/据报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):
It is said that…….&&据说
It is reported
that…….&&据报道
It is hoped that…….&&希望
It is believed
that…….&&人们相信
It is announced
that…….&&据宣布
it is (well) known
that…….&&众所周知
It has been decided
that…….&&已经决定
It is supposed
that…….&&人们认为
It is suggested
that…….&&有人建议
It must be remembered
that…….&&务必记住
It is taken for granted
that…….&&被视为当然
(五)主动句变被动句的注意事项
一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动:把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面,组成介词短语,再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。例如:
They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。
A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一个新超市不久将在那里开办。
The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English.
由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我们要当心老鼠。
We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我们受到警告,要当心老鼠。
如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),变为被动语态时,可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。
The reporters asked the president some questions.
记者们问了总统一些问题。
The president was asked some questions by the reporters. (
变间接宾语为主语)
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters.
(变直接宾语为主语)
We have given him a job. 我们已给了他一个工作。
He has been given a job. (变间接宾语为主语)
A job has been given (to) him. (变直接宾语为主语)
(六)含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词:
The timetable can be changed any
time.&&时间表随时可以改变。
This book may not be taken out of the reading
room.&&这本书不允许带出阅览室。
This dictionary must be taken good care of. 这本词典必须保管好。
(七)关于被动语态的几点说明
1、有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如:
School begins in
September.&&学校九月份开学。
The library doesn’t open on
Sunday.&&图书馆星期天不开放。
The machine runs
well.&&这台机器容易操作。
My pen writes
well.&&我的钢笔好使。
The cloth washes
well.&&这料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells
well.&&这词典销路很好。
The book hardly
sells.&&这书买不出去。
The door will not
shut/lock.&&门关/锁不上。
2、make, see, watch, hear, notice,
feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不定式符号to必须补上。例如:
They made him go. 他们让他去。
He was made to go. 他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。
He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。
3、除助动词be外,动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
You might get
killed/hurt.&&你会送命/受伤的。
In the end this story got translated into English.
这故事最后被译成了英文。
His car got damaged in a road accident.  他的车在交通事故中被毁了。
4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如:
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。
I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping.
上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。
He got his leg broken when playing football.  踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。
I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars
saved. 我打折买了这些书,省了两百美元。
5、在need, want, require后面,主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思:
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be
cleaned)&&我的表需要清洗。
Your garden needs watering. (=…to be
watered)&&你的花园需要浇水。
Does your suit require pressing,
sir?&&先生,您的衣服要烫吗?
三、虚拟语气
多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是:虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,是假设的,虚构的,与事实相反的,或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的,但并不全面。在英语中,虚拟语气是个广义的概念,包括好几种句型和结构。假设,意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。
&&&&英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异:
而在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位,又一次证明要学好英语语法,就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的,因此,掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键,这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。
学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构,各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。
(一)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句,状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…”
“要是…”等。
请看一个句子:
If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party.
如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我就去。
这是个带条件从句的主从复合句,是直接的陈述语气,主句谓语动词用将来时,从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时,表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”,“去”这一动作就能实现。
请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较:
1)&& If she invited me, I
should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会,我就去。(说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。)
这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,其含义是:
She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the
party.&&她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会,所以我不会去。
2)&& If she had invited me
yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会,我就去了。
这句话主句谓语动词用“should + have +
过去分词”形式,从句用过去完成时,对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设,表示与过去
事实相反的情况,其含义是:
She didn’t invite me yesterday, so I didn’t go to the party.
她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会,因此我没有去。
3)&& If she should invite me
tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我会去的。
这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词也用过去将来时,表示的意思是,“邀请我”的可能性较小,对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。其含义是:
It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not
go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我,因此我不会去。
从以上例句可以看出:虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑,和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气,与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系,在学习时应注意加以区别,不要混淆。
现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下:
1、对现在的虚拟,表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would
(should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表:
条件状语从句的动词形式
主句的动词形式
If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中,I,he,she,it等后面也可用was.但在If I
were you中,一定要用were,不能用was.
I (we)should+动词原形
主语+would (might,could)十动词原形
2、对过去的虚拟,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句的谓语动词用would (should,
could, might)+过去分词。见下表:
条件状语从司的动词形式
主句的动词形式
If+主语+had+过去分词
i(we)should+have+过去分词
主语+could (might,could)+have + 过去分词
3、表示与将来事实相反的假设,对将来表示怀疑,或将来的动作不太可能实现时,条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式:(见表)
条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)
主句的动词形式
(1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were),通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用.
(2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形
(3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形
I(we)should+动词原形
主语+would (might, could)+动词原形
4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同,虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。
5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式:
1)条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中,如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if,
并将were, had 或should 放到句首,谓语主语之前,用 “Were/Had/Should +
主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从句相同。当然,如果从句没有were, had,
或should,就不能省略if.
2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。(可以改为条件状语从句)。例如:
Without air, there would be no living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)例如:
It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you did
that/should do that, it would produce bad results.
6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句
表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。
(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法
1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中,表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望,可以翻译为“但愿…”,
“悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“would
(could)+动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望,从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have +
过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气,不管这个愿望是否能实现。如:
I wish it were Spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中:
这时,如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去,则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式;如果指的时现在的状况,则用过去式(be用were);指将来则用would(should,
could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系。
3、在It is (high) time (that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were),
或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是“(现在)该…”。For example:
It is time we left/should leave.
It is high time that you got married.
4、在 I would rather
(that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可…”,表示说话人的意愿。
For example:
I’d rather I were in the rain now.
I’d rather you did not tell him.
5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与as
if后面的动词变化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如…”,但suppose 是动词,不是连词。如:
Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?
Suppose Saddam had not been captured. What would the U.S.
Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan
independent.&& What would China
6、用在for fear
that或lest引导的从句中,表示“怕…”“万一…”等意思。从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should
可以省略。如:
She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch
The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s
industry be damaged.
Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated from the
7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词,如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist,
order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg,
move(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should + 动词原形,should 可以省略,而引导宾语从句的that
不能省略。例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed.
The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled
Now let’s do some translation:
总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。
The general manager insisted that the project be carried out as
&&&&省长请求再给他一次机会。
governor requested that he be given another chance.
美国要求伊朗必须无条件放弃其核武器计划。
The United States demanded that Iran should unconditionally give
up its nuclear weapon program (program to develop nuclear
最高法院裁定此案必须重新审理。
The Supreme Court ruled that this case be retried.
医生建议,即使在节假日人们也不应该熬夜。
8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词,或在这些动词用作名词时,名词之后的从句用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should
可以省略。从句的引导词that 不能省略。这与上述第7项类似。如:
He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days
off. = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.
Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized. = We
suggest that education not be industrialized.
The president’s decision is that the war against terrorism be
launched at the right time. =The president decided that the war
against terrorism be launched at the right time.
9、上述动词在It is suggested that…, It is required that…, It’s
requested that…, It’s ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中,that
之后的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用should+动词原形, should 可以省略,但引导词that 不能省略。如:
It was suggested that he attend the conference.
It was requested that the trial be openly reported.
10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital,
desirable, advisable, better) that…句型中,that 引导的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用should
+ 动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。
For example:
It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing
for the winter.
It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next
It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board
另外,在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住。如:
May you be happy!
May you succeed!
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
Everybody leave the room!
You had better not resign.
I would rather not tell you.
总之,虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点,因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多,动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同时,也要善于发现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化,大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种:
&&&&一种是动词用过去式,过去分词式,或过去将来式,这主要是用if…,
wish, suppose的情况;
&&&&一种是动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略),这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句,以及It
is important (necessary) that…后面所接的从句;
&&&&一种是动词用过去式,如It
is (high) time (that)…和I would rather
后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律,如把虚拟语气句型可以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。
Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate what we have learned
about subjunctive mood:
四、非谓语动词
1、我喜欢做饭。“ I like cooking. ”
本句中,“like”(喜欢)是谓语。“cooking”(做饭)是宾语,用动名词形式。又如:“ He likes cooking.
”在英语中。谓语动词经常随着主语的人称、数而变化,但动名词作宾语时是不变的。
2、对我来说,学英语不容易。“ It' s not easy for me to learn English.”
3、从太空看,地球是个蓝色的球体。 “Seen from the space, the earth is a blue
请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中,做饭、学英语、从太空看分别作句子的宾语、主语和状语,但是其动词形式“做”、“学”、“看”没有变化。而在这几句英语中,“做饭”变成了cooking,
“学”变成了to learn,“看”变成了seen.
动词形式发生了变化,而且必须发生变化,因为这些句子有另外的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”,又叫“非限定性动词”,他们没有人称和数的变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别,也是中国人学英语的一个难点,同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地方。需要特别注意的是:英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构,即一个谓语,如果单句中出现了另外的动词,这些动词就要改变形式。
以上英语句子中cooking, to learn, seen
等具有动词特征,但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式,就叫动词的非谓语形式,也叫非谓语动词。
我们再比较 “I like cooking.” 与 “He likes
cooking.”这两句话主语不同,谓语动词like形式变了,但意义没有变化。而cooking 没有任何变化。再看 “It is
not easy for me to learn English.” 和 “It is not easy for him to
learn English.” “对我”for me, “对他”for him之后的 “to
learn”没有任何变化。可以看出,非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的,它们不受人称和数的限定,所以又叫“非限定动词”。
动词在句子中除了充当谓语外,还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用,在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时,就要使用这种形式。
动词的非谓语形式有三种:
(1)动词不定式:to study (to +
(2)分词:studying
(现在分词)、studied
(过去分词)
(3)动名词:studying
(形式与现在分词相同)
动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。
动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例):
动词不定式
To be written
To be writing
To have written
To have been written
To have been writing
现在分词和动名词
Being written
Having written
Having been written
A、&&动词不定式
其形式是“to+动词原形”。 to是不定式符号,无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。
不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语,由for引出,加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者,则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语,就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征,但又不是谓语动词,所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语,而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者,所以就称为逻辑主语。
如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词(who, whom, whose,
what, which, when, where, why,
how还包括whether)等后面加不定式构成不定式短语,可做主语,表语,宾语等。
(一)作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中,往往用 it 作形式主语,而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如:
To die like that is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to
die like that.
象那样死去是一件可怕的事。( it 作形式主语,把真正的主语to die like that放在后面)
To know oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know
有自知之明不容易。
To tell a lie is not always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell
撒谎并非总是容易。
Never to offend anyone is my
principle.&&&&
永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。
It’s against nature to remain
single.&&&&&&&&
保持单身是违反自然的。
To see is to
believe.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
  眼见为实。
For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a
terrible thing for a dog to die like that.
一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。(for a dog是不定式的主语)
For one to know everything is impossible.= It’s impossible for
one to know everything.
一个人什么都知道是不可能的。
For his brother John to go to sea seems natural.= It seems
natural for his brother John to go to
sea.&& 他兄弟John去当水手是很自然的事。
It’ll be a great shame for you to forget
her.&&&&&&
你要是把她忘了,那可太不应该了。
It’s not proper for us not to accept the
invitation.&&我们不接受邀请不合适。(否定)
It has not yet been decided when and where to discuss her
resignation. 何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。
但是,下列形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出:
careless粗心的,clever聪明的,cruel残忍的,foolish愚蠢的,good好的,kind好心的
,naughty淘气的,nice好的,polite礼貌的,right正确的,rude无礼的
,silly愚蠢的,stupid傻的,unwise不明智的,wise明智的,wrong错误的,等等。
为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢?
因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 +of sb + to do
sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何,可以改写为:“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to
do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如:
1、&& It is difficult for me to
learn English.&&更强调学英语很难,不能写成
  && I am difficult to learn
English. (这句话含有逻辑错误。)
2、&& It is unwise of you to go
to the United States at this time. =You are unwise to go to the
United States at this time. 强调你不明智。
It’s very kind of you to come to see us off. =You’re kind to
come to see us off. 你来为我们送行太好了。
It’s unwise of him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to
drink and smoke so much. 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。
It’s extremely cruel of John to kill
animals.&&&&John杀害动物真是残忍之极。
It’s rude/polite of Jack to say this to
her.&&&&&& Jack对她说这个,很无礼/礼貌。
(二)作宾语及宾语补语。
1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有:afford负担得起,
agree同意,arrange安排,ask要求,attempt试图,beg乞求,begin开始,choose选择,claim声称,consent同意,dare敢,decide决定,decline谢绝,desire欲想,demand要求,determine决心,expect期待,fail失败,forget忘记,hate讨厌,help帮助,hope希望,intend打算,learn学习,like喜欢,long渴望,manage设法,mean打算,need需要,offer主动提出,plan计划,prefer更喜欢,prepare准备,pretend假装,promise答应,refuse拒绝,remember记得,seek寻求,seem好像,tend倾向,threaten威胁,undertake承担,volunteer志愿,want想要,wish希望等。
I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。
He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。
My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for breakfast when
she was in her twenties.
我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。
2、不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when,
where还有whether等词连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有:ask询问,advise建议,consider考虑,decide决定,discover发现,discuss讨论,explain解释,find
out查明,forget忘记,inquire打听,know知道,learn学会,remember记得,show演示,tell告诉,teach教,think想,understand懂得,wonder想知道,等等。例如:
I don’t know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。
They haven’t decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。
此外,这种不定式结构还可作主语,表语,和介词宾语等。
How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer.
怎样过幸福生活是个很难回答的问题
The question is whom to choose for the
position.&&问题是这个位置选谁。
That was a discussion about how to increase their
strength.&&那是一次关于怎样增强他们力量的讨论。
He said nothing about what to do with
her.&&关于拿她怎么办,他啥也没说。
She asked my suggestion just now about where to go for her
holidays. 关于去哪里度假,她刚才征求了我的意见。
3、有些动词需要不定式作宾语补足语。这种动词常见的有:ask请求,advise劝告,allow允许,beg乞求,believe相信,call
on号召,cause促使,compel强迫,command指挥,direct指导,enable使…能够,encourage鼓励,expect期望,feel觉得,force迫使,get使得,hate不喜欢,have使,hear听见,help帮助,inspire鼓舞,intend
打算,invite邀请,instruct指示,know知道,lead引导,let让,like喜欢,listen
to&&听,look at看,make 使得,
notice注意到,
observe观察,order命令,permit允许,persuade说服,prefer更喜欢,press施加压力,remind提醒,request请求,teach教,tell告诉,urge敦促,want
想要,warn警告,wish希望,等等。
I asked my mother to buy a new bike for
me.&&我请求妈妈给我买辆新自行车。
Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college
student.&&托尼知道他的女朋友是一个害羞的大学生。
They helped you to get on the bus, didn’t they? 他们帮你上了汽车,
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有:feel觉得,have使,hear听见,help帮助,let让,listen
to 听,look at看,make使,notice 注意,see看见,observe 观察,watch观看
等,一类是感官动词,一类是使役动词。
A policeman saw the accident
happen.&&一位警察看见事故发生。
We listened to her talk about her experience
abroad.&&我们听她讲国外的经历。
We’d be glad to have you work with
us.&&我们会很高兴有你和我们一起工作。
上述help后面的不定式省掉to与保留to都可以。在被动语态中,上述动词后面的不定式要把省去的to还原。
I heard the dog come
in.&&我听见那条狗进来。
=The dog was heard to come in. 有人听见那条狗进来。
I saw her go out by bike. 我看见她骑着自行车出去了。
=She was seen to go out by
bike.&&有人看见她骑着自行车出去了。
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?   我可以帮着搬起这个沉重的箱子吗?
You may as well help me (to)get things
straight.&&你不妨帮我把东西整理好。
She helped the old woman (to) cross the
street.&&他帮助那位老妇人过街
在had better(最好),would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿),would (just)
as soon(宁愿),cannot but(不能不,不由得不),cannot help
but(不能不,不由得不)等成语后面也跟不带to的不定式:
He would rather listen to others than talk himself.
他宁愿听别人也不愿自己说。
He would sooner play than
work.&&他宁愿玩也不愿干活。
You had better go away right
now.&&你最好立即就走。
I would rather take this method. 我倒愿意采取这个办法。
I’d rather walk than take a
bus.&&我宁可走也不愿坐公共汽车。
She’d rather die than lose the children. 她宁可死也不愿失去孩子们。
I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
She’d sooner stay at home.
I would as soon do it by myself.
I would just as soon stay as go. 我宁愿住下也不愿去。
We couldn’t but weep at the sad news.
You can’t but respect them.
Rather than和sooner
than同义,都是“宁可”,“与其…(不如)”,“不是…(而是)”的意思。当它们放在句首时,其后跟不带to的不定式;在其它位置时其后的不定式可带也可不带t
Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife
everything. 他把一切都告诉了妻子,而不是冒离婚的危险。
Rather than cause trouble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。
Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a
waitress. 她宁可当女招待养活自己,也不嫁给那个男人。
He decided to write rather than telephone. 他决定写信,不打电话。
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery
rather than to increase wages. 经理相信重要的是投资买新机器,而不是增加工资。
Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to do the job
myself.&&与其让John干这件事情,我宁可自己动手。
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。
在Why 起首的疑问句中跟不带to的不定式:
Why not come with
us?&&为什么不跟我们一起来呢? =Why don' t
you come with us?
Why not go for a game of tennis? 为什么不去打网球呢?
Why not relax
yourself?&&&&为什么不放松你自己呢?
Why not try to train your character? 为什么不培养你的性格呢?
Why not give the $40 to Tom? 干吗不把那40美金给汤姆呢?
For God’s sake, why bring that up
again?&& 看在上帝的份上,干吗又提这事呢?
Why split hairs over the color of the
dress?&&干吗对连衣裙的颜色吹毛求疵呢?
Why run this
risk?&& 干吗冒这个险?
Why risk breaking the
law?&&干吗冒犯法的险呢?
5、不定式作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时,常用it来代替不定式短语,而把真正作宾语的不定式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有:consider认为,feel觉得,find发现,make使,think认为,等等。例如:
I think it best to go. 我想最好走。
Do you consider it right to send our doctors over?
你觉得派我们的医生去对吗?
I found it strange for her not to come today. 我发现她今天没来是很奇怪的。
注意:hope希望,demand要求,suggest建议,这三个词不能跟不定式作宾补。
错误的句子:
I hope you to be happy. 我希望你快乐。
I suggest you to take him
seriously.&&&& 我建议你要把他当回事。
We demanded them to give us a definite answer.我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
正确的句子:
I hope that you’ll be happy. 我希望你快乐。I suggest that you take him
seriously.&&我建议你要把他当回事。
I advise you not to take him
seriously.&& 我建议你不要把他当回事。
We demanded that they give us a definite
answer.&&我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
(三)作定语。
不定式短语作定语时,一般放在被修饰的词之后,有些名词的后面常用不定式作定语。常见的有:ability能力,agreement一致,协议,ambition抱负、野心,anxiety焦急,attempt试图,campaign战役,chance机会,claim声称,courage勇气,decision决定,determination决心,drive努力,eagerness殷切的心情,effort努力,failure失败,hope希望,intention目的意图,motive
force动力,movement运动、协议,need需要,opportunity机会,plan计划,promise诺言,readiness乐意,refusal拒绝,reluctance勉强不愿,resolution决心,tendency倾向,right权力,struggle斗争,threat威胁,time时候,way方法,willingness愿意,wish希望。
与这些词相对应的形容词或动词常接动词不定式。如ability →be able to, refusal →refuse to
作定语时不定式表示将要发生的动作。
There is not any one to save
him.&&没有任何能救他的人。
He’s a not a man to tell lies. 他不是那种撒谎的人。
He’s a man to be trusted&&
他是个可以信赖的人。
He needs love to strengthen his broken heart.
   他需要爱来给他那破碎的心以力量。
I don’t understand his idea to send his son to the Sahara.
我不明白他把儿子送到撒哈拉沙漠的想法。
I need to buy a box to hold my CDs.    我需要买个装CD片的盒子。
This visit is a good opportunity to learn
Chinese.&&这次访问是学习中文的好机会。
No investigation, no right to speak. 没有调查就没有发言权。
Not to speak much is the best way to avoid trouble.
不多言是避免麻烦的最好办法。
This is a good way to make money. 这是个赚钱的好方法。
We were given some bread to
eat.&& 给了我们一些面包吃。
I’ve a lot of things to take care of in the office today.
今天我办公室里由于很多事情要处理。
Have you got a key to unlock this
door?&& 你有开这个门的钥匙吗?
He needs a place to live in. 他需要有个住的地方。
This is not a pen to write with but to draw with.
这不是写字而是画画用的笔。
I have not a friend to talk with.  我没有能谈心的朋友。
作定语时,也可以给不定式加上主语。例如:
The order for the army to start has been given.
已经发出了让部队开始的命令。
The power for science to serve mankind is limitless.
 科学为人类服务的力量是无穷的。
The letter for you to answer is placed on your desk..
  要你回的那封信放在你办公桌上。
(四)作表语。放在系动词之后。
To gamble is to commit suicide, but not to get
rich.&&赌博就是自杀,而不是致富。
To criticize others is to make
enemies.&&批评别人就是树敌。
To do everything is to do nothing.   什么都做等于什么也做不成。
Perhaps the most popular way of relaxing is to participate in
sports.&&也许最受欢迎的放松方式就是参加体育活动。
This matter is for you to
consider.&&这个问题是要你考虑的。
These apples are for the guests to eat. 这些苹果是给客人们吃的。
My hope is for all members to come together once a
year.&&我的希望是所有成员每年聚会一次。
My advice is for you to apologize to her.  我的建议是你向她道歉。
The question is where to go for help.  问题是到哪里求助。
To respect others is to be respected.  尊重别人就是受到别人的尊重。
To see her is to love her.  见到她就会爱上她。
(五)不定式短语和疑问词连用(who, whom, whose, what, which, when,
where, how,还包括whether)
(1)做主语。
Who to turn to is what she wants to
know.&&找谁帮忙是她想知道的。
It’s problem what to do. 干什么还是个问题。
How to be wealthy, healthy and happy will always remain a
question mark. 怎样才能富有,健康和幸福将永远是个问号。
(2)做表语。例如:
The question is which to take
first.&&问题是先拿哪一个。
What remains for you to explain is how to put the plan into
practice and whose help to seek. 剩下需要你解释的是怎样实施计划以及寻求谁的帮助。
The question is which of the methods to
adopt.&&问题是采取这些方法中的哪一个。
(3)作宾语,常用这一结构作宾语的动词有ask, consider, decide discuss, explain,
forget, find out, guess, inquire, know, learn, remember,
see(=understand), show, settle(=decide), tell(=know), think,
understand, wonder等。
I’ve found out where to buy them cheaply. 我发现了在哪里买这些东西便宜。
Do you remember when totch off the
machine?&& 你记得什么时候关掉机器吗?
I can’t tell what to do . 我说不好怎么办。
How can you tell which button to press? 你怎么知道按哪个按钮?
You know very well when to say what and how to say it.
你很清楚什么时候说什么话以及怎样说。
He can’t decide what time to leave or whether to leave at
all.他不能决定何时离开或者到底是否离开。
有些双宾语及物动词,也可用这个结构做直接宾语。常用的有tell, inform, show, advise, ask,
teach,等。如:
I showed her how to use the remote
control.&&&&&&&&&& 我向她演示怎样使用遥控器。
The salesman told him whichtch to turn on
first.&&&&售货员告诉他先开哪个开关。
Will you advise me which to
buy?&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&  你建议我买哪个?
Please inform me where to get the
tickets.&&&&&&&&&&&&请告诉我到哪里去弄票。
(4)做定语。例句:
I must find a pen with which to fill in this form(=to fill in
this form with). 我必须找支钢笔填表用。
He offered me some hot coffee with which to refresh me spirit
(=to refresh me spirit with). 他给我提供了点热咖啡提提神。
Nobel began to seek ways in which to make the explosive safer to
handle.诺贝尔开始寻找那种炸药操作起来更安全的方法。
(六)作状语。不定式短语作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。
&&&&&&&&(1)表示目的。如:
We waved flags, beat drums and blew bugles to encourage the
players. 我们摇旗擂鼓吹号,来鼓励运动员。
They went to the U.S.A. not to study English but to study law
and business. 他们去了美国,不是为了学英语,而是为了学法律和商务。
为了强调,有时用in order to (为了)或so as to (以便)加动词原形,放在句首或句尾均可。例如;
In order to improve my English, I read China Daily every day.
为了提高英语水平,我每天都看《中国日报》。
He took a taxi so as not to miss the
train.&&为了不误火车,他坐了出租车。
有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾,作独立成分。例如:
To be frank(with you), this is not
satisfactory.&&&&&&
老实(和你)说,这不令人满意。
To be fair, she is an honest
girl.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&说句公道话,她是一个诚实的姑娘。
To tell you the truth, you are
wrong..&&&&&&&&&&&&&&实话告诉你,你错了。
这样的短语还有to tell you the truth实话告诉你,to conclude 最后, to begin
with首先,to cut a long story short 简而言之,to go back to the
point回到正题,not to make too much of it 别小题大做,to put it another way
换句话说,to hear him talk听他说话的口气,等等。
(2)表示原因。例如:
To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a
foreigner.&&他这样说话,你会以为他是外国人。The
old father smiled to know his
success.&&知道他成功的消息,那位老父亲笑了。
不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用,有时说明产生这种情绪的原因,有时不是说明原因,而是和形容词一起说明主语的情况。
常见的这类形容词和过去分词有:
able有能力的,afraid 害怕的,amazed 感到惊异的,angry生气的,anxious 急于的,astonished
感到惊讶的, careful小心的, certain有把握的,clever聪明的,
comfortable舒服的,cruel残忍的,deep深的,delighted 高兴的, difficult有困难的,
disappointed感到失望的,determined 有决心的,eager 急于的, easy容易的,fit
合适的,foolish 愚蠢的,fortunate 幸运的,
free自由的,frightened感到害怕的,glad高兴的,good好的, happy幸福的,hard艰苦的,lucky
幸运的,overjoyed 高兴的, pleased高兴的,possible 可能的,proud 自豪的,ready
准备好的,relieved 感到轻松的,right正确的,sad悲伤的,shocked感到惊讶的, sorry难过的,sure
肯定的, surprised感到惊讶的, unable没能力的,useless没用的,willing 愿意的,worthy
值得的,wrong 错误的等。
He’ll be angry to hear these words. 听到这些话他会生气的。
You’re lucky to have me as your teacher.  有我当你们老师,你们很幸运。
He feels proud to be on the school football team.
 作为校足球队队员他感到很自豪。
Be careful not to catch cold. 小心别感冒。
He’s anxious to go back straight to London. 他急于直接回伦敦。
They’ll be ready to leave in about an hour.  再有大约一小时他们就准备好了。
The new manager is easy to get along with . 新经理很容易相处。
This river is broad, deep and good tom in.   这条河宽且深,是游泳的好地方。
Your sofa is comfortable to sit
in.&& 你的沙发坐上去很舒服。
(3)不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词:learn得知,find 发现,see 看见,hear 听见, to be
told被告知,make 使得 等。only+不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:
He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already
taken off. 他急忙赶到机场,却得知飞机已经起飞了。
He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house
had been broken into. 他休假回家,却发现他的房子被破门而入了。
(4) 不定式还可以与“be said, be reported,…”等连用构成复合谓语。这一结构可变成“It’s said,
It’s reported,…”(见被动语态部分)。如:
An explosion is reported to have happened, and three are known
to have been killed.
= It’s reported that an explosion has happened and it’s known
that three have been killed.
据报道发生了一起爆炸,已知三人被炸死。
(七)不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式,即一般式、进行式和完成式。
(1) 一般式(to+动词原形):表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如:
We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我们这边我们很高兴。
I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。( 不定式go out 与 see同时发生。)
They invited me to have dinner with them.  他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。
I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你(to see发生在hope之后)
(2) 进行式(to be+现在分词):表示主句谓语的动作发生时,不定式动作正在进行。例如:
She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 据说/据信她就住在附近。
When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed.
他进来时,我碰巧正在床上睡觉。
They seem/appear to be enjoying
themselves.&&看上去他们似乎很快活。
He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his father’s
sound. 他听见父亲的声音,假装正在做作业。
The president was reported to be visiting the hospital.
据报道总统正在访问那家医院。
(3)完成式(to have+过去分词):表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。
如:I’m glad to have met your parents here.
我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。(已见过)
I’m sorry to have kept him waiting for me so long.
我很抱歉让他等了我这样久。(已经等过了)(八)不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种:
一般式:to be+过去分词
完成式:to have been+过去分词
You’re lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸运已经被接受了。
These criminals are to be hanged .  这些罪犯是将被绞死的。
We’re glad to have been
invited.&&  受到邀请我们很高兴。
What’s to be done next? 下一步做什么?
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.
  我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。
(八)为了避免重复,不定式可省略,但to有时保留,有时不保留。
You will make it if you try
(to).&&如果你努力,你会成功的。
George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he
really wants to. George 说要离开上海,但是我不认为他真的愿意走。
Some of them retired, and others were ready to.
一些人退休了,还有的准备退。
He always speaks faster than he needs to. 他说话总是没必要的快。
I’d like to do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to).
 我倒是想现在干,但没时间。
“Would you go there with me?” “I’m glad
to.”&&“你愿意和我一起去吗?”“愿意。”
“Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to), but I failed.”
“你考试及格了吗?”“没有,我努力了,但没成功。
“Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I prefer not to.”
“你愿意为他们唱首英文歌吗?”“我不想唱。”
You’d better sing an English song if they ask you (to)
again.如果他们再要求你,你最后唱一首英文歌。
后面常省略不定式而保留to的结构,还有:
to&&  常常&&&&&&be
going to&& 打算
to&& 打算&&&&&&ought
to&&&& 
计划&&&&&&want
    要想
(九)两个不定式由and, or, except, but, than
连接时,第二个可省略to,尤其是两个不定式紧密相连时。
I intend to call on him and discuss this question
again.&&我打算去拜访他并和他谈谈这个问题。
I’d like to lie down and go to
sleep.&&我想躺下睡觉。
You’re free to talk or laugh
here.&&在这里你可以随便说笑。
I’m anxious to go and ask him about
it.&&我急于去问问他这个事。
Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?
  你想现在吃午饭还是再等会儿?
We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the
cinema. 我们无事可做,只有看看电影院外面的招贴。
He had nothing to do except talk nonsense.   除了胡说八道,他没别的事干。
I would rather die than be
insulted.&&我宁死也不受侮辱。
动名词可以起名词的作用,在句子中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语,构成动名词短语。
动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。
(一)&&&&&&&&
做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时,谓语用复数形式。
Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。
Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two
different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。
It seems that reading English is easier than speaking
it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。
My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps
.&& 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。
在It’ It’s (no) It’ It’s (not)
It’s (not) It’s of great (no, little) importance
等习惯表达中,It为形式主语,而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如:
It’s no use /good ringing her up
now.&&现在给她打电话没用了。
Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents?
   为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗?
It’s wise trying
again.&&再试一次是明智的。
It is of great importance fighting against pollution.
 制止污染有重要意义。
It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent
here early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。
I you’d better give it
up.&&&&吸烟没好处,你最好戒掉。
(二)&&&&&&&&
动名词短语作宾语。
常用的能接动名词的动词有:admit承认,appreciate 感激,avoid 避免,advise
建议,can’t&&help 不禁,celebrate
庆祝,consider 考虑,complete 完成, contemplate沉思、打算,defer推迟,delay 延期,deny
否认,detest 痛恨,discontinue 停止, dislike不喜欢,dispute不同意,endure 忍耐,enjoy
喜欢, escape逃脱,excuse 原谅, fancy想象,feel like 想要, finish结束, 严禁,forgive
原谅,hinder 阻碍,imagine想象,keep 保持,mention 提到,mind 在意,miss 错过,pardon
饶恕、原谅,permit允许,postpone 推迟,practise 实践、练习,prevent 阻止, recall 回忆,
report报告,resent 怨恨, resist抵制、阻止,risk冒险,stop 停止,suggest
建议,understand 明白、理解,等等。
He avoided giving me a definite
answer.&& 他避免给我一个正确答案。
David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt.
 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车抵债。
(我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:David suggested that you (should) sell your dog
and car to pay the debt. )
I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语:
abhor憎恶,attempt 试图,begin 开始,cannot bear 无法忍受,cannot
stand无法忍受,cease停止,continue,继续,,decline
拒绝,deserve值得,disdain蔑视,dread害怕,endure忍耐,forget忘记,hate
痛恨,intend打算,learn学,like
喜欢,loathe厌恶,love喜欢,mean意思是、意味着,need需要,neglect疏忽,omit省略,忽略,plan计划,prefer更喜欢,propose建议,regret后悔,remember记得,require需要,scorn蔑视、瞧不起,start开始,try尝试,努力,entail必须,involve涉及,necessitate使成为必要,等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样,个别不同。
(三)&&&&&&&&
动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。
尤其是在短语动词后面。如:
The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子们喜欢流行音乐。
Are you interested in going to the
show?&&你有兴趣去看演出吗?
Thomas insisted on doing it in his own
way.&& 托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事。
我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:Thomas insisted that he (should) do it in his own
Excuse me for interrupting
you.&&请原谅我打扰你,
Since returning from Xi’an, he has been
busy.&&从西安回来后,他一直很忙。
He warned me againstmming in this lake.   他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。
改为不定式短语:He warned me not tom in this lake.
We came out without being
seen.&&我们出来没被人看见。
Before finishing your homework, you’d better not go out.
 做完作业之前,你最好别出去。
改为用before 作连词:Before you finish your homework, you’d better not
(四)动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语,就是在动名词短语前面加上物主代词或名词的所有格。
带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语,宾语,表语等。在非正式文体当中,经常把物主代词简化为宾格人称代词,把名词所有格简化为名词。例如:
I insisted on his (him) going to the cinema with me.
我坚持要他和我一起去看电影。
I can hardly imagine Peter(Peter’s) sailing across the Atlantic
Ocean in five days. 我简直不能想象彼得会在五天内横渡大西洋。
Linda’s coming will do you
good.(主语)&&林达的到来对你有好处。
What made him angry was their (them) laughing.(表语)使他生气的是他们笑。
(五)动名词的完成式和被动语态:
(1)完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
I apologize for having broken my
promise.&&我没有遵守诺言,我道歉。
I don’t remember having talked with him
before.&&   我不记得以前曾和他谈过话。
恨不相逢未嫁时。 → I regret not having met you before my marriage/before
I got married.
(2)当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象或承受者时,动名词要用被动语态。例如:
I could no longer stand being treated like
that.&&我再也不能忍受被那样对待。
She was proud of having been trained in the U.K.
在英国受过训,她感到自豪。
他不喜欢嘲笑别人。&&→He doesn’t like
laughing at others.
他不喜欢被人嘲笑。→He doesn’t like being laughed at.
(六)某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语,但意义有差别。
(1)like, love, hate,
prefer等表示喜爱,厌恶的动词后面,可用动名词也可用不定式作宾语,意义差别不大。但当这些词前面有should或would时,一定要用动词不定式作宾语。表示想要,愿意,打算。例如:
She likes dancing. But she wouldn’t like to dance with you.
她喜欢跳舞。(泛指)但他不喜欢和你跳。(特指)
He looked tired and I didn’t like to disturb him.
他看上去很累,我不想打扰他。
I don’t like reading, but I’d like to read a magazine in bed
tonight. 我不喜欢看书,但是今天晚上倒想躺在床上看本杂志。
Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.
小吉姆今晚喜欢被带去看戏。
The reporter would /should like to see you again. 那位记者还想见见你。
We don’t like talking about people behind their
backs.我们不喜欢背后议论人。
hate to do sth 表示“真不想做某事,(但不得不做)”。如:
I hate to disturb you now, but I have no
choice.&&我真不想现在打扰你,但没有办法。
(2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)
The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着。她忘记关了。(关灯的动作没做)
The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she
forgot turning it off. 办公室的灯没亮着。是她关的,但她忘记关过灯。(已关过灯,她忘了)
她昨天又来还我二百元钱。她忘记上个月还我了。→She came to pay back RMB 200 to me again
yesterday. She forgot having paid it back to me last month.
(3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
Do you remember meeting me at a party last year?
你记得去年一次宴会上见过我吗?(已见过面)
You must remember to leave
tomorrow。&&你一定要记着明天离开。(还没离开)
(4)stop to do sth.
停下来去做另一件事&&&&
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
She stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the
path. 她停下来,在路边的一块大石头上休息。
As long as you live, your heart never stops beating,
只要你活着,你的心脏就永远不会停止跳动。
(5) regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth. 对已做的事情表示后悔
I regret saying
that.&& 我后悔说了那话。
I regret to tell you the following
truth.&& 我非常遗憾地告诉你下面这个事实。
(6)try to do
sth努力去做某事&&&&
try doing sth.做某事试一试
You must try to do it again. 你必须想方设法再做一次。
Let’s try doing the work in some other way. 咱们用另一种方法做这工作试}

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