用once inonce a whilee造主语从句

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for a while 和 after a while 和once in a while 和 all the while的意思 和区别(求详解)
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1.for a while :for a period of time暂时;片刻;一会儿*Wait for a little while,as I shallbe back in a few minutes.等一会儿,因为我马上就回来.*Let's rest for a while.让我们休息一会儿.*Why don't you lay that difficult math problem aside for a while 你为什么不把那道数学难题暂时放一边呢?2.after a while 过一会儿,不久后After a while,these people cooled off towards me.过了一会儿,这些人对我态度冷淡了.After a while,driving becomes second nature to you.过不多久,开车的动作就像本能的反应一样了.3.once in a while 偶尔,有时occasionally;now and then有时;偶尔*We go for a picnic in the park once in a while.我们有时去公园里野餐.*Once in a while the puppy would run away.小狗有时也会溜出去.4.all the while 一直,始终He sang all the while they walked home.在他们回家的路上,他一路走一路唱.We waited for three hours,all the while hoping that someone would come and fetch us.我们等候了三个小时,一直希望能有人来接我们.
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for a while 一会,暂时after a while等一会,不久once in a while不时,时常,偶尔all the while在某段时间内一直 希望能帮到你
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高考英语考前20天知识清理
考前知识清理 20 天I. 语法: 时态问题 (01)011.记住与各时态相关的“特征词” . 2. 表示“将来”的几种形式及基本区别: shall will be going to +动词原形 be to do sth. be +coming (leaving, starting, reaching, returning…. be about to do sth. 3.用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的表达: A. should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时态 B. was / were going to do sth.(用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么. ) C. was / were going to have done sth. 表示未完成原来的计划和安排. D. expect , intend , hope , mean , plan , promise , suppose , think , want , wish..常用过去完成时态 . 在这些词后接宾语从句或者接不定式的一般形式;或者用一般过去时态后面接不定式的完 成形式表示过去未曾实现的愿望. E. wish that …had done sth.表示过去未曾实现的愿望. F.情态动词 should ,would, could, might, ought to 等后接不定式的完成时,表示过去本该做,打算 做,想做而未做的事情. G. had better / would rather + 不定式的完成时,表示一种过去的愿望.常译为“当初最好/当初 真该..” .. 4. 完成时态中瞬间动词的处理方法: A. 不合表示一段时间的时间状语连用. B. 将瞬间动词变成状态动词. C. 换用句型.It is….. since …did… 5. 复合句中的时态问题: A.主句是现在时态,从句可是任意时态. B.主句是将来时态,条件状语从句中只能用现在时态. C.主句是过去时态,从句只能是过去的时态. 6. 情景中的时态问题. 这是近几年高考中时态考察的重点. 关键是要对所提供的情景进行仔细认真的分析 善于找到判断时 态的依据. II. 句型复习: 1. would (should) you like to do sth. should love to do sth. feel like doing sth. would like to do sth. would like sb. to do sth. 2. such a diligent man that … so diligent a man that … such a diligent man as … such interesting books that … such rapid progress that … so many (few) people that … so much (little) money that … so diligent (fast) that… diligent (fast) enough to do sth. so lazy (slowly) that he cannot … too lazy (slowly) to do sth. 3. What’s wrong (the matter, the trouble) with …? Is there anything wrong (the matter ) with …? There is something (nothing ) wrong (the matter) with…? Something (Nothing ) is wrong (the matter) with…? 4. in order that…may (might, can, could,…) … so that…can (could, may, might…) … so as to (in order to) do sth. 5. do (try) one’s best to do sth. do what (everything, all) you can do sth. what he said… all that he said… III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (01) agree sb. agree with + sb. / sb.’s opinion / what 同意某人意见 sth. agree with sb. 适合 sth. agree with sth. 相一致,相符,和谐 agree on (upon) sth. 就..取得一致的意见 . agree with sb. on sth. 在..方面同意或意见一致 . agree to do sth.愿意(同意)做.. .第 1 页 共 46 页 agree that….同意..是事实或应当如何 . 注释:该词一般作为不及物动词用.表示“同意”时有三种表达法,with①后接“人” ②具体的观点和看法:opinion, plan, idea 等;③what 引导的从句. 作及物动词用时,① agree to do sth. 愿意做..②agree that …同意..是事实或应当如何 . . look link-v look + adj. (过去分词,名词,介词短语,)看起来, look about 四周打量 look about for 四处寻找 look ahead 预测未来 look like 看起来像 look as if 看起来好像 look well 看起来不错 look sb. up and down 上下打量某人 look at 看,望, 看待 look after 照看,照管,照顾,负责处理 look back on 回顾,回想 look down upon (on) 看不起,蔑视 look for 找寻,自找(麻烦) , look forward to 盼望,希望;预计会有 look in 作短时间的访晤(参观) , look in on 拜望,顺便来看望 look into 调查,了解,研究 look on 旁观,在旁边看 look on … as… 把..看作 . look out 查找,找出;当心,注意 look out for 当心,提防;找寻,注意; look over 翻阅,审读;复习 look round 审视,到处看看;回头望 look through 翻阅,查看;读一遍 look to 照顾,注意,负责 look up 查出,了解;看望,拜访 look up and down 上下打量考前知识清理 20 天02I.语法: 定语从句 1.引导词的功能: A. 引导定语从 B. 代替现行词在定语从句中充当某一句子成分. 2.引导定语从句的连词用法表解: 连 who whom whose that which where when why as 词 主 句 中 先 行 词 是 人 人 人或物 人或物 物 表示地点的名词 表示时间的名词 reason 在 主语 宾语 定语(该词后要跟名词) 主语,宾语,表语 主语,宾语 (还可以引导非限制性定语从句) 地点状语 时间状语 原因状语 (=介词 + which ) (=介词 + which ) (= for which ) 从 句 中 充 当 的 成 分 是在限制性定语从句中常和 such…as,the same…as 等句型连用. 在非限制性定语从句中,可以代替主句中的某一成分或整个句子的意义.3. way 后面的定语从句可由 in which , that 引导,或者什么都不要. 4. that 在使用中的特殊要求. 5. 限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别. 6. as 与 which 在引导非限制性定语从句的三点区别:as 常和 know, see, understand, expect 等词连用;可 位于句首;常译为:正如.. .. II. 句型复习: 1. would rather (not) do sth. would rather do sth. than do sth. would rather sb. did (had done) sth. prefer sth. to sth. else prefer doing sth. to doing sth. else prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. insist on doing sth. rather than do sth. 2. No matter what (Whatever) he does… No matter how (However) difficult it is…第 2 页 共 46 页 3. to one’s surprise (delight, satisfaction, disappointment, joy)… What surprises (delights, satisfies, disappoints, pleases) one is… 4. It seems that sb. do sth. = sb. seems to do sth. It happened that sb. do sth. = sb. happened to do sth. It is said (reported) that sb. do sth. = sb. is said (reported) to do sth. 5. Half of the visitors are … Half of the wood is … Most of the teachers are… Most of the water is … The rest of the books are … The rest of the money is … One-fourth of the population in the world are Chinese. The population of China is larger that that of any other country in the world. Three-fourths of the workers in the factory are men. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is the sea. A larger number of students are… The number of the students in our school is… III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (02) appear vi. link-v. = seem 似乎, 显得 appear to do sth. appear + adj. appear + done appear + sth. It appear that…. make make sth. 做,制造 make sb. do sth. 使得.. . make sb. (sth.) done make sb. (sth.) + adj. make sb. (sth.) + n. make it + adj.(n.) + that.. . make it + adj.(n.) + to do sth. make it + adj.(n.) + doing sth. make a dash for 赶往.. .,冲向.. . make a deal with 达成协议,做成交易 make a decision 作出规定 make a face = make faces 做鬼脸,做苦相 make a good effort 作很大的努力 make a record 录制唱片 make a plan for 为…作计划 make a note of 注意,记下来 make an impression on 给. .留下(某种)印象,引人注目 make fun of 取笑,和..开玩笑,嘲笑 make ..into. . . .把..做成.. . .;使成为,使变成 be made from. .由..做的(化学变化)be made of. . .由..做的(物理变化) . make it 按时到达某处,办事成功;约定时间;及时赶上(火车,轮船等) make one’s living 维持生活 make progress 取得进步 make out 看清楚,看出,辨识;理解,明白;开(账单,收据等)进展;假装,把..说成是 make room (for) 让地方,让位置 make sense 有道理,好懂,有清楚的意思 make sense of 理解 make sure that..弄肯定,一定要做到;弄确切,弄清 . make sure of make sure to do sth. 一定要做.. . make ... to one's own measure 依照某人的尺寸做。。 。 make up for 弥补 make up 创造,编造;弥补,把..补上;化妆,打扮 . be made up of 有..组成(构成) . make up one’s mind to do sth. 打定主意,决定,决心 make use of =make the most of, make the best of 利用 B. 短语记忆: at the edge of 在…边缘 at the end of 在…末尾 at the moment 此刻 at the same time 同时 a variety of 各种各样的 be annoyed at 生…的气 be busy with 忙于… be divided into 分成… be fit for 适合… be fond of 爱好 be full of 充满… be grateful for 感谢 be interested in 对…感兴趣 be known for 因…出名 be made up of 由…组成 be satisfied with 对…满意 be similar to 与…相同 be unfamiliar to 与…不熟悉 be used to V-ing 习惯于 because of 因为 by hand 手工做的第 3 页 共 46 页 carry out 执行,进行 catch up vwithw赶上 compare…with 与…比较 concentrate on 聚精会神… deal with 处理,对付 devote oneself to 献身于… divide…into 把分成 do harm to 伤害…clear off 清除 consist of 包含 die out 绝种 draw a conclusion得出结论考前知识清理 20 天I. 语法复习: 状语从句 状语从句 时间 引导从句的连词 after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as long as, as soon as, hardly(scarcely) … when, No sooner … than, the time (moment, instant, minute, day…) 备 注031. hardly, no sooner 在句首,引导的 从句 要部分倒装. 2. since 引导的从句注意看启动词是 否是 瞬间动词还是延续性动词. 3. when 引导的从句注意其特殊用 法. 4. 一些名词也可以引导时间状语从 句. 后者表示强调. as 引导的方式状语从句多在句首.地点 方式 原因where , wherever as, as if, as though, because, (that) so …that, so that, since, as, now语气一个比一个弱. 可以引导原 for 因状语从句,但它只能位于句末. so…that 中的 so 在句首,主句要部 分倒装. so that 使用最普遍. 注意分清 if 从句中是否该用虚拟语 气. as 引导的让步状语从句要倒装.结果 目的 条件 让步such (a)… that, thatso that, in order that, that, so, if , unless, in case , as long as, though, although, even if, even though, as, in spite of the fact, while, no matter wh- ,II. 句型复习: 1. It is + 被强调部分 + that ... 在句型 1 中,将被强调的部分放在前面,其它部分置于 that 之后.被强调部分可以是主语,宾语,表语 或状语.强调的主语如果是人,that 可以由 who 换用.如果把这种句型结构划掉后,应该是一个完整无缺 的句子.这也是与其 它从句区别判断的方法. 2. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 句型 2 主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语"直到..才..",可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式 . . 3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain....) that ..... 句型 3 中 it 是形式主语,真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句,常译为"清楚(显然,真的,肯定.. .)" 是主语从句最常见的一种结构. 4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 句型 4 中,应该记住所列举的形容词,并且记住 that 后的从句应用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形) ,should第 4 页 共 46 页 可以省去. 5. It is said (reported, learned....) that ... 句型 5 中的 it 仍是形式主语, 真正主语是 that 引导的主语从句. 该结构常译为"据说 (据报道, 据悉.. " .) III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (03) consider 考虑 consider that.. . consider what (how) to do sth. consider doing sth. 认为 consider that.. . consider sb. (sth.) + sb. (sth.) consider sb.+ adj. 把…看作是 consider sb. to be.. . consider sb. + p.p. consider sb.+ 介词短语 consider ... as 把(某人)看作 come come to do sth. 【解析】 该结构意为:逐渐..后面跟不定式表示作某事的过程, “ .” 所跟的动词常是: like, understand, realize, see,know.. . come to + 名词 来到(某地) come to + 数词 加起来,共计 come to + 名词 谈到,涉及到 come to 恢复知觉;苏醒过来 link-v. come + adj. 变得,变成 come + p.p. come to a conclusion 做出结论 come about 发生、产生,造成 come across (偶然)遇到,找到,想到 come to an end 结束 come alone vi. 跟上去;快点;进行 come back 回想起 come down vi. 下降 come down from 从..传下来 . come from 来自,是(某地的)人 come into being (existence)开始存在,建立,产生 come into effect (force) 开始生效 come near (close) to doing sth. 差一点就.. . come of 出生于..家庭;由..造成的,是..的结果 . . . come off 从..离开, 脱落 . come on (upon) = come across come out vi. 出来;出发、出版、出版;开花,发芽 come to 共计、达到 come true 变为现实,实现 come up 抬头、上来、上升,走过来,到来;提及,被提出;长出来 B. 短语记忆: either…or 既…又 for a moment 一会儿 for a while 一会儿 for example 例如 for instance 例如 from time to time 不时 hand over 递过去 in a hurry 匆忙 in case 万一 in front of 在…前面 in line 排队 in no mood 无心思(心情) in other words 换言之 in spite of 尽管 instead of 代替 in the course of 在….期间(过程 in the distance 在远处 in the future 将来 just as 正如 lead to 导致 lose one’s nerves 害怕 no longer 不再 no more than 同...一样不 not…at all 一点也不 not…either 也不 no only…but also 不但…而且 now and then 不时 on board 在船/车上 once in a while 偶尔 on vacation 度假 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of control 失控考前知识清理 20 天04I. 语法复习: 名词性从句 (主语从句,宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句) 1. that 在引导名词性从句中的用法. 2. whether, if 在引导名词性从句中的用法区别. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别及判断. 4. what 在引导名词性从句中的用法. 5. 宾语从句中否定转移时应该注意的几个问题. 6. 宾语从句中使用形式宾语 it 的问题及注意事项. 7. 哪些表语形容词后可以跟从句.第 5 页 共 46 页 最常用用连词用法辨析 连 词 从 句 种 类 功 用 what that 主、宾、表语从句 在从句中充当主、宾、表同时在主句中充当 主、宾、表语主、宾、表、同位语、定、 在名词性从句中引导从句,不充当成分,无 状 词意;定语从句中代替人或物,在从句中充 当主、宾。表;在状语从句中引导目的、结 果状语从句 主、宾、表、同位语 主、宾、表、定 主、宾、表、定 在从句中引导从句, 不充当成分, 有词意: 是 “ 否” 在从句中充当主语 在名词性从句中充当定语,词意为: “哪一 个。。;在定语从句中代替物,在从句中充 。” 当主、宾语,与介词一起作状语whether who whichwhen where how why主、宾、表、同位语、定、 在从句中作时间状语,词意为: “在何时” 状 主、宾、表、同位语、定、 在从句中作地点状语,词意为: “在何处” 状 主、宾、表、同位语、状 主、宾、表、同位语、定 在从句中作方式状语,词意为: “如何” 在从句中作原因状语,词意为: “为什么”II. 句型复习: 6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ... 句型 6 中的过去分词应该是表示请求,建议,命令等词,that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原 形) ,should 可以省.常译为"据建议;有命令.. .) 7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ... 句型7中,that 后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形) ,should 以省去.表示出乎意料,常译为" 竟然".没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气. III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (07) need 需要 need sth. need to do sth. need doing 情态动词:用于否定句,疑问句(较少用于肯定句)He needn’t go out for such a thing . Need you buy this book ? n. 需要,必要(不可数) ;需要的东西(可数)a friend in need 患难之交 in need of 需要 take take sth. 拿,取,带;吃,喝;占领,赢得;take a look at 看一看 take a nap 小睡 take a taxi 打的 take a job 接受(工作) take a bet 打赌 take a chance 碰碰运气,冒..风险 . take a risk 冒风险 take a seat 坐下 take an interest in 对..有兴趣 . take a photograph ( of ) 照一张相 be taken up with 忙于(某事) ;喜欢 take after 长得像,性格等像 take aim 瞄准 take along 随身携带 take ..as. . .看作,认为 take away 拿走;减去; take back 收回(诺言,话语等) ;送还;退(货) take back to 使回想起 take care 当心 take care to do sth. take care that.. . take care of 照料,照顾;当心,注意;处理,对付 take charge (of) 负责(处理某事或照料某人) ;接管 take ill (sick) 突然生病 take cold 感冒,伤风 take control of 控制住,管住 take delight (pleasure) in sth.喜欢(做)某事 take delight (pleasure) in doing sth. take down 拿下来,取下来;记下来 take effect 开始起作用;生效第 6 页 共 46 页 take..for (to be) sth.(错)当作,以为是 . take..for granted 想当然认为(会是某种情况) . ;认为是理所当然 take it for granted that.. . take ..for example . 以..为例 . take hold of 抓住;吸引住 B. 短语记忆: out of sight 看不见 over and over 再三 refer to 意指,提交 since then 从那以后 right away 马上 run away 跑掉 run out 用完,耗尽 side by side 肩并肩 regard…as 把…当作…对待;认为…是… be willing to do sth.愿意做 devote … to … 把…贡献于 go over 复习 succeed in 成功 give off 放出(气味,热) go by 过去,依照 work hard at 致力于 set off (vt.) 引起 pay off 还清 take an interest in 对…感兴趣 have effect on 对…有影响 set out 出发,开始 have … to do with 与…有关 believe in 信任 set sail 启航考前知识清理 20 天05I. 语法复习: 主谓语一致 1。语法一致原则: 是根据主语的语法标记决定其谓语动词的单数、复数形式。主语为单数,谓语动 词用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数。例如: 2。意思一致原则: 是指主谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形式来决定,而是取决于主语所表达的内 在涵义,一般有三种情况。 ① 单数形式的主语,谓语动词用复数。 ② 复数形式的主语,谓语动词用单数。 ③ 同一词作主语,有时谓语动词用单数有时用复数。 3。 就近一致原则: 即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 1)主语是一个抽象概念(包括不定式、动名词和名词性从句作主语) ,谓语动词用单数。 2)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有:with , together with , as well as , no less than, rather than , like , but , besides , except , as much as, including , along with ...等引起的短语,谓语动词仍然用单数。 3)each , some , any , no , every 构成的复合代词;one of +复数名词 , many a , more than one ( a ) 等所修饰的词作主语,它们的谓语都用单数。 4) people , police, cattle 等词作主语通常用复数。 5) majority , population , class , family , group , team , crowd , audience , army , government, company , enemy 等集体名词,按意思一致原则,作为整体,看作单数;指其中一个一个成员,看作复数。 6)表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词作主语,尽管是复数,谓语动词用单数。 7)or , either ... or ... , neither ... nor ... , not ... but ... , not only ... but also... 等连接两个主语时,谓语动词用 就近一致原则。 8)以 there , here , such 引起的句子,而主语又不只一个,谓语动词用就近一致原则。 9)以 what 引起的主语从句,all , most , half , the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语,谓语动词按意思一 致的原则处理。 10)关系词 who, that , which 引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但 one of + 复数名词 + that 从句。 从句的谓语动词应用复数, the ( only ) one of +复数名词 + that 而 从句,从句的谓语动词应用单数。 11)当 the 与原级形容词连用,表示一类人时;或某些以-s(es) 结尾的人名,指一家人、夫妻俩或同名 同姓的若干人时,谓语动词用复数。 12) 一些只有复数形式的词作主语时( clothes , trousers , shoes , ...),谓语动词应用复数形式;但前面有 a pair of 修饰时,则用单数。 13)分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词则依据短语后面的名词的数来决定。 14)代词 none, neither 作主语时,主要根据说话人的意思来决定。 15)在四则运算中,谓语动词用单、复数均可。第 7 页 共 46 页 16) a great deal of ( a large amount of , a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。 17)a number of , ( a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 可数名词的复数,谓语动词用复数。但 the number of + 主语,其谓语动词用单数。 18)主语中有连词 and 时,要注意: (1)and 连接的几个不同事物,谓语动词用复数。 (2) and 连接的不同事物,如果它们前面都有定冠词或物主代词修饰,表示不同的对象,谓语动 词用复数;如果定冠词只出现在第一个成分之前,则指的是同一个事物,谓语动词用单数。 (3)通常用两个部件配成的物品,或并列的主语指一种东西或事物、概念时,谓语动词用单数。 (4)在 each... and each...,each ... and ... , every ... and... , every ... and evry ... , no ... and no... 后面的谓语动词用单数形式。 (5)one and a half 后面应接复数名词,但其谓语动词应用单数。 II. 句型复习: 8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ... 句型 8 中 that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是① 用过去时态表示虚拟.② should + 动词原形, should 不能省.常译为"是(正是). ..的时侯.." . 9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ... 句型9要和句型8区别开来, 该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气, 而用完成时态, 至于用什么完成时态, 由主句的谓语动词的时态决定,如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面 从句则用过去完成时态. 该结构中 that 可以省去; 有时用 this 替换. it 常译为"是第一 (二). 次.. .. . " 10. It is .... since ... 句型10主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时,又要和表示一段时间时间状语连用的问题.主句中是时间作表 语,一般是现在时或完成时,since 引导的从句一般是一般过去时态,而且是瞬间动词.如果主句是一般 过去时,从句则用过去完成时. 11. It is ... when ... 句型11中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句, 主句中的 it 指时间, 表语由具体的时间充当. 常译为" 当..的时候,是.." . . 12. It be ... before ... 句型12中的主句时态只有将来一般时或过去时两种时态.主句中的表语多是 long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等时间.常译为"..之后.." . . 13. It happens (seems, appears ) that... 句型号13中 it 是形式主语, that 引导的是主语从句,主句中的 happen , seem 是不及物动词. III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (05) do do a good deed 做件好事 do away with 废除,破除,取消,消除,干掉 do about sth. 对..想某种办法或采取某种行为 . do everything (all) one can 尽一切努力,尽力去做 do good 做好事 do sb. good (harm) = do good (harm) to sb. 对..有好处(害处) . do sb. a favour (kindness) 帮一个忙 do sb. the favour to do sth. (that..) 帮忙做.. . . do one’s best = try one’s best 尽..最大的努力 . do one’s bit (duty) 尽一份力(履行职责,做份内的事) do up 收拾,整理,打扮;包,扎,系 do well 做得对,做得好 do with 处理,安排,多和 what 连用) do with 想要,需要(多和 can 连用) do with 受不了,不能(多和 can’t 连用) do something (nothing , anything, little, much) to do with 与..有..关系 . . do wonder = work wonder 创造奇迹 do wrong 做坏事、犯罪 do sb. wrong = do wrong to sb. 委屈,冤枉某人,做对不起某人的事 take take in 接受(房客,客人等) ,留宿;理解,明白;包括,涉及; (把衣服)改小,改瘦;订阅 take it easy 不要着急;慢慢来 take note of 注意 take notes 作笔记,记笔记 take notice of 理会;注意第 8 页 共 46 页 take off 脱下(衣,帽等) ;起飞;匆匆离开;休假,请假;取消 take off one’s hat to 佩服;敬重 take on 接受,从事(工作) ;雇用;上车,接受乘客 take one’s time 慢慢来,从容不迫 take out 取出,使退色;领取 take over 接替(职务);接管 take part in 参加,参与 take pity on(upon) 可怜,怜悯 take place 发生,举行 take (a) pride in 为..感到自豪(骄傲) . take sth. lying down 甘心忍受(而不反抗) take sides ( in ) 站在….一边 take the place of 代替、取代 take the chair 担任主席 take turns (at) doing sth. take trouble to do sth. 不辞劳苦的做.. . take to sth.喜欢;养成某种爱好 take to doing sth. take turns to do sth. 轮流做.. . take up 开始学习(课程) ,选修;从事;向..提出;占用(时间) . ;占掉(空间) B. 短语记忆: be admitted to sp. 被…录取 take … by surprise 对…突然袭击/ 出乎…意料 put effort into sth.(致力于) put into prison = send to prison 送入监狱 clear up(清理,收拾,打扫) do a word puzzle = do a puzzle in words (猜字谜) keep a certain distance away (保持一定的距离) far below (远远低于) absence of 缺乏 access to ...的入口,通路 addition to sth 增加 admission to /into 进入,入(场,学,会) admission of sth 承认 advance in 改进,进步 advantage over 优于...的有利条件 absence from 缺席,不在考前知识清理 20 天06I. 语法复习:名词 1. 名词的复数问题: A) 加 s 的问题. B) 加 es 的问题. C) 不规则的复数问题. D) 复合名词的复数问题. 2. 名词的所有格问题. A) Jane and Mary's room (共有) B) Jane's and Mary's rooms (不共有) C) at Mr. Green's (家) at the tailor's (店铺) D) 表示物生命东西的名词,通常用 &of +名词 &表示所有关系. the gate of the school the window of the door E) 双重所有格问题 F) of + 抽象名词=形容词 of importance = important of + great + 抽象名词 = very + 形容词 of great importance = be very important of + no + 抽象名词 = not + 形容词 (-less) It is no use . = It is useless. 3. 名词短语做状语一般不用介词. She kept washing all day. I told you many times. Come this way, please. He can walk 50 miles a day. We waited there two hours. 5. 关于 dozen, score 的用法. 代词 1. one, some any 的用法. 2. each, every 的用法区别. 3. none, no, no one 的用法区别. 4. many , much 的用法区别. 5. other, another 的用法区别. one..the other 一个..(两个中)另一个 . . one..the other two 一个..(三个中)另两个 . . one..another 一个..(不定的)另一个 . . one..the others . 一个..(除一个外的)其它的 . one..others 一个.. (不定的)另几个 . .第 9 页 共 46 页 6. all, both, none, neither, not all, all …not 的用法区别. 7. by oneself, of oneself , for oneself 的用法区别. II. 句型复习: 14. It takes sb. ... to do sth. 句型14中的不定式是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,句型中的直接宾语是时间.常译为"做..要花费某 . 人.." . 15. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 句型号15中的真正主语是动名词短语,主句中的表语可以是 no good , ( not any good ) , no use , ( not any use ) 16. It doesn't matter whether ( if ) ... 句型16常译为 "不论(是否). ..没关系.. . 17. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 句型17中的不定式如果须要逻辑主语,则须要前置介词 of 而句型中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特 征的形容词, 常见的有: bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good (好心的) honest , horrible , , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice(有教养的), polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong(错误的) 这个句型可以改写为: sb. is kind to do sth. III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (06) have have sth. = have got sth. 有; have sth. 吃,喝, have a talk (rest, look at, drink, wash, fight, walk, dream, bath, dance, smoke.. . have a good trip 一路顺风 have a talk with 与..谈话 have a test 参加测验 . 使..(做)..have sb. do sth. . . have sb. Done have sb. doing sth. have sb. + 介词短语/副词 had better do sth. 最好(做.. have a ..time 过得.. .) . . have..about (on) sb. 身边带有.have a word (a few words) with 和..讲(几)句话 . . have an effect on (upon) 对..有影响 have difficulty in ( doing ) sth.(做). . ..有困难(麻烦) have pity on 可怜, 同情 have none of 不允许 have on 着,带着 有事、有约会 have something to do with 有..要做 have..to do with 和..有关系 have sports 进行体育活动 . . . pay pay sth. 偿还;交付 pay sb. sth. I paid him $5000 yesterday. pay sb. I haven’t paid the doctor. pay back 偿还 vt. pay for vt. 赔偿,为..付出代价 pay off vt. 还清, 得到回报 His hard work paid off at last. . pay a visit to sb. = pay a call on ab. 访问,拜望 pay attention to 注意 B. 短语记忆: anxiety for sth 渴望 apology to sb for sth 道歉 appeal to sb for sth 恳求,呼吁 appeal for 魅力,吸引力 appetite for 对...的欲望 application 把...应用于... argument of sth/to sth 赞成/反对...的理由 for /against attack on 对...的进攻,评击 arrangement for 对...的安排 complaint of /about 报怨,控告 concern about/for/over 担心 attention to 对...的注意 attraction for 对...的吸引力 balance between ...之间的平衡 belief in 对...的信仰,相信 check on 检查,阻止 attempt at/to do 尝试, 企图考前知识清理 20 天I. 1. 2. 3. 4.07语法复习: 数词 数词作定语,表语. 顺序编号中的数词. 事物名词+基数词 序数词+事物名词 年,月,日的表达顺序. 时间小的在前,大的在后.要注意标点符号 时间与地点同时出现的问题. 在同一句中,如果时间状语和地点状语都在谓语动词后,按习惯,地点在前,时间在后. 5. “一个半.. .”的表达法. one pound and a half one and a half years 6. 带数词的成语. twos and threes 三三两两 at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 7. 数词的修饰语问题.第 10 页 共 46 页 形容数目很大,常用 full, solid 于名词前; good, all of, no less than, as…as , 用于数词前. 形容数目小常用 barely, scarcely, no more than 等于数词前. 形容“恰好”“不多不少” , ,常用 clear (名词前) sharp (后置定语) more or less (数词前). 表示 “大约” , “大致” 常用 nearly, almost, close to, some, about 等于数词前, so(句末),more or less(句末). or 8 小数,分数,百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题. 分数和百分数引导的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定.如果是可数 名词的复数,其谓语动词用复数形式;如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式.首选原则1.在宾语补足语或表语中,如有形容词,及物动词的过去分词表示状态.应该首选形容词. 2.在选择动名词或名词做宾语时,应该首选名词. 3.在名词性从句中,当主句中差宾语而从句中又差主语时,whomever, whoever, whom, who 应首选 whoever 或 who 引导从句. II. 句型复习: 18. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 句型18中的真正主语是不定式短语,不定式的逻辑主语前必须 用介词 for,主句中的形容词通常是表示 重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安全等情况的形容词,常见的形容词有:① important, necessary, natural ② easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant 在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写,如: It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party 19. It looks ( seems ) as if ... 句型19中的 as if 引导一个状语从句,常译为,"看起来好象.."如果与事实不相符合,则用虚拟 . 语气. It looks as if he is ill.(真的病了)It looks as if he were ill. (没有生病)It seemed as if he were dying. 20. We think it important to learn a foreign language. 该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”。 6 指主句中常用的动词:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel; 1 指的是形式宾语 it; 2 指的是宾补的两种形式:形容词或名词; 3 指的是真正宾语的三种形式:不定式短语,动名词短语或 that 引导的宾语从句。 III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (07) prove 证明 prove sth. prove that.. . prove sb. + adj. prove sb. + 名词 prove sb. to be ..link-v. 证明是,后来事实证明是 . prove sth. prove + adj. prove to be .. . get link.v. 变得 get + adj. get + p.p. get to do 逐渐.. .(常和 know ,realize, understand 等连用)get sb. to do sth. 使..做.. . . get sth. + p.p. 请别人做某事;使某事完成 get sth. + adj. get about vi. = get around (消息)传开,传出去;四处走动 get along (well) with get on (well) with 进展(顺利) ;情况(好) ;相处(好) get away from 离开,走开;逃走,跑掉,躲开 get back 回来;放回去;要回来;恢复 get by (走)过去,通过,过下去 get close to 接近 get down 下来;去下来,吃下去;跪下来;写下来 get down to sth. 开始认真干.. . get hold of 抓住,找到 get in 收庄稼 get in touch with 和..联系 . get into the habit (hobby) of 养成..的习惯(爱好) get into . 进入,陷入 get off 下车;离开,动身,起飞;脱下来;下班;寄走 get married 结婚 get on 上车(船等)穿上;继续干 get out 出来;传出去;愈; get rid of 摆脱,除掉,处理掉第 11 页 共 46 页 get together 聚首,欢聚,碰出版,拟出来 get out of 从..得到,逃避,避免;改掉(习惯) . get over 克服,摆脱;痊头,聚会 get through 做完,看完;通过(考试) ;通过(议案) ;接通..的电话;度过(时间) . ;穿过 get to 到(某一时刻,某一年龄,某一地方) 开始(做某事) ; ; get up 起床,举办,组织;打扮,装饰,化妆;记熟 B. 短语记忆: confidence in 对...的信任,相信 关系,连接 contest for sth 争夺,竞争 contrast to/with sth 对比,对照 contribution to 贡献,捐献,促成 damage to sth 损坏 danger to sb/sth 危险 defence against 防御,保卫 delegate to 参加...的代表 demand for 对...的需求 departure from 离开 desire for sth 渴望 difference between...in... 不同,差异下 difference between...over... 分歧 doubt about/as to 怀疑 effect on 对...的作用 emphasis on 对...的强调,注重考前知识清理 20 天08I. 语法复习: 反意疑问句 01 附加疑问句的主要形式: 肯定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问句 否定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问句 一、反意疑问句的一般情况 1.当陈述部分的主语是:等 everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 合成代词时,附加疑 问句的主语非正式文体中往往 they 用。 (也可以按语法一致原则用单数。 ) 2.当陈述部分以 one 定代词做主语时,附加疑问句的主语在正式常合用 one,非正式常合 you 用。 3.当陈述部分的主语是不定式、 动名词、 从句、 或 that, this 附加疑问句的主语用。 those,these 则用 they) (是 4.当陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词 everything, anything, nothing 等,附加疑问句的主语用 it。 5.陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词,例如:seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing,附加 疑问句的动词, 要用肯定形式。 6. 如果陈述部分中的否定词仅带有否定的前缀或后缀,那么该陈述句应作肯定句处理,附加疑问句应用 否定形式。 二、常见句型的反意疑问句 7. 当陈述部分是 there be 存在句型时,附加疑问句的主语也用 there。 8. 感叹句的附加疑问句,其谓语要求用否定句。 9. 祈使句后面的附加疑问句问题 A) 祈使句是否定形式,附加疑问句只能用 will you。 B) 祈使句是肯定形式,附加疑问句用肯定、否定均可。 C) Let 开头的祈使句要注意: 1. Let’s 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内,表示提出建议或征求对方意见,其反意疑问句 往往用 shall we。 2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内,表示请求对方允许做某事的含义,let 有 allow 的意思。 附加疑问部分用 will you。 3. Let me 开头表示请求,附加疑问句用 will you,或用 may I。 三、复合句的反意疑问句 10. 当陈述部分是一个(带 that 引导宾语从句的)主从复合句时,附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保 持对应关系。但是, 当陈述部分的主语是:I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect 等结构时,附加 疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语,谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。 11.当陈述部分是 I’m sure that,;we are sure;I’m afraid that;We are sure that;I feel sure that 等后面跟宾 语从句时,反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。 12.当陈述部分是并列句时,附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。 四、关于情态动词的反意疑问句第 12 页 共 46 页 13.陈述部分中有 have 一词,且表示“所有”含义时,附加疑问句部分既可用 have 也可用 do。 14. 陈述部分中有 have to,附加疑问句部分用 do。 15. 陈述部分带有情态动词 ought to, 附加疑问句部分, 英国人用 ought to 形式; 但在美国人中常用 should。 16. 陈述部分有 used to,附加疑问句部分可用 used 也可以用 did 。 17. 陈述部分有 needn’t 时,附加疑问句部分用 need 但有时也可用 must。 18. 陈述部分有 must,且表示“必须”时,附加疑问句部分用 mustn’t,如果表示“必要”则用 needn’t。 19. 陈述部分中是 mustn’t 表示“禁止”时,附加疑问句部分用 must。 陈述部分中的 must 表示“一定”“想必”等推测意义时,附加疑问句部分而是根据陈述部分的谓 、 语动词或其助动词来定。 20. 陈述部分是 I wish, 表示询问或征求意见,附加疑问部分用 may I。 21. 弄清陈述句中的’d rather = would rather;’d better = had better 附加疑问句部分前者用 would,后者用 had。其它特殊结构的反意疑问句 22. 陈述部分的主语是 each of...结构时,附加疑问句在强调整体时用 they,当作个别时用 he。 23. 陈述部分有 neither...nor...(either...or...)做并列主语,附加疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。 陈述部分是:I’m ....结构,附加疑问句一般用 aren’t I? II. 句型复习: 21. It is (just) like sb. to do sth. 该句型为“某人(恰恰)是。。这个样子” 。 。用来表示赞扬或不满,若用否定式,则表示怀疑。 It’s like him to leave the work to others. 他就是这样的一个人,把工作推给别人。 It isn’t like him to have said anything like that. 他可不是说出那种话的人。 22. It is up to sb. to do sth. 该句型为“该由某人做。。。该句型中 up 后的 to 是介词。 。” It is up to him to clean our classroom today. 今天应由他做教室清洁。 It is up to parents to teach their children manners. 该由父母教孩子礼貌。 II. 句型复习: 1. do nothing but do sth. could not choose but do sth. There is nothing to do but do sth. Sb. has nothing to do but do sth. desire(care for) nothing but to do sth. have no choice but to do sth. 6. He is dead. He has died. He has been dead for three years. 7. He left home two weeks ago. It is two weeks since he left home. He has been away from home for two weeks. 8. Do you mind if I smoke here ? Do you mind my(me) smoking here ? Would you mind if I smoked here ? 9. After she had worked for four hours, she stopped to have a rest. = Having worked for four hours, she stopped to have a rest. We caught sight of a wolf while we ere climbing the mountain. = While climbing the mountain, we caught sight of a wolf. III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (08) put put sth. 放,搁 put sth. +介词短语 使..处于某种状态 . put sb. to do sth. 使..做.. . . put aside 放下,放在一边 put away 收起来 put back 放回原处;推迟 put down 放下,写下;镇压,取缔 put ... in prison 把…投进监狱 put off put off + n. put off + doing sth. 推迟,延期 put on 穿上,戴上,上演,表演,装出 put on weight 发福、 增加体重 put out 扑灭.使熄灭;出版;广播 put though 接通电话 put sb. to the trouble of 麻烦某人(做…) put up with 忍受,容忍 put up 举起手来;延伸;搭建;张贴;挂上;住宿,过夜第 13 页 共 46 页 vi. refer to The speaker often referred to his notes. 查阅 When I said some people were foolish, I wasn’t referring to you. 指..而言,指的是 . This rule refers to everybody here. 适用于 He referred to it once or twice. 提到,谈到 refer to ..as..把..称作.. . . . .(与 as 连用) We refer to him as fellow. refer..to. 让..处理;归功于,归咎于 . . . The doctor referred the patient to a specialist. He refers his success to his hard-working. B. 短语记忆: encounter with 遭遇,遇到 enthusiasm about/for 热情 entrance to ...的入口,入场 envy of sb 嫉妒 exception to ...的例外 of /at sth exposure to sth 暴露 fancy for sth 喜爱 faith in 对...的信任,信仰 glance at 扫视 gratitude to sb 感激 guess at sth 猜测 for sth hatred for/of 仇恨 hunger for 渴望 improvement on/in 对...的改进,提高 increase in sth 增加,增长 independence from 独立,自主 influence on 对...的影响 invitation to 邀请 investment in sth 投资 loyalty to sb/sth 忠诚 memorial to sb/sth 纪念碑 objection to sth 反对 pity for sb/sth 可怜,怜悯 in favour of ...赞成,支持refer考前知识清理 20 天09语法复习: 不定式 1. 不定式的基本特征: 主动的,表将来的,表目的. 2. 不定式做主语时,谓语动词怎样在人称与数方面保持一致. 3. 可以用不定式做宾语的动词:want , like , wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend,begin, decide, learn, agree, expect 等. 4. 可以用 wh-+不定式做宾语的动词. ask, decide, explain, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell, show, teach, discuss, wonder, advise 等. 5. 不定式做宾补的注意事项: A) 使役动词后的宾补. B)感官动词后的宾补. 6. 不定式作定语时应注意的事项: A)不定式的主动式或被动式的选择. B)与被修饰词的逻辑关系. 7. 不定式作状语. A) in order to so as to (表目的) B) be glad to do sth. (表原因,注意该句型的形容词) C)only to do sth. (表结果,多数有 only 在前.) 8. … too… to… 与 … enough to do sth. 的转换问题. 9. 是不是凡是 too… to… 结构都能译成“太..而不能.. . .”? 10. 省略不定式符号的几种情况: A) 感官动词,使役动词后的宾补中. B)help 后作宾语或宾补中. C) had better , would rather, would sooner, rather than 后. D) but, except 位于 do + anything(nothing, everything)后. E) 由 and , or 连接两个不定式,第二个不定式前可省略. II. 句型复习: 1. It’s good (bad) for … 2. I’m afraid that he will not come. I wonder if you can do it. 3. So long as one inch of this deck remains above water, there is hope. 4. By the end of last week, he had finished this book. By the end of the week, he will have finished the work. 5. It is (was) up to sb. (It is / was sb.’s duty.) It is (was) up to sb. to do sth. It is one’s turn to do sth. 6. When summer comes on, the weather is getting hotter and hotter.第 14 页 共 46 页 = Summer going on, the weather is getting hotter and hotter. As there was nothing to do, they sat there talking. =There being nothing to do, they sat there talking. If more time is given, we can do it better. = More time given, we an do it better. As he was poor, he doesn’t send his child to school. = Being poor, he doesn’t send his child to school. 7. She sat in the corner and her tears were streaming down her cheeks. = She sat in the corner, with tears streaming down her cheeks. The daughter sat quite still, and her eyes were fixed on the ground. =The daughter sat quite still, with her eyes fixed on the ground. Having so many essays to write, I doubt if I shall have time to visit you. = With so many essays to write, I doubt if I shall have time to visit you. 8.Fish sleep when their eyes are open. = Fish sleep , with their eyes open. The teacher felt sad because so many pupils had gone away. = with so many pupils away, the teacher felt sad. The mayor of New York stood and he had a hat on his head. = The mayor of New York stood , with a hat on his head. III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (09) call sb. 叫(喊)某人, 给某人打电话 call sb. + 名词 sb. + adj. 说..是.. 认为.. . ., . call attention to 引起对..的注意 . call away 叫走了 call back 回电话;叫回去 call for 要求、号召、约请 call in 招集、招来,找来;请来;收回 call names 骂(人) call on (upon) sb. = call at sb’s house .. . 拜望,去会(某人) call on (upon) sb. to do sth. 叫(请)某人作某事;号召;要求;呼吁 call at ( a place ) 访问(某地) call on 拜访、访问 call out to sb. = shout at sb. 向某人吼(叫喊) call up 给某人打电话; 叫..起床 . n.pay (make) a call on sb. 访问某人 =pay a visit to sb. give sb. a call = male a calltosb. 给..打电话 . on call 随叫随到, 随时可用 trouble trouble sb. 麻烦, 打扰 trouble sb. to do sth. trouble sb. + 时间 sb. (not) trouble to do sth. 费事,烦心 be troubled with 受(某种病痛)之苦 fish in troubled water 浑水摸鱼 trouble about (doing) sth. 为…费事 trouble … for sth. 麻烦(某人)递给… trouble one's heart about 为…烦心 n. asking (looking) for trouble 自寻烦恼 (be) in trouble 有烦事,有困难 get into trouble 遇到麻烦, 出事 get sb. into trouble 给人找麻烦;使人陷入困境 have trouble (in) doing sth. 有困难, 费事 have trouble with sth. (应付…时)有困难 make trouble 制造麻烦 put sb. to trouble 给某人制造麻烦 save (spare) trouble 省事,避免麻烦 take trouble to do sth. 费事做某事 take trouble over sth. (在…方面)下功夫 troublemaker 捣乱分子 troublesome 伤脑筋的, 使人头痛的 B. 短语记忆: service to 服务,贡献 skill at 技巧,熟练 solution to ...的解决办法 sorrow at/for/over 悲哀,悲痛 sympathy for 对...的同情 sympathy with 对...的赞同 taste for 对...的爱好,喜爱 taste in 对...的审美能力 trust in 对...的信赖,信任 wish for 欲望,愿望 hungry for 渴望 invisible to 不可见的 protest against sth 抗议 against sth provision for/against 准备 pull at/on sth 拉,拖 reaction to 对...的反应 reason for 原因,理由 regard for 对...的注意,尊重 reply to sb/sth 对...的回答 request for sth 要求 research on/into 对...的研究,调查第 15 页 共 46 页 response to 对...的回答,反应responsibility for 责任,负责search for 对...的搜寻考前知识清理 20 天10I. 语法复习: 分词 1. 分词的基本特征 A) 现在分词 主动的,表进行的,表特征的; B) 过去分词 被动的,表完成的,表状态的. 2. 不是任何动词都可以用于过去分词.(只有及物动词才可以用作过去分词.) 3. 如何使用分词作定语,状语,宾补. 4. 现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别. 5. have sb. (sth.) do (doing , done )的使用区别. 6. make ab. doing sth. 怎么回事? 7. 独立主格结构的用法. 8. 如何使用分词短语化简复合句. 9. 分词作定语时应该注意的问题.(missing , remaining ,left 等) II. 句型复习: 1. I wish to do sth. I wish for sth. I wish sb. to do sth. I wish that sb. did/ had done/ could do sth. 2. How long have you been here ? How soon will you be back ? How often do you see him ? 3. What is the weight (distance, number, population, price …) of …? 4. How will you deal with…? What will you do with…? 5. You are (have, can, will), so am (have, can, shall) I. You aren’t (haven’t, can’t, won’t) , neither (nor) am (have, can, shall) I. You are not…, I am not … either. …. So it is with … (It is the same with…) He is a student. So he is. 6. Child as he is , … Much as I like it, … Try as you may (will), … 7. It must be him / her.. .. 13. What do you feel like doing sth. ? 8. I'd rather (not) do sth. 14. I'd like to do sth. 15. I'd like sb. to do sth. 9. I want / intent / wish / plan to do sth. 16. I haven't decided what / where to.. .. 10.It is time that ..did sth. = It is time for sb. to do sth. = It is time to do sth. . 11. Please remember me to sb. 17. It is a pity that .. .. 12. have (something, nothing, little, much )in common with III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (10) break break away 突然逃掉或离开;断绝往来;改掉(习惯) ;破除(旧做法) break away from 脱离.. . break down (身体)垮了; (谈话)中断; (机器)坏了;压倒,克服 break forth 突然(迸出) break in 突然进入,非法进入;插嘴,打岔 break into 破门而入;突然,一下子.. .;打扰,打断 break out 爆发; 突然(大声地)vt. break off vt. 打断,折断; 中断,断绝(关系) break through 突破,打通 break up 分散,折散;分解;腐蚀 break the rule 违反规定 mind 当心,注意 mind + 名词 mind + that.. . 介意,在乎(主要用于疑问句和否定句) mind + if .. . mind doing sth. mind that.. . mind + 名词第 16 页 共 46 页 never mind 没关系,不要紧 Would you mind doing sth ? 劳驾, 可否请你.. .? Would you mind if I did sth. ? 我可以(做). ..吗? = Do you mind if I do sth. ? =Can /May I do sth. ? change one’s mi 改变主意 keep in mind 记住 keep one’s mind on. .聚精会神干.. . make up one’s mind to do sth. 决定做.. . make up one’s mind that.. . B. 短语记忆: in honour of 为祝贺 from then on 从那时起 above all 首先 ground floor 底楼 at sea 在海上 in charge of 负责 in search of 寻找 rather than 宁愿 hot dog 热狗 now and then 有时 day by day 一天天 in a word 总之 in debt 欠债 cash crop 经济作物 hand in hand 手挽手 heart and soul 全心全意地 masses of 许多 in battle 在战斗中 once in a while 偶尔 on board 在(船,机)上 on the point of 正要 in a flash 瞬间,立即 the moment 此刻 一。 。就 reception desk 接待处 at the mercy of 受…支配 department store 百货公司 in search of 寻找 far below 远远低于考前知识清理 20 天11enjoy give up permit regret excuse finish escape imagineI. 语法复习: 动名词 1. 能用动名词作宾语的的动词: consider can't help can't stand practise put off miss mind avoid risk keep suggest 2. 用动名词作宾语.而用不定式作宾补的动词: advise allow 2. &八大金刚& remember forget stop mean try 4. need , demand, want, require 表示“需要”的用法. 5. 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别. 6. 状语中的动名词. 7. 动名词的复合结构.encourage agree go onII. 句型复习: 1.three times as large (long, wide, high, deep…) as… three times lager (longer, eider, higher, deeper…) than… three times the size (length, width, height, depth…) of …. 2. The more…, the more…. 3. more… not more… no more…than… more or less 4. He must be at home. He must be having breakfast. He must have met her yesterday. He can’t have come yesterday. 5.Both of us can do it. Either of us can do it. Neither of us can do it. Both of us cannot do it. All of us can do it. Any of us can do it. None of us can do it. All of us cannot do it. = Not all of us can do it. = Some of us cannot do it. = Not everyone of us can do it. 6. It’s good (bad) for … 7. I’m afraid that he will not come. I wonder if you can do it. 8. So long as one inch of this deck remains above water, there is hope. 9. By the end of last week, he had finished this book. By the end of the week, he will have finished the work. 10. It is (was) up to sb. (It is / was sb.’s duty.) It is (was) up to sb. to do sth. It is one’s turn to do sth.第 17 页 共 46 页 III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (11) turn turn down 关小、调低 sth. turn 转动,转身,拐弯;翻身 link-v. turn +adj. turn + 名词 He turned traitor. 变得 turn sth. 转动,使转动 turn into 变为 turn off 关上(收音机,电灯,龙头) ;离开(公路) turn on 打开 turn out 关掉(电灯,煤气) ; turn out to be.. turn out +adj. / adv. . turn out that. 结果是,最后情况是.. . . turn over 翻动、耕翻 turn to 求助于;查阅;变成 turn up vi. 出现;发生 vt.查找;开火 by turns 轮流 in turn 一个挨一个地 take one’s turn to do sth 轮 fall sb. fall to (doing) sth. 开始干某事 sb. fall + adj. / n.进入某种状态 fall behind in sth. 落在后面 fall down 跌倒,垮下来;失败 fall in love with sb. 爱上某人 fall into the habit of 养成..习惯 . fall into the hands of 落入..手中,由..掌握 . . fall into 陷入..状态;分成几个部分 . It fall to sb. to do sth. 轮到某人做某事,应由某人做某事 fall off 跌落、下降 fall over 跌倒、倒下 B. 短语记忆: struggle against 与…作斗争 make use of 利用 clear away 清除 run out of 用完 deal with / do with 对付 point to 指向 pay attention to 重视 hear about 听到关于 in place 在适当的位置 run out 用完 lose one’s sight 失明 die out 逐渐绝灭 blow away 吹走,刮走 take it easy 不紧张 turn … into… 把…变(译)成 hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸 go off (to ) 离去 depend on 依靠 apologize to sb. for sth.因…向…道歉 get off 爆炸,进行 put down 放下,记下 treat … as..把…当作…对待 drop in 拜望 keep back 阻止,隐瞒 change…for.. 用..换… be anxious about 对…焦急 bring down 降低,打落 take the place of 代替 call in 来访,收回 carry off 带去,抢走考前知识清理 20 天12I. 语法复习: 独立主格结构 1. 独立主格结构的作用. 主句前: 作时间,原因,条件等状语. 主句后: 作方式,伴随状语. 2. 独立主格结构的构成: 名词(代词) + 分词(形容词,副词,介词短语) 3. 独立主格结构中出现现在分词与过去分词的使用区别. 4. 如何利用独立主格结构化简复合句. 省略与代替 1. 省略与代替的作用是什么? 2. so 代替前面句子中已经表达过的词,短语或句子(多是宾与从句). 与 so 连用的常用动词有: hope , believe, think , be afraid , expect , surprise, imagine 等. 3. 用 not 代替 so 的情况. 4. 用不定式符号代替不定式. 5. 用 do 在句子中代替其它动词. 关于后置定语的问题 1. some, any, anything, nobody, somewhere, nothing 等词的修饰语要后置. 2. else 修饰 somebody, what, who, something 时,要后置. 3.不定式短语,动名词短语,分词短语,介词短语做定语要后置.第 18 页 共 46 页 4. proper(本身),present(在场的,出席的), involved(有关的), concerned 相关的),(left 剩下的), objecting (反对的), mentioned (提及的), selected (当选的)等词做定语要后置. 5. a-开头的形容词做定语要后置.如:alike, alive, alone, asleep.. . II. 句型复习:用于双宾语句型的动词: write bring fetch give hand leave lend make take tell wish pass pay promise read sell send show sing teach 如果谓语动词是下列动词, 直接宾语放在宾语之前, 应加介词 for. build buy choose cook cut do draw find get save make 比较级 + than + any other + 名词(单数) He is taller than any other student in his class. = He is the tallest student in his class. 比较级 + than + all other + 名词(复数) He does better than all other boys here. 比较级 + than ( + any of ) + the other + 名词 (复数) is taller than ( any of ) the other students in his class. He 比较级 + than + ( any of ) + the othersHe is taller than any of the others . 比较级 + than + anyone( anybody , anything ) + elseHe is taller than anyone else in his class. No one ( Nobody, Nothing ) +..+ 比较级 + than + .. No one is taller than he in his class. . . No one ( Nobody , Nothing ) + ..+ so ( as ) + 原级 + as + ..No one is as tall as he. . . III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (23) keep keep sth. 保持,保留,留下,保留 keep up with 跟上 link.v. 保持,继续 keep + adj. / adv. keep + 介词短语 keep sb. (sth.) + 分词 keep sb. (sth.) + adj. / adv. keep sb. (sth.) + 介词短语 keep a close watch on 密切注视 keep a diary 记日记 keep a record 作记录 keep an eye on 瞧着点, 照看 keep doing sth.老是做.. . keep on doing sth. 老是不断做.. . keep body and soul together 维持生命 keep ..from.. 阻止..做.. . . . . keep back 忍住, 留下 keep fit 保持健康 keep in touch with 与…保持联系 keep on ( doing sth. ) 继续(做某事) keep one’s word 守信 keep ..in mind . 记住 keep silence 保持安静,保持沉默 keep up 保持,继续(做.. .) find 找到 sb. find sth. sb. find sb. sth. 发现 sb. find sb. (sth.) + adj. sb. find sb. (sth.) + n. sb. find sb. (sth.) + 现在分词 sb. find sb. (sth.) + 过去分词 sb. find sb. (sth.) + adv. sb. find sb. (sth.) + 介词短语 sb. find sb. (sth.) + to be.. . sb. find that.. find out 了解,打听清楚 . B. 短语记忆: be about to do sth. 即将做.. . be anxious about 为..而忧虑 . be busy with 忙于.. . be fit for 适合于 be fond of 爱好、喜爱 be made from 由..制造 . be made up of 由..组成 . be familiar with 对..熟悉 . be famous for 因..而著名 . be popular with sb. 受某人欢迎 be rich in 在..充足(充裕) . be tired of 厌烦做某事 be uncertain about 对..不确定 . be used to 习惯于 new comer (新来者) narrow escape(九死一生) bamboo short(竹笋) fine rain(细雨) milk powder(奶粉) general cleaning(大扫除) power station(发电站) hope project(希望工程) grown-up(成年人) middle-aged(中年的) outer space(外太空) good-looking(好看的) hot point(热点) funny-looking(样子好笑的) hot line(热线)第 19 页 共 46 页 考前知识清理 20 天13I. 语法复习: 形容词.副词 1. 多个形容词做定语的一般排列顺序. (前置、冠词、不所指,数词、性质、状态词,大小、形状、新温度,色国、材料、动名词。 ) 2. 形容词副词的比较等级. 少数单音节词,特别是分词形容词用加 more 或 most 构成。 real tired pleased stupid fit 以 a 开头的形容词的比较级或最高级也是加 more 或加 most 构成。 afraid alike A. 比较的等级 B. 比较的对象 C. 比较的范围 3. 用比较级表示最高级.倍数问题. 4. 比较级前面的修饰语问题. 5. 形容词句型. 6. 常见形容词,副词的用法区别. 情态动词 (1) 主要用法 【表示能力】can to able to 这两个都可以表示能力。can 指单纯的表示一个人有某种能力。而 be able to 则表示某人通过努力、克服困难做成某事。另外 be able to 还可以用于各种时态;can 只能用 于现在或过去(could)。 【表示许可】 can ( could ) may ( might ) 可以表示许可。用它们的过去式,则语气更加委婉、客 气。can 主要用于第一、二人称。may 主要用于第一人称。 注意:用 May I?征求对方的许可比较正式,语气比较客气;而用 Can I?.常用于口语中。 【表示必须】must have to ought to should 都可以表示必须、应该、必要。但它们用法各异。 must 表示要做什么的愿望是发自内心的主动的; have to 指要做某事是被动的受某种压力而为的; ought to 表示应该、理应做什么; should 表示应该多含有责备之一。 【表示虚拟】 should 用在表示请求、建议、命令等次后面的从句中,should 可以省略。也可以用在 if 引导的条件状语从句中表示与将来事实可能相反。 would 用在含有 if 引导的条件状语从句的主句中。也可以用其它情态动词。 II. 句型复习: 句型5中的宾语问题 1. 某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语,不能接动名词作宾语. 这类动词有: hope offer help expect learn demand decide refuse ask prepare plan choose manage pretend fail wish agree 等. 2. 某些及物动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语.这类动词有: mind suggest avoid excuse finish allow admit resist miss enjoy consider imagine advise permit prevent delay appreciate give up put off feel like consist on can’t help consider , can’t help , can’t stand enjoy, excuse, escape practise , put off miss , mind avoid , risk , 等 3. 某些动词后既可以接不定式又可以接动名词,其意义差别不大,可以互换.这类动词有: like love hate dislike begin start continue 等. 4. 某些动词如: allow permit forbid advise continue 等后面必须接动名词作宾语,但也可以 接不定式的复合宾语.本句为被动语态,后面的非谓语动词为补足语. 5. 某些动词或词组后接动名词主动形式表被动意义,这类动词有:need want require be worth 等. 6. 某些动词如:remember forget regret try stop, mean, go on, propose(不:打算,想要; 动:建议 )第 20 页 共 46 页 III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (25) feel 感觉,感到 sb. feel sth. sb. feel + sdj. sb. feel + p.p. sb. feel sb. (sth.) + 现在分词 sb. feel sb. (sth.) + 过去分词 sb. feel sb. (sth.) + do sth. sb. feel that.. . sth. feel + adj. 感觉起来 feel as if 感到仿佛.. (多用虚拟语气) . 似的 feel ilke (doing) sth. 想(做某事) ;愿意 feel one’s way 摸索着走(干) burn 燃烧,烧毁;烧着;晒黑 burn away vi. 熊熊燃烧;烧掉,烧完 burn one’s fingers 吃亏 burn the midnight oil 开夜车 burn down 把..烧成平地、烧光 . The bedclothes catch fire and the whole house may be burnt down . ( SIIL6 ) burn ... to the ground 烧毁, 把..烧平 . In the country the revolutionaries set fire to the nobles' castles and burnt them to the ground . B. 短语记忆: 表示地点的短语(1) 在会议上 at the meeting 在操场上 on the ground 在课堂上 in class 在海滩上 on the beach 在岸上 on shore 在船上 in the boat 在飞机(轮船)上 on board 在火车上 in (on) the train 在天上 in the sky / in the air / in space 在..顶上 at the top of . 我头上 above my head 在脸上 in my face 在手上 at hand 在报上 in the newspaper 在..江(河)上 on Changjiang River 在身上 on (with) sb. . 在去..的路上 on the way home / to school . 在某人的婚礼上 at one's wedding 在楼上 upstairs 在三楼上 on the third floor 在花丛中 among the flowers 在画中 in the picture 在阳光下 in the sun 在..脚下 at the foot of Emei Mount . 在楼下 downstairs / below stairs 在海平面下 below the sea level 在地平线下 below the horizon 在(桥.. .)下 under the bridge / tree/ arm考前知识清理 20 天14I. 语法复习: 介词 1. at, in, on 表示地点的用法区别. 2. at, in 表示时间的用法区别. 3. besides, except, except for 的用法区别. 4. 乘坐交通工具的介词使用. 5. to 后面跟什么? come to be used to used to refer to speak to give one's life to look forward to prefer to pretend to be worthy to 6. 介词省略的问题. A) 动名词前的介词省略. B) 间接宾语前的介词省略. B) 某一些动词后介词段与表示时间和距离时的介词省略. C) 某些名词前的介词省略. D) all 组成的短语作状语,介词省略. 情态动词 (2) 【其它情态动词的用法】 ◎ need 作为情态动词表示“需要、必须” ,仅用于否定句或疑问句。在肯定句中一般用 must, have to, ought to 或 should 代替。 ◎ dare 作为情态动词主要用于疑问句、否定句或条件状语从句中,一般不用于肯定句中。 ◎ I dare say 是一个固定搭配。表示“我猜测,可能、或许”后面一般跟从句。 ◎ shall 用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见(说话人做某事)。 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。第 21 页 共 46 页 ◎ will 一般用于第二人称表示请求、建议对方做某事;如果用 would 语气就更加委婉。 也可以表示意愿、愿望和决心。 ◎ had better “最好做什么” ◎ would rather “宁愿做什么” II. 句型复习:表示地点的短语(2) 在城里 in town 在家里 at home 在节日里 at festivals / in the Spring Festival 在 201 房间里 in Room 201 在书店里 at the book store / library /restaurant 在..后面 at the back of . 在..面前 . before (in front of ) the judge (difficulty, danger….) 在..附近 near the station . 在户外 outside the door 在拐角处 at the corner of the street / at the street corner 在阴凉处 in the shade (of) 在..周围 round the school . 在..旁边 . by the side of the lake 在中国东部 in East China 在..左边 to the left of . 在..右边 to the right . 在湖边 by the lake 在路边 by the side of the road 在山腰 at the hill side 在学校中心 in the middle of our school 在国外 (be) abroad 国内外 both at home and abroad 在海外 beyond (over) sea(s) 楼上单元 in the flat upstairs 在阴凉处 in the shadow 利用非谓语动词化简复合句 1.当从句的主语与主句的主语一致,从句中是: ① be + 现在分词, 用现在分词化简; be + 过去分词, 用过去分词化简; be + 介词短语, 用介词短语化简; be + 名词或形容词等; 用 being + 名词或形容词等化简; ② 从句中如果是其它行为动词的一般时态,一律用现在分词的一般形式化简;如果是完成时态或 after 引导的一般时态,则用现在分词的完成时态化简. 2.如果从句的主语与主句的主语不一致,也可以用上述方法化简.只需在化简后的分词短语前,放上 原从句中的主语就成. III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (14) set vi. 下沉,下落 set sth. set sb. sth. 放置,确定(时间) ,规定(任务) ;出(题) ;布置(作业) 使做.. .,使处于..状态 set sb. to do sth. . set sb. doing sth. set sb. + 介词短语 set about (doing) sth. 着手(开始)做.. . set an example set sb. an example 树立榜样 set fire to 对..放火,使着火 . set ... free 释放(某人) set off vi. 动身,出发 set one’s heart(mind) on 一心想做.. . set out vi. 出发,动身;打算(开始,准备)作.. . set out to do sth. 打算(开始,准备)作.. . set out + 名词 距离,详述 set up 竖起来,建立,成立;自称 like 喜欢 like + 名词 like + to do sth. like + doing sth. like sb. to do sth. like sb.(sth.) + 形容词 愿意,希望,想要 would(should) like +名词 would like to do sth. = would love to do sth. would like sb. to do sth. I would like you to change this blouse , or else give me my money back . would like sb. + 分词 do as one likes 爱怎么样,就怎么样 How do you like + 名词 你觉得..怎么样 .第 22 页 共 46 页 if you like 如果你愿意 prep. 像 (引起短语做表语,状语,定语) You are just like what I expected. I don’t like the book like that. 想要 feel like + 名词 feel like doing sth. look like 看起来像 What is ..like ? = What does..look like ? 是..样子? . . .考前知识清理 20 天15I. 语法复习: 省略与替代(1) 一、动词不定式中的省略 1.在下列动词 see ,watch ,notice , observe , look at , make , have ,let , hear , listen to , feel 等后的不定式做宾补,要省略不定式符号。 2.在..do nothing but / except do ..的结构中,在介词 but 或 except 后作宾语时不定式符号要省略。 . . 3.在 would rather 和 had better 后不定式符号要省略。 4.在几个不定式并列时,第二个、第三个不定式的不定式符号要省略。 5.在 expect ,forget , like ,want , wish , try , have , need , used , ought , be able , be going 等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中,不定式符号后面的动词原形常省略。 二、从句中的省略。 1.在 if , as if ,while , when , where , although , unless , what , whether 等引起的状语 从句中可以省略主谓部分。 Mistakes, if any ,should be corrected . = if there are any mistakes) ( Please come again ,if possible. if it possible for you to come) (= Fill in the proper articles where necessary. where they are necessary) (= He won’t come ,unless invited .(= unless he is invited) He opened his lips as if to say something . as if he were going to say something) (= 情态动词 (3) 情态动词表示“推测”的用法 情态动词表示“推测”时,要记住“三种推测两种形式” 。 ◎ 三种推测:①对过去发生动作或状态的推测; ②对现在状态的推测; ③对将来发生动作或状态的推测 ◎ 两种形式:①用情态动词加完成事态表示对过去发生动作或状态的推测; ②用情态动词加动词原型表示对现在或将来发生动作或状态的推测 must have done 表示过去一定做了什么,语气十分肯定 can’t have done 表示过去不可能过了什么,语气也比较肯定(是上面的否定形式) needn’t have done 表示过去没有必要做什么但已经做了。 should have done 过去该做什么但没有做。(含有责备的意思)。 shouldn’t have done 表示过去不该做什么但做了。(含有责备的意思) would have done 表示过去会做什么,而没有做。 ought to have done 表示过去该做什么而没有做。(是职责和义务) must do sth. / must be doing sth. 表示现在或将来一定在做什么。 will be 表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称,是对目前情况的推测。 II. 句型复习: 表示时间的短语(1) 在白天 in the daytime 在中午 at noon at high noon 在傍晚 in the evening 在拂晓 at dawn 在深夜 at night 在早上 in the morning 在下午 in the afternoon 回家前 before going home 天黑后 after dark 放学后 after school 课后 after class第 23 页 共 46 页 在..的早(晚)上 . on the evening of on a winter morning on Sunday morning 在那时 at that time at that moment 在..前夕 on the eve of . 在..岁时 . at the age of 在..多岁时 in one's thirties . 在..一生中 in one's life . 在..期间 during the war (stay) . 在..期间(直到..过完) over Christmas (Sunday) . . 在..期间(不超过) within an hour (three weeks …) 在治疗中 under treatment . 今天 today 昨天 yesterday 后天 the day after tomorrow 前天 the day before yesterday 一整天 all day long 一整晚 all night long III.词汇:A. 常用动词用法 (29) go vi. 去;离开;走 link-v. go + adj. 变为 go fishing (hunting, shooting, cycling, swimming, walking, drinking, shopping..) . 去干某事 be going to 准备或打算做某事 go about 到处走动;vt. 着手干.. . go after 追(捕) ,追求 go against 违背,违反;对..不利 . go ahead 开始做.. .;进行;往前走;用吧 go all out to do sth. 全力以赴做.. . go along 和..一道去,和..一样干 . . go around(round) 到处走;流传,传开 go away 走开、离开、逃跑 go back to 可追溯到 go bad (食物)变坏、坏掉 go beyond 超出,超越 go by 过去,经过;根据..行事,从..来看 . . go down (太阳等)下落, (船)下沉;下降,下跌;传下去 go down on one’s knees 跪下,屈膝 go Dutch 各付各的钱,打平伙 go in for 从事(某种职业或工作) ,有某种爱好 go into 调查;了解,研究,讨论 go off 离开, 走开 go on 发生,进行,进展 go on to do sth. 接着做.. . go on doing sth. = go on with sth. 继续做.. . go out 出去,出国;熄灭 go over 研究,检查,审阅;复习,讲解,排演;查看 go through 审阅,检查,讨论;查看,翻找,搜寻;看一遍,做一遍;经理,经过;通过,成功 【辨析】 go to bed 上床睡觉(未睡着) go to sleep 睡着 go to pieces 破碎 go to the dogs 变得不可救药,情况变得糟糕极了 go to work 干起来 go together 相配,和谐 go up 上涨,涨价;上升,增长; (楼房)盖起来 go up to 向..走过来 . go with 相配;和..交朋友 . admit admit sth. 承认; 允许进入; 容纳得下 be admitted to + 名词 允许进入; 接纳 = admit sb. to (into) sth. admit that… 承认 admit doing sth. 承认 admit sb. (to be) done. / 形容词 承认 admit of 允许, 有…余地 admit to (doing) sth. 承认 B. 记住下列词汇: automatical 自动的 community 团体 comics 连环画 wander 闲逛 shelter 避难处 miserable 悲惨的 fault 错 royal 皇家的 audience 观(听)众 long 渴望 nonsense 胡说 pink 桃红色的第 24 页 共 46 页 考前知识清理 20 天16I. 语法复习: it 的用法 1. it 作人称代词,代替前面提到的事物. 2. it 作形式宾语,常用在 6123 结构中.(think , find, make, believe, …) 3. it 指代时间,季节,距离. 4. it 作形式主语. 当动名词,不定式,从句作主语时,常用 it 作形式主语. 5. It is … that….的强调句型. 省略与替代(2) 三、从句中的省略 1. 在 if 引起的从句中如有等词倒装时,省略 if。 Were I you, I would not do it. Had we known your telephone number, I would have given you a phone call. 2. We have finished our homework, so have they. (= and they have finished their homework , too) If you don't go to the concert, neither shall I. (= I shall not go to the concert either) 3.宾语从句中连词 that 引起的宾语从句和定语从句中的关系代词 that、which,whom 等 在定语从句中作宾与可以省略 that。 四、介词的省略 prevent sb (from) doing sth. stop sb (from) doing sth. have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. spend time / money (in) doing sth. be busy (in) doing sth. II. 句型复习: 表示时间的短语(3) 立即,马上 in no time 暂时, 一度 for a time 一直地,这一向 all this while 一小段时间 for a little while 不久,过一会儿 in a little while 间或,偶尔 once in a while 最后 at the end (of) 在..开头 at the beginning of . 在..末尾 . at the end of 有时 sometimes 有朝一日 sometime 共三天 for three days 下班后 after work 直迟到中午 12 点 at 12 noon at the latest 从早到晚 from morning till night 从那时起 from then on from that time on 从现在起 from now on 从今天起 from today on 从明天起 from tomorrow on 再过三天 for another three days 到..时间 by June 20th by the time . 过一会儿 in a little while 两}

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