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Financial expenses increased school project , a substantial increase spending levels , highlighting the phenomenon of education funding was diverted
Research survey found that , in recent years , the British educational administration school personnel occur frequently borrow , borrow personnel point of view from the surface of the phenomenon , but in reality to squeeze school personnel expenses , in addition to the presence of green fees , recruitment fees and subsidie addition, educational institutions have also appeared more items, including severance retired , transportation allowance fees. Thus, school finance expense items increased greatly improve the level of expenditure , to a large extent restricted the city to maximize the economic value of investments in primary and secondary education achieved .
School teaching efficiency and quality is low, the loss of a large number of educational funds , waste
Because of the simple pursuit enrollment rate thinking that manage urban primary and secondary schools , &the graduating class , light regular classes ,& & heavy high school, junior high light &, &the small number of outstanding students , the majority of students in general light & status more significant , since such both difficult to ensure efficient and rational use of funds for education , which does not help to improve teaching standards , thus affecting the sustained and stable development of primary and secondary cities .
Ensure the efficient use of funds for education approaches , methods and corresponding policy recommendations
Optimal allocation of structural adjustment funding for education , and gradually increase the intensity of Financial Management
On the one hand , to optimize the structure of the city adjust the distribution of primary and secondary education funding , an appropriate increase in the proportion of public funding , a reduction of administrative services fees, increased teaching equipment purchase costs , operating expenses , its emphasis on teaching software and hardware construction activity , the level of primary and secondary education for the city provide a go hand, strengthen financial management, expenses incurred to expand the scope of use , not only to ensure the use of primary and secondary education funding autonomy ,&but also to be earmarked. While fully implement the financial policies , strict law Finance , the rational allocation of education funding to ensure that the scientific construction of primary and secondary material resources planning and management use.
Fully implement the & Compulsory Education Law& , to promote the steady growth of education funding
For the implementation of the Compulsory Education Law in funding , & Compulsory Education Law & made it clear that &national growth for the financial allocation for compulsory education shall not be less than the regular revenue growth , which should be in accordance with the average number of students in school education costs increased year by year & , & urban impose spending for additional funding should be fully implemented as the compulsory Education Law in order to guarantee the implementation of these policies and regulations are in place to require financial institutions to do the work of the city budget for primary and secondary education funding , in addition to related organizations also society should be organized fund-raising activities , and all proceeds from fund-raising funds for the construction of urban primary and secondary education , while requiring administrative agencies to implement good educational funding for e{代写论文就找久久论文网，代写论文QQ：}ducation management, allocation , allocation of an appropriate increase in the proportion of primary education funding , and actively carry out urban Primary school competition , rational economic situation assessment and evaluation of primary and secondary education in cities , and based on the results of its performance evaluation given the appropriate additional funding awards .
Specification of primary and secondary institutional structure and layout of the city , to ensure the appropriateness of the school size
Part of town alone funded start junior high school, so since not only facing higher education costs, and the efficient use of funding for education is not high. Therefore required to promote school reform, the upcoming merger of junior and senior high school , or junior high school and elementary schools merged into nine-year , excluding the original , primary enrollment addition , to ensure the appropriateness of the size of the school . If the school size is too large , it will lead to human, financial and material resources are scarce , thus affecting the level
If the school size is too small , it will lead to human , financial and material waste of resources, loss of funding for education should be difficult to fully value effect .
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& 英国大学论文作业写作常见问题
英国大学论文作业写作常见问题
英国大学论文作业写作常见问题
英国大学论文作业经常有，留学生在写作论文作业时，往往会遇到一些问题，需要去了解，下面英国智酷小编就为大家介绍一下英国大学论文作业写作常见的问题，希望对大家的写作有所帮助。
论文形式问题
平时的小作业有essay 和 report 两种格式
essay --- 结构分为introduction, main body, 和 conclusion. 不用太复杂的结构
Report ---要有 executive summary, 结构要求很高，文章分为几个部分，每个部分都要有大标题，下面还要有副标题等等。
References 问题
文章一定要有references (参考文献), 就是引用别人文章中的观点，但是这个引用不能整断整段的直接用书上，网上的文章，或者杂志上的文章的内容。如果完全是用自己的语言将别人的观点说出来了，就可以不用标。
如果整段要直接引用原话，要用引号标出，而且这样的引用的比率不能超过全文字数的5%。
全文注明references 的文字, 就是引用的文字不能超过全文字数的30%。
字数也是要按照要求写的，否则会扣分
文后的references 列表和附录 （appendix ）是不算字的。
比如，文章要求如果是4000字，那正文的字数就是4000 +/- 10% 字。
如果要求no more than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能超过4000字。
如果要求 no less than 4000 words, 那正文的字数就不能少于4000字。
如果要求 words, 那正文的字数就要写字之间。
因为写的作业都属于学术文章，所以不能用第一人称（I, we, in my
opinion, …） 这样主观的说法, 可以用被动语态。不能说 I DO STH ， 要说 XX HAS BEEN DONE。特别是写REPORT 的时候， 老师喜欢看到被动语句。
Introduction 问题
Introduction: 不能在introduction 说出文章的结论，introduction 是对文章的要写内容的介绍，结构的介绍。而对于summary ，阐述文章得出的finding, conclusion, recommendations。
留学生写论文作业的时候，往往会遇到不少问题，在人称的使用，以及语法问题上，还有需要自己注意的地方。希望英国智酷小编的讲解对大家有所帮助。
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英国毕业论文没过分析_管理学_高等教育_教育专区。...我是澳洲的学生, 某某学科的论文作业能不能辅导?...英文写作辅导老师都是从国 外的知名大学毕业的研究......留学论文宝在辅导方面范围十分广泛, 包括平常的论文作业、 英国留学论文宝是一家...对比论证的细化讲解, 希望能够帮助到各位留学 生,更多写作技巧尽在留学论文宝......英国essay范文_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区。优越论文...了课程作业 assignment 或毕业论 文写作的难题,我们...国外留学的研究生博 士生,也有外国一些大学的老师,......英国大学毕业论文机构_工学_高等教育_教育专区。留学文书?期中期末作业?调查问卷...论文苦 闷的学生们,留学论文宝老师发福利啦,帮助大家解决论文写作环节的问题。 ......2017英国大学语言课程常见问题_其它_高等教育_教育专区。英国大学语言课程专为语言...是侧重于提高学生在大学学习过程中所应用的写作 能力,例如论文或作业的写作能力......英国大学文科研究生学位论文的结构要求及其启示 英国大学对文科硕士与博士研究生的作业和学位论文,均有严格的写作结构要 求, 研究生必须按照规范的结构撰写自己的作业......分析英国留学生毕业论文_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区。日常作业、毕业论文、留学文书以及很多材料,在写作上都会经历两个阶段――初稿和定稿。定稿 的过程就是对文章......因为英语写作水平还没有提高, 对论文的格式也都不...总体说来,英国大学重要的一部分就是 Academic ...优越论文网的老师建议大家,在写学术作业的时候,要......英国语言课作业分析_教育学_高等教育_教育专区。优越...我们致力于为留学生朋友提供最专业的论文写作解决方案...国外留学的研究生博 士生,也有外国一些大学的老师,......优越论文网在辅导方面范围十分广泛, 包括平常的论文作业 英国优越论文网是一家...三、绪论和结论写作要恰当 有些留学生对绪论和结论的作用不是很了解,不懂得......心理学论文范文：英国论文格式:uk essay style
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论文范文：英国论文格式:uk essay style　A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms　　（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）　　（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）　　【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）　　【Key Words】 E Chinese　　（英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）　　1. Introduction　　(顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)　　In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to　　focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms　　of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression　　(Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999).　　(段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)　　2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms　　In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:　　(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)　　3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms　　3.1 The characteristics of English idioms　　（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…；小节的编号为：1.1.1,　　1.1.2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a),　　(b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）　　….　　In conclusion, ….　　3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms　　….　　Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following　　examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):　　(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.　　(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose　　it.　　….　　3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese　　idioms　　… (i) ….　　….　　(ii) ….　　….　　4. Conclusion　　….　　Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New　　York: OUP, 1981.　　一、英语论文的标题　　一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。　　就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。　　二、英语论文提纲　　英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。&&参考文献格式采纳国际通用的三种格式(即Harvard格式,APA格式,MLA格式)具体格式内容介绍如下:A, 哈佛参考文献注释体系与学术规范( /cankaowenxian/)一、为什么要有参考文献在撰写学术研究的成果时，我们在文中都要提及他人的研究成果，这一过程叫做参考或引用。对于一篇学术论文来说，无疑论文的内容是最主要的，但从的规律来看，任何研究都是在前人研究的基础上进行的，所以，学术论文引用、参考、借鉴他人的科研成果，都是很正常的，而且是必需的。它表明作者对与本课题有关的国内外研究现状的了解程度，从中能够发现该课题目前的研究解决了什么问题？没解决什么问题？哪些问题是急需要解决的？哪些问题虽然重要但目前仍解决不了的？可能的前景是什么？等等。它也能说明作者是站在一个什么样的高度，以什么为起点进行研究的。如果没有一定的阅读量，就不能反映作者对本领域的研究的把握。因而，如实地呈现参考文献不仅表明作者对他人劳动的尊重与承认、对他人研究成果的实事求是的科学态度，也展示作者的阅读量的大小。如果论文中直接或间接地引用了他人的学术观点、数据、材料、结论等，而作者又没能如实地交待出处，则被认为是不道德的甚至会因此而被指控为“剽窃罪”。在国外，许多大学和学术团体，无论是学生提交的作业还是研究人员提交的研究报告、论文或专著对此都有明确的要求，否则将不予通过，甚至做严肃处理。因此，参考文献要求正确、准确地使用，不能把别人的成果据为己有，更不能随意更改。对于引用的文章内容，要忠实原文，不可断章取义、为我所用；不能前后矛盾、牵强附会；无论引用的是原文或者只是阐述了别人的观点，也无论所引用的材料是否已经公开出版，都要明白无误地表明出处。&其次，如实地规范地呈现参考文献也可为同一研究方向的人提供文献信息，使读者能清楚地了解作者对该问题研究的深度和广度。我们在阅读他人的研究成果时一方面获取他们的研究结论，另一方面也他们的研究方法和他们提供的研究信息，参考文献就是信息的最大来源。参考文献对于其他研究人员来说是一个资源，他们依此去获得更多的信息。因此，对作者来说，如实呈现参考文献是其严谨治学态度的体现；对编辑来说，参考文献则是一篇完整的学术论文必不可少的一个组成部分；而对于读者来说，参考文献就是认识问题的一扇窗户、一把钥匙，它便于读者查阅有关资料，进一步评价论文的学术水平及价值，启发读者的思维，便于开展学术争鸣。因此，参考文献是学术论文、研究报告、学术著作不可缺少的组成部分，不可随意“从略”，不可马虎了事或错误百出，否则将会使一篇质量和水平较高的论文逊色。二、怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范，本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系（Harvard System）作一介绍。因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献，我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们，这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范，否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时，会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用，同时，也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，尤其在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。经过几十年的发展，哈佛体系已成为一种国际性的学术规范，因为它具备了灵活、简洁、清楚、对作者和读者来说都较为方便的特点。哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。（一）在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。比如，In a recent study Harvey (1993) argued that ...。&2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey, 1993) shows that…。3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson (1989a) discussed the subject…。4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones (1992) have proposed that…。5．如果有三位以上的作者，只给出第一位作者的姓，再用斜体写上et al.（等人），如，Wilson et al.(1993) conclude that…。6．如果在文中直接引用其他作者，即原话照抄，并且引文不超过两行则直接插入文本中，用引号与文本隔开。英文文稿可以用单引号，也可用双引号，只要全文一致即可。还要在恰当的位置给出作者姓和出版年份以及页码。比如，Aitchison (1981), for example, points out that language is subject to change, and is not caused by “unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance”. 当直接引用的原话超过三行以上时，有的更确切地规定引文超过30个词时，引文须另起一行空格与正文分开，左边缩进，字号缩小或字体变化，不需用引号，在引文结束处将页码放入小括号内。比如，Paine et al.(1983)added that good praise follows the “if-then” rule:The “if-then rule” states that if the student is doing something you want&to encourage—something you want to see the student do again or do&more often in the future (and if you are sure that that is what the student&is doing)—then (and only then) you should praise the student for it(p.46).（二）在书(文)后参考书目处的注释规范&&&&1．所有参考书目以作者姓名的字母顺序排列，一个作者有多本著作时，则按年份先后排列顺序，一个作者一年内有多本著作出版或论文发表，在年份后按月份先后加小写字母a. b. c.等加以区别。这样排列的好处是：只有一个按字母顺序排列的参考书目，便于读者查阅；整个文档不需要脚注；便于修改，即使是最后一刻要删去或增加某条注释，可随时增删，不需要重新排序；每个注释只在参考书目中出现一次，而无论它在文中被引用过几次。2．参考书目信息应从书名页上获取而不是从封面获取。3．每一项参考文献注释应包含一定的内容或要素（element），并按一定的顺序排列。&（1）著作的注释内容要素和顺序。&作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版年份).书名.出版地：出版商.比如，White, R.( 1988). Advertising: What it is and How to do it. 2nd ed. London: McGrawhill.&注意：英语人名书写的顺序一般为名在前，姓在后，比如，Mark Wolery, 和汉语正好相反。当姓放在名前面时，姓的后面紧跟逗号。换句话说，只要后面紧跟了逗号，说明逗号前面的就是姓，而不是名，比如，Wolery, M.。（2）&&&&&& 同一著作中有多位作者时的要素和顺序。作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版年份).章节标题.In: 主编名首字母大写.姓，ed. 或者eds. 书名.再版著作注明版次.丛书注明卷次.出版地：出版商.出版年份.论文所在页码.如，Wright, P.(1986). Reactions to an Ads contents versus judgments of Ads impact. In: J. Olsen, & K. Sentis, eds. Advertising and consumer psychology. Vol. 3. New York: Praeger, 7.（3）学术期刊、学报参考文献注释要素和顺序。&作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版或发行年份).论文题目.刊物名称. 总卷号（本期号）.页码。如，Greco, A.J., & Swayne, L.D. (1992). Sales response of elderly customers to point-of-purchase advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 32 (5), 43-63.&注意：多位作者时，作者与作者之间用逗号，名的首字母大写后用句号。（4）学术论文集的注释要素和顺序。&作者姓，名首字母大写.(年份).论文题目In: 会议文集主编名首字母大写. 姓，ed. 或eds. 文集名，会议地点.时间.出版地：出版商.论文所在页码.如果不是会议文集，而只是会议交流论文，则不必写出编者姓名和文集名，但要给出会议名称、具体的时间、地点。如，Silver, K.（1989）. Electronic mail: the new way to communicate. In: D.I. Raitt, ed. 9th international online information meeting, London 3-5 December 1988. Oxford: Learned Information, 323-330.（5）来自法人团体（如政府部门或其它机构）的参考文献注释。文献颁布团体的名称.(年份).文献名.出版地：出版商.报告或文件号码。如，Independent Television Commission.(1991). The ITC code of advertising standards and practice. London: ITC.（6）网上信息或电子出版物参考文献注释。现在越来越多的信息载体为电子出版物或国际互联网，特别是国际互联网上的信息素来以最快、最新著名，有些是一瞬即逝的，有些是不断更新，是变化着的信息。有些是仅仅发布在网上，并无印刷版文本。还有些没有准确的日期，很难分辨其创作的时间，这带来一个问题，既无法确认文献的新旧，难免有鱼目混珠的现象。所以在引用时一是要做一些辨伪工作，二是要如实给出详细的检索信息和网址以及下载时间。其规范如下：&作者姓，名首字母大写.(日期).题目.[在线]. (编辑、版次). 出版地: 出版商. 网站名: [下载时间].如，Holland, M. (1996). Harvard system [online]. Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.fys.uio.no/hovedfag/skriving/harv.html#Electronic%20%20material% 20-%20following%20the%20Harvard.如果没有在网上发布的时间，则不必标明，但无论如何一定要给出下载时间。（三）英文脚注规范&对于一本著作而言，如果将所有的注释都放在书后的参考书目里，尤其是当一本书很厚的时候，读者要参考很不方便。所以，尽管哈佛体系不主张使用脚注，很多出版机构还是采用，其方法是在文中引用处用数字表明序号，在当前页下方用一条线与正文隔开，按每页上注释顺序逐一做注。这一点，可使用word文档的自动格式。注释的具体规范如下：（1）著作。作者姓名，书名（用斜体或下划线）,（出版地和出版年份）,页码.如，James Barrett, The Great Southern Railway, (Dublin, 1982), p.3.（2） 论文.作者姓名，题目（用引号），in 刊物名称（用斜体或下划线），卷次（年份），页码.如，Jennifer Ryan, “Management Marketing: a case study of Grafton Printers plc”, in The Irish Marketing Journal, Vol. 3 (December 1998), p. 12.（3）论文集。作者姓名，题目（用引号），in编者姓名（ed），文集名（下划线或斜体），出版地和出版时间（放入括号），页码.如，Howard Lemontree, “Discourse& Markers” in Joseph Keyes (ed), Discourse across Varieties, (Oxford, 1980), p. 45.（4）重复脚注.同一文献的资源时，第一次引用时按上面规范，同一页上第二次引用同一本书或同一篇论文时，用ibid, 页码。Ibid中文意思是“同上”。&三、结束语&总之，参考文献的注释规范是学术研究人员应共同遵守的行为准则，目前全球各种语言的注释规范不尽统一，仅英文的注释规范就有哈佛体系（Harvard system）、英国标准（British Standard BS 5605）、APA（The Ameri can Psychological Association）方式、MHRA（The Modern Humanities Research Association ）方式、MLA（The Modern Language Association）方式等。无论使用哪种注释，重要的是在一篇文献里前后应保持一致。即使是哈佛体系，在使用时也有变化，比如在参考书目处作者姓和名的首字母缩写之后的出版日期，有的就用小括号，而有的却不用；对于期刊和论文集中收集的论文题目，有的用单引号，有的却用双引号；当一本书有多位作者时有的给出最多两位作者的姓，有的却给出最多三位作者的姓。另外，有些学术刊物也有自己的注释规范，当我们要想投稿时，还要注意特定刊物的具体要求。但无论怎么注释，最基本的一条是必须有注释，否则，就不仅仅是学术规范问题，而成为学术道德问题了。B,：Reference Harvard格式RGU: LIBRARYContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2When to cite? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3What should a reference citation look like within my text? . . . . . . 3Reference citations for specific materialsA book by a single author / group of authors who havenot written chapters separately (a monograph) . . . . . . 4An anthology, or a book where different authors have written different chapters . 4A thesis (print) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5An article in a journal, magazine or newspaper (print) . . . . . . 5Conference papers or proceedings . . . . . . . . . 6An exhibition catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . 6Where there is no author . . . . . . . . . . 7Committee reports . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Legal materialsCases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . 9European Union materials . . . . . . . . . 10Bills and Command papers . . . . . . . . . 11Scottish Law Commission / Law Commission materials . . . . . 12In electronic formats only . . . . . . . . . . 12Figures, tables and illustrations . . . . . . . . . 12Original artworks . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Electronic resourcesIn fixed formats (e.g. on CD-ROM) . . . . . . . . 14Online books . . . . . . . . . . . . 14An electronic thesis . . . . . . . . . . . 15Online journal articles . . . . . . . . . . 15Webpages . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Films, videos, DVDs and broadcasts . . . . . . . . 16Conversations, letters or emails (personal communications) . . . . . 18Citing more than one source by the same author, and citing thesame source more than once . . . . . . . . . . 18Secondary referencing . . . . . . . . . . . 19Further information . . . . . . . . . . . . 20RGU: LIBRARYHOW TO CITE REFERENCES USING THE HARVARD STYLE2 RGU: LIBRARYWhy cite references?&#8226; To acknowledge use of other people’s work. Even if you cite someone else’s work only in order to disagree with it, you have made use of their intellectual property and you must acknowledge it.&#8226; To help readers of your work follow how your argument was assembled and what your influences are – to help them form their own opinions on your work.If you use someone else’s work without acknowledgement you risk facing charges ofplagiarism, which could damage your progress through University. This Guide is designed tohelp you apply good practice in acknowledging and citing your sources.How do I cite?There are different styles of reference prescribed by various organisations. Details about a particular style will normally be set out in a style sheet or style manual: these cover things like how quotations should be set out within your text as well as how your references and bibliography should look.The Robert Gordon University has approved the use of either the Harvard style or the Vancouver style for undergraduate use: check with your tutor or School which of these you should use in your assignments. Whichever style your School requires should be applied consistently throughout your academic work.This Guide is based on the Harvard style as set out in British Standard recommendations for references to published materials (BS 1629) – see the “Further Information” section for details.A guide to the Vancouver style is also available from the Library.Common to all st yles is th e us e of reference cit ati ons and of a reference list and/or bibliogr aphyReference citations give information on other sources used in your text, at the point at which you use them. In the Harvard system, the reference citation consists of a note, in brackets, of the author’s name and the date of the work, which enables the reader to find the full details in the reference list at the end. If you are quoting directly from your source the reference will usually indicate the precise place to which you are referring (e.g. the page number).The description of Glover’s education (McKay 1993) is based on several sources...In the reference list, all the sources you have cited (except personal communications) are listed in alphabetical order by author, and if there is more than one item by a particular author they are listed in order of year of publication. A separate bibliography, which would include items you have consulted but not cited in the text, is not required in the Harvard style.MCKAY, A., 1993. Scottish samurai - Thomas Blake Glover. Edinburgh: Canongate.RGU: LIBRARY 3WHEN TO CITE?Every time you quote directly from someone’s work:&#8226; make clear it’s a quotation (put it in quotation marks)&#8226; cite the reference in the body of your text&#8226; include the work it comes from in the reference list/bibliography.Every time you refer indirectly to someone’s work (e.g. summarise their argument, or paraphrasewhat they say):&#8226; make clear what you’re saying comes from another source (e.g. “I do not agree with Lapping’s claim that...”)&#8226; cite the reference in the body of your text&#8226; include the work it comes from in the reference list/bibliography.IMPORTANT NOTE: you should not rely too heavily on quotation and paraphrase of others’ workin work of your own. Readers of your work will be looking for evidence of your own thoughts and conclusions, and your own answers to the questions set – not just a patchwork of the ideas of others.Where you draw on the work of others it should be as evidence for or against your own conclusions, not as a substitute for showing that you have understood, and thought about, the resources you have looked at.Indiana University have some useful guidance online on what is and what is not acceptable in quoting and paraphrasing – see the “Further Information” section for details.WHAT SHOULD A REFEREN CE CITATION LOO K LIKE WITHIN MY TEXT?In the Harvard style, the author’s name and the year of publication are placed in brackets at the point of reference. If the author’s name has occurred naturally in the text you can omit it from the brackets.http://www.ukthesis.org/Thesis_Tips/If you are referencing a direct quotation you should also include the number(s) of the page(s) it is taken from in the brackets.Gorbachev (1988 p. 84) describes his concept of economic reform as “of an all-embracing,comprehensive character” and goes on to explain......and the “sombre, disturbing” aspects of Picasso’s art (Golding 1981 p. 63) are furtheremphasised...The description of Glover’s education (McKay 1993) is based on several sources...Even a brief discussion of informed consent (McHaffie 2000) points up a number of relatedissues...4 RGU: LIBRARYWHAT SHOULD A REFEREN CE LIST CON TAIN?Referring to a book by a single author, or by a group of authors who have not written chaptersseparately (a monograph)&#8226; authors/editors – all of them. In the Harvard style the name is laid out as surname followed by initial(s).o For organisations, it is usually best to put the name in full (e.g. Department of Health, notDoH).o The Harvard (British Standard) style as set out in BS 1629 requires the authors’ namesto be in capitals.&#8226; year of publication&#8226; full title, in italics&#8226; edition of the work – only if there has been more than one edition. If there has, you must saywhich one, as the page numbers and content may change between editions.&#8226; volume number – if the book is in more than one volume&#8226; place of publication (as given on title page – if there are several, use only the one relevant to the country in which this edition was published)&#8226; publisher (NOT printer) – if the publisher’s name is abbreviated on the title page it can beabbreviated in your reference (as in “HMSO”) but otherwise the name should be given in full.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SOCIAL SERVICES INSPECTORATE, 1991. Purchase of services:practice guidance and practice material for Social Services Departments and other agencies.London: HMSO.GORBACHEV, M., 1987. Perestroika. expanded ed. London: Fontana/Collins.MCKAY, A., 1993. Scottish samurai - Thomas Blake Glover. Edinburgh: Canongate.Referring to a section in an anthology, or a book where different authors have written differentchaptersIf you have used the whole book as background reading, you should refer to it as a whole:&#8226; editor(s) of the volume, followed by “ed.” or “eds.”&#8226; year of publication&#8226; full title, in italics&#8226; edition, if there has been more than one&#8226; volume number, if there is more than one volume&#8226; place of publication&#8226; publisher.STANGOS, N., ed. 1981. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and Hudson.If you have cited a part of the book in your text, or if you have used only one part as background reading, you should refer to the part you have used. If you have cited more than one part in your text you should list them separately in the reference list:&#8226; author(s) of the part or chapter (surname followed by initial(s))&#8226; year of publication&#8226; title of the part or chapter&#8226; “In:”, then details of the book. The book details are laid out as for a book citation except that the author name(s) will be given as initial(s) followed by surname. Note that this is different from the way authors’ names appear when they are at the beginning of the reference citation.&#8226; first and last pages of the chapter or part, preceded by “pp.”.RGU: LIBRARY 5GOLDING, J., 1981. Cubism. In: N. STANGOS, ed. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London:Thames and Hudson. pp. 50–78O’DONOVAN, K., 1994. Management issues. In: T. HANSON and J. DAY, eds. CD-ROM inlibraries: management issues. London: Bowker Saur. pp. 23–37SMITH, R. 1981. Conceptual Art. In: N. STANGOS, ed. Concepts of modern art. revised ed.London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 256–270Referring to a thesisThere will be no publisher for a thesis, so you should indicate instead the degree for which it was submitted and the awarding institution. The date will be the year in which the final version was approved.RENCKEN, D.W., 1991. A quantitative model for adaptive task allocation in human-computerinterfaces. Unpublished D. Phil thesis, University of Oxford.A thesis which is available electronically is considered to be published – see the section below on electronic resources for details of how to cite it.Referring to an article in a periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper etc.)&#8226; author(s) of the article (surname followed by initial(s)). If there are more than three authors, list only the first one, followed by “et al.”&#8226; year of publication&#8226; article title&#8226; periodical title, in italics. Give the full title for the sake of clarity, rather than using abbreviations.&#8226; volume number, and part number in brackets&#8226; first and last pages of the article, precededby “pp.”.HARRIS, S. and HYLAND, T., 1995. Basic skills and learning support in further education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 19 (1), pp. 42–48For newspapers and magazine-type periodicals with no volume number, give the date of the issue:TOYNBEE, P., 1995. Our unhealthy obsession with medical drama. Radio Times, 12 October, p.216 RGU: LIBRARYReferring to conference papers or proceedingsIf you are citing an individual paper from a volume of conference proceedings you should cite it as you would for a chapter in a book:&#8226; author(s) of the paper, laid out as surname followed by initial(s)&#8226; year of publication (note that this may not be the same as the year in which the conference washeld)&#8226; title of the paper&#8226; “In:”&#8226; editor(s) of the volume, followed by “ed(s)”, laid out as initial(s) followed by surname&#8226; full title of the volume, in italics&#8226; “Proceedings of ”, and details of the conference (what number it was, the bodywhose conference it was) in italics&#8226; date the conference was held&#8226; place of publication&#8226; publisher&#8226; first and last pages of the paper, preceded by “pp.”.DOUKAKIS, I., PROCTOR, T. and PROCTOR, S. 2003. Creativity and advertising. In: R.BENNETT, ed. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications. 7–8 April 2003.London: London Metropolitan University. pp. 54–63If you are citing the conference proceedings as a whole you should cite:&#8226; editor(s) of the volume, followed by “ed(s)”&#8226; year of publication&#8226; full title, in italics&#8226; “Proceedings of ”, and details of the conference (what number it was, the body whose conference it was) in italics&#8226; date the conference was held&#8226; place of publication&#8226; publisher.BENNETT, R., ed. 2003. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications.Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications.7–8 April 2003. London: London Metropolitan University.Referring to exhibition catalogues&#8226; artist or author – where the exhibition is of a single living artist’s work this will usually be the artist. Where there are a number of living artists involved it will usually be the gallery or sponsor.If the catalogue explicitly states it was written by someone other than the artist (e.g. where the exhibition is a retrospective, or is historical) use the name of the person who wrote or edited it.&#8226; publication date – the date the catalogue was published (this may be different from the date of the exhibition itself)&#8226; title of the catalogue, including any details of where the exhibition took place&#8226; exhibition dates, in the format e.g. “13 - 18September 1989”&#8226; place of publication of the catalogue (not the location of the exhibition)&#8226; publisher.RGU: LIBRARY 7MCFADYEAN, J. 1989. Exhibition of paintings and sculptures. Catalogue of an exhibition atForum. 13 - 18 September 1989. London: The Scottish Gallery.TATE GALLERY. 1987. Art from Europe. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Tate Gallery. 15 April- 21 June 1987. London: Tate Gallery.Where there is no authorFor an unsigned article in a journal or newspaper (such as an editorial), the title of the periodicalshould be given in place of the author:European Journal of Cancer Care. 1999. Editorial. European Journal of Cancer Care, 8 (3),p. 127Other anonymous authors (for example of a poem or a cartoon) can be listed as “ANON.”CommitteesOften a government committee report will be known informally by the name of the chairman/woman of the committee (e.g. “the Dearing Report”). When citing it you should give the full name of the committee as the author, but you may add “Chairman:” and the chairman/woman’s name in brackets after the title if this will help readers of your work to identify the report.NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION, 1997. Higher education inthe learning society. (Chairman: Sir Ron Dearing). London: The Stationery Office.Referring to patents&#8226; applicant / assignee (NOTE: the Harvard style does not give the inventor(s) if they are different tothe assignee. If the patent is assigned to the inventor’s company or university only the companyor university is cited.)&#8226; year the patent was approved (applied for, if pending)&#8226; title&#8226; country / region (e.g. “European patent” for EP)&#8226; patent number, without region abbreviation but with full date.UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 2004. SQUID detected NMR and MRI at ultralow fields. Europeanpatent 4-11-10.REFERRING TO LE GAL MA TERIAL SBS 1629 does not give full guidance on these but the following notes adapt accepted practice in other styles to the Harvard approach.NOTE: in most instances we recommend that you do not use abbreviations in your citations (e.g. forjournal titles) as there is no single standard set of abbreviations and readers can be misled. In legal materials such as case reports and legislation, however, there are long-established conventions as to how some titles should be abbreviated, and these abbreviations may be used. There is a list of the most commonly-used legal abbreviations on the Library webpages at http://www.rgu.ac.uk/library/howto/page.cfm?pge=271488 RGU: LIBRARYFor legal materials such as cases which are available to you in print or electronic format, (for example, for a case report which is available both in the Library and on LexisNexis) you should cite it as if for the printed version. However if material is available to you online only you should cite the electronicversion.Scottish and English casesi. Cases reported in law reportsThe reference citation within your text should contain the case name and year. It is usual to put the case name in italics.In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893), however...Where the whole case is cited the reference list should contain:&#8226; the case name, in italics&#8226; the year&#8226; the case report series abbreviation&#8226; number of the first page of the case (note: do not use "p.").Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. 1893. 1 Q.B. 256Where part of the case (either a quote or a point of law) is cited the reference list shouldcontain:&#8226; the case name, in italics&#8226; the year&#8226; the case report series abbreviation&#8226; number of the first page of the case, followed by "at", followed by the number of the first page ofthe part quoted (note: do not use "p.").Lord Atkin stated in Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) that “you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour”.Donoghue v Stevenson. 1932. S.C. (H.L.) 31 at 44ii. Neutral citationsNew cases in the higher courts are now assigned a “neutral citation”. It contains the year, code for the court and the number of the case. Most of these cases will also be reported in a recognised law report series. Where a citation to such a series exists it should be given. However, if a case is very new and only a neutral citation is available it can be used. The neutral citation will begin U.K.H.L. for the House of Lords, U.K.P.C. for the Privy Council, E.W.C.A. for the Court of Appeal or E.W.H.C. for the High Court: for Scottish courts, H.C.J.T. for the High Court, H.C.J.A.C. for the Court of CriminalAppeal, C.S.O.H for the Court of Session (Outer House) or C.S.I.H for the Court of Session (Inner House).The recent case of Pinto v Brixton Prison Governor (2004) has highlighted...Pinto v Brixton Prison Governor. 2004. E.W.H.C. 2986RGU: LIBRARY 9iii. Cases ONLY available in newspapersWhere a case has ONLY been reported in a newspaper, and no citation to a law report series or aneutral citation exists, it can be cited as follows:&#8226; case name (not in italics)&#8226; year&#8226; title of newspaper, in italics&#8226; date, in the format dd month&#8226; page number(s), preceded by "p." or "pp."Webley v Department for Work and Pensions. 2005. The Independent. 13 January, p. 43iv. Unreported casesOccasionally details of a case not reported in any series of law reports, without a neutral citation (see above) and not available in any newspaper, may be available as a transcript or summary on WestlawUK or LexisNexis Professional, or in a textbook. Such a case should be cited as follows (name, court, date, unreported):&#8226; case name, in italics&#8226; court&#8226; date of judgement, in the format dd month yyyy&#8226; "(Unreported)".Hawley v Luminar Leisure Plc. Court of Appeal Queen’s Bench Division. 10 January 2005.(Unreported).LegislationWithin your text, the reference citation should take the form of the name of the Act etc. and the year it was enacted. The year is treated as part of the Act’s title, to distinguish it from acts with same title enacted in other years, so there is no need to repeat it in brackets.The provisions of the Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002 include...i. UK ParliamentActs or Statutes:&#8226; short title, in italics, including year of publication&#8226; "c." followed by chapter number (note: this is not a section number within the Act but the Act'sown chapter number within the session of its enactment)&#8226; if you are quoting a section, “s.” followed by the section number.Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002. c. 33, s.4.Statutory Instruments:&#8226; title and year, in italics&#8226; "S.I." followed by its number within the year of its enactment, in the format yyyy/(nnn)n.The Milk Marketing Board (Dissolution) Order 2002. S.I. .10 RGU: LIBRARYii. Scottish ParliamentActs or Statutes:&#8226; short title and year, in italics&#8226; "a.s.p." followed by the Act's number.Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. a.s.p. 11.Statutory Instruments:&#8226; title and year, in italics&#8226; "S.S.I." followed by its number within the year of its enactment, in the format yyyy/(nnn)n.The Fireworks (Scotland) Regulations 2004. S.S.I. .European Union Materialsi. Cases&#8226; "Case" followed by case number. (Note: after Nov 1989, cases are subdivided into C (Court ofJustice) and T (Court of First Instance) series.)&#8226; case name, in italics&#8226; year&#8226; report series abbreviation&#8226; number of the first page of the case.Case 43/75. Defrenne v SABENA. 1976. E.C.R. 455.Case C–97/98. Peter Jagerskiold v Torolf Gustafsson. 1999. E.C.R. I–7319.ii. LegislationIn your text, these should be cited as “Council Directive Year/Legislation Number” or “CouncilRegulation Year/Legislation Number”, as appropriate....however the information contained in Council Directive 04) and Council Regulation68) suggests...It is acceptable when citing EU directives, decisions and legislation in your reference list to give onlythe following information, without giving a full Official Journal citation:for Directives and Decisions (all in italics)&#8226; institutional origin (e.g. "Council Directive")&#8226; year / legislation number / institutional treaty&#8226; "of" followed by the date it was passed&#8226; "on" followed by the title.for Regulations (all in italics)&#8226; institutional origin (e.g. "Council Regulation")&#8226; institutional treaty, in brackets&#8226; year / legislation number&#8226; "of" followed by the date it was passed&#8226; "on" followed by the title.RGU: LIBRARY11Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted.Council Regulation (EC) 1612/68 of 1968 on Freedom of Movement for Workers within theCommunity.If you wish to include the Official Journal information it may be added in brackets at the end of the bibliography entry.Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who OtherwiseNeed International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted. (OJ L304 2004; 30September, p. 12)Council Regulation (EC) 1612/68 on Freedom of Movement for Workers within the Community.(OJ L257 1968; 19 October, p. 2)Other (official and unofficial) papers and reportsi. Bills (U.K. Parliament)&#8226; short title, in italics&#8226; "H.C. Bill" (if House of Commons) or "H.L. Bill" (if Lords)&#8226; parliamentary session, in brackets&#8226; serial number.Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Bill. H.C. Bill (.ii. Bills (Scottish Parliament)The leading authorities have yet to give examples, so we suggest the following, based on the formatfor UK bills:&#8226; short title, in italics&#8226; "S.P. Bill"&#8226; parliamentary session, in brackets&#8226; serial number.Fire (Scotland) Bill. S.P. Bill (.iii. Hansard (UK Parliamentary debates)&#8226; "Hansard", in italics&#8226; year&#8226; "H.C." or "H.L." (depending on which House the debate took place in)&#8226; "Vol." and volume number&#8226; "col." and column number&#8226; date of the debate, in brackets.Hansard. 2004. H.C. Vol. 421, col. 1695. (27 May).RGU: LIBRARYiv. Command papers (UK Parliament)&#8226; originating committee or Ministry, in capitals&#8226; year&#8226; title, in italics&#8226; abbreviation and number of command paper.HOME OFFICE, 2004. Legislation on identity cards : a consultation. Cm. 6178.v. Scottish Law Commission / Law Commission (reports, discussion papers etc.)&#8226; name of commission as author, in capitals&#8226; year of publication&#8226; title, with report number in brackets, all in italics&#8226; place of publication&#8226; publisher (NOT printer) – if the publisher’s name is abbreviated on the title page it can beabbreviated in your reference (as in “HMSO”) but otherwise the name should be given in full.SCOTTISH LAW COMMISSION, 2004. Report on insanity and diminished responsibility (Report195). Edinburgh: The Stationery Office.Legal material only available electronicallyTreat this as for an electronic journal article:&#8226; author(s) of the article&#8226; year of publication&#8226; article title&#8226; periodical title, in italics&#8226; medium, in square brackets&#8226; volume and issue number&#8226; "Available from:" and the web address – if the web address for the individual article is very long,you may use the “front page” address for the journal or full-text database&#8226; "Accessed" and the accessed date, in square brackets.LEWIS, T., 2004. Democracy, Free Speech and TV: the case of the BBC and the ProLife Alliance.Web Journal of Current Legal Issues. [online] 5. Available from:http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/2004/issue5/tlewis5.html [Accessed 17 January 2005]Referri ng to figur es, tables and illustr ati onsWhere the figure or illustration is the author’s own work, or is not a substantial work in its own right(e.g. if it is a family snapshot used in a biography) you should cite the author of the article or book as author, as in this example:...Donnan’s graph (2000 p. 371 Fig. 30.4) shows that the majority of patients...If the figures or plates are numbered it is best to give the number as well as the page number: in the example above, and in the one which follows, there are two illustrations on each page cited, so you must let your readers know which one you mean.In his school photograph (Hiney 1998 facing p. 134 Pl. 2), Chandler appears...RGU: LIBRARY13In the reference list, the larger work from which the illustration comes will appear:DONNAN, P.T., 2000. Quantitative analysis (descriptive). In: D. CORMACK, The research process in nursing. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 365–382HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London: Vintage.However if the illustration is not by the author of the work in which it appears, and if it is a work in its own right (e.g. a painting), you may wish to cite it in its own right (for instance, if it is an example of the work of a painter you are writing about). In this case you should say in what type of medium the original is (e.g. Engraving, Photograph, Watercolour), and should give the place the original work can be found (e.g. the gallery it is in, for a painting) as well as the details of the publication in whichyou saw it reproduced:...while in Renoir’s painting of the Charpentiers (Renoir 1878) the figures are groupedinformally...RENOIR, A., 1878. Madame Charpentier and her Children. Oil on canvas. New York: MetropolitanMuseum of Art. In: M.R. BROWN, ed. 2002. Picturing children. Aldershot: Ashgate.IMPORTANT NOTE: the copyright laws restrict permission to “quote” illustrations, tables anddiagrams in your work more tightly than they restrict permission to quote small parts of text. If you wish to reproduce someone else’s illustrations(s) or table(s) in a work of your own (rather than just discussing and citing it) you may have to write to the author or publisher for permission. Check with your tutor/School about any material of this kind you want to reproduce.REFERRING TO ORIGINAL ARTWORKSIf you are citing a work of art itself (rather than an illustration of it), you should cite:&#8226; artist(s)&#8226; date – this should be the year in which the work was first exhibited (or the year in which it is thought to have been produced, if it was not exhibited in the artist’s lifetime). It is acceptable to give an approximate date, in the format e.g. “c. 1470”.&#8226; title&#8226; format e.g “Oil on canvas” or “Multimedia installation”&#8226; place – this should be the town/city of the gallery etc in which it can be seen&#8226; institution – this should be the gallery, cathedral etc where the artwork can be seen.SARGENT, J.S. 1907. Lady Agnew of Lochnaw. Oil on canvas. Edinburgh: National Gallery ofScotland.RGU: LIBRARY14REFERRING TO MAP SA map which is contained in a larger work (e.g. a journal article) should be cited as for any other illustration (see above). For a map which is published separately in its own right your should cite:&#8226; cartographer (this may be a company or a corporate body such as the Ordnance Survey, theBritish Geological Survey, etc)&#8226; date of publication&#8226; title&#8226; scale, expressed as a ratio&#8226; series, if it is part of a series&#8226; place of publication&#8226; publisher.ORDNANCE SURVEY. 1990. Ballater, Glen Clova and surrounding area. 1: 50 000. Landranger.Southampton: Ordnance Survey.Referri ng to electr onic resourc esMaterials in electronic formats, even when posted free to the Internet, are still the intellectual property of the person or organisation who produced them, and you must acknowledge them as you would for printed materials.Because online (Internet) resources can move or change rapidly, in a way that print resources cannot,it is usual to give the date when you consulted them (the “accessed date”) as well as the other details.For electronic resources in “fixed” formats such as CD-ROM or DVD this is not necessary.Referring to electronic resources in “fixed” formats&#8226; authors/editors&#8226; year of publication – usually the release date of the disk etc.&#8226; title – if you are using an article from within a larger resource, the article title should be cited asfor a print journal, followed by “In:” and the details of the larger resource (as for print materials,above). Otherwise give the title of the CD-ROM (or other resource) as a whole.&#8226; format – e.g. “CD-ROM”, in square brackets&#8226; place of publication/production&#8226; publisherNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF INQUIRY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION, 1997. Higher education inthe learning society. (Chairman: Sir Ron Dearing). [CD-ROM]. London: The Stationery Office.Referring to online books and journalsine resources that are based on their print counterparts (online journals or books) it is fairly straightforward to identify authors, dates etc. and the only difference is that you add the format, the web address and “accessed date”.For an online book by a single author/group of authors this will be:&#8226; author(s)&#8226; year of publication&#8226; title in full&#8226; medium e.g. “online” in square brackets&#8226; edition of the work – only if there has been more than one editionRGU: LIBRARY15&#8226; place of publication&#8226; publisher&#8226; “Available from:” and the web address&#8226; “Accessed” and the accessed date in square brackets.FRAZER, Sir J.G., 1922. The Golden Bough. [online] New York: Macmillan.Available from: /196/168.html [Accessed 28 August 2003]For a section or chapter in an edited work it will mirror the print format in the same way, with thesame additions.For an electronic thesis the details are given as for a print thesis, except that the word “Unpublished”is omitted and the medium, web address and accessed date are given in the same way as for anelectronic book.SETTERSTEIN, L., 1999. Critical thinking and participation in health behaviors. [online] PhDthesis, University of Wisconsin. Available from:http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html [Accessed 26 October 2004]For an article in an electronic journal it will be:&#8226; author(s) of the article&#8226; year of publication&#8226; article title&#8226; periodical title, in italics&#8226; medium, in square brackets&#8226; volume and issue number&#8226; “Available from:” and the web address – if the web address for the individual article is very long,you may use the “front page” address for the journal or full-text database&#8226; “Accessed” and the accessed date in square brackets.Martin and Pearce (2003) discuss a project which looks at institutional portals......and some artists draw attention to the symbolic significance of trees (Gsteu 2003)...GSTEU, M., 2003. The tree: a symbol of life. PSA Journal. [online] 69(1). Available from:/ [Accessed 28 August 2003]MARTIN, R. and PEARCE, L. Just a distraction?: external content in institutional portals. Ariadne.[online] Issue 36. Available from:http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue36/justadist/ [Accessed 21 August 2003]16 RGU: LIBRARYReferring to webpages&#8226; author(s)/editor(s) – usually the person who posted the content you are citing. If the content isunsigned you can use the name of the website, or of the organisation it belongs to.&#8226; year of publication – if the author has not specifically dated the item you are citing, you could usethe “last updated” date of the page.&#8226; title of the webpage&#8226; format e.g. “online”, in square brackets&#8226; place of publication if this can be determined&#8226; publisher – if the website is hosted by a company or organisation you can use them as thepublisher. Otherwise the publisher may be the author. ISPs such as Freeserve are not normallycited as publisher, except for material on their own company webpages.&#8226; “Available from:” and the web address&#8226; “Accessed” and the accessed date in square brackets.in your textRick Hall (2003) summarises the controversy over the Atkins diet......recent lists of professional posts in the offshore industries (Institute of Petroleum 2003)include...in the reference listHALL, R., 2003. Atkins diet controversy: low-carb diet gets thumbs down from medical group.[online] New York: About Nutrition. Available from:/library/weekly/aa030203a.htm [Accessed 29 August 2003]INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM, 2003. Industry information: working offshore. [online] London:Institute of Petroleum. Available from:http://www.petroleum.co.uk/index.cfm?PageID=40 [Accessed 29 August 2003]Referri ng to fi lms, vi deos, DVDs and broadcastsIn most cases, these will be collaborative efforts and they should be listed in the reference list undertheir title (but see below for exceptions):&#8226; title&#8226; date – for films and videos this should be the year of release. For broadcasts it should be the year of first broadcast. If you are referring to a long-running series as a whole, there may not bea date – but see below for individual episodes&#8226; medium (e.g. Film, Video) in square brackets&#8226; for films you can add “Directed by” and the director’s name if you wish to&#8226; place of publication (normally the main offices of the studio or production company)&#8226; publisher (normally the film, broadcasting, or production company)....and Welles went on to direct Shakespeare (Macbeth 1948), though some critics complained......Kurosawa’s interpretation of the Macbeth story (Throne of Blood 1957) transposes it to mediaevalJapan......while in the Archers (The Archers) the “Lady Macbeth” character who seeks to realise herambitions through her husband is Susan Carter...RGU: LIBRARY17The Archers. [Radio series]. London: BBC Radio 4.Macbeth. 1948. [Film]. Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Pictures.Throne of Blood. 1957. [Film]. Directed by Akira Kurosawa. Japan: Toho. [Video].London: Argos Films/British Film Institute.If a video, DVD or broadcast is clearly the intellectual work of a single person (e.g. an “opinion piece”written, produced and presented by one broadcaster) they should be cited as the author. You canalso use this type of format for feature films if you wish to highlight the fact that they are the work ofa particular director.KUROSAWA, A., director. Throne of Blood. 1957. [Film]. Japan: Toho. [Video]. London: ArgosFilms/British Film Institute.R&WILCOX, D. 2000. The battle for Docklands. [Video]. London: Desmond Wilcox Productions forDocklands Development Corporation.For individual episodes of a series you should give the number (if there is one) and the title (if thereis one) of the episode, and the date on which it was broadcast....when Susan’s husband resigns from his job (The Archers 2003) she is furious......in the very first episode of the series (Yes, Minister 1986), Jim Hacker is introduced to therealities of politics...The Archers. 2003. [Radio series]. London: BBC Radio 4. 20 AugustYes, Minister. 1986. Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. [TV]. London: BBC2. 16 JanuaryFor an individual contribution within a broadcast (such as an interview within a larger programme)you should reference the individual and then the broadcast in which their contribution appears....the Chancellor, however, stated in an interview (Brown 2002) that...BROWN, G., 2002. Interview. In: Newsnight. [TV]. London: BBC2. 28 MarchRGU: LIBRARY18Referri ng to convers ati ons, lett ers or emails(pers onal communic ati ons)British Standard 1629 does not give specific guidance on personal communications. The followingnotes adapt accepted practice in other styles to the Harvard approach.If you refer in your text to a letter or email you have received from someone, or a conversation youhave had with them, you should cite it as a personal communication in the text of your work only.The reference citation should contain:&#8226; the person’s name (if that does not appear in your text) laid out as surname followed byinitial(s)&#8226; the words “personal communication” (for letters or emails you can add “by letter” or “by email” ifyou wish)&#8226; the date the communication took place (for emails or letters this will be the date on which it wassent to you)....Beryl Morris (personal communication. 12 August 2004) suggests training is often the firstactivity to be cut in times of financial stringency......while “training is often the first thing to suffer when funds are tight” (MORRIS, B., personalcommunication. 12 August 2004)......while the HR Director of XCorp claims the company has never needed a Staff Developmentpolicy (BLOGGS, J., personal communication by email. 13 August 2004)...Emails posted to a bulletin board, weblog or similar rather than sent to you personally should be citedas for other webpages (see the section on “Referring to electronic resources” for details).Letters which have been published in a newspaper or periodical should be cited as for newpaper orperiodical articles. Letters which have been published in book form as part of a collection (for example,the Collected Letters of a politician) should be cited as for a chapter within an edited book. Letterswhich have been quoted in a book by another person (for example, in a biography) should be cited assecondary references. See the relevant sections of this Guide for details of how to cite these.Referri ng to more th an one sourc e by th e same auth or,and referri ng more th an once to th e same sourc eReferring to more than one source by the same authorIn the Harvard style, the date is used to distinguish between different works by the same author. Ifmore than one work dates to the same year, letters of the alphabet are added.While some countries have moved towards national strategies on cholesterol (Oliver 1993a),problems with cholesterol-lowering approaches remain (Oliver 1993b). It has also been suggestedthat some sectors of the population, such as young women, have been neglected in the study ofheart disease (Oliver 1978)...In the reference list these will appear as:OLIVER, M.F., 1978. Coronary heart disease in young women. Edinburgh: ChurchillLivingstone.OLIVER, M.F., 1993a. National cholesterol policies. European Heart Journal, 14(5), pp. 581–3OLIVER, M.F., 1993b. Lowering cholesterol for prevention of coronary heart disease – problemsand perspectives. Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapeutics, 7(5), pp. 785–8RGU: LIBRARY19Referring to the same source more than onceRepeated citations of the same work do not make any difference to the way the citation appears inthe text. A second citation of the Oliver book in the example above, for instance, would still appear inthe text as (Oliver 1978), and if it referred to a direct quotation it would also include the relevant pagenumber. The work should appear once only in the reference list.Referri ng to a sourc e which is referr ed to in anoth er sourc e(secondary referenci ng)It is best to quote from the original source, but sometimes you may have to quote a source as it isquoted in another (secondary) work. Where this happens you must make clear in your text both thesource you are quoting and the secondary source you are quoting from. However it is the secondarysource (the one you have actually looked at) that appears in the reference list.Clark discusses Lewin’s work on “action research” in some detail (Clark 2000)...Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney, claimed that most people could do without literature “farmore easily than they could do without coffee or whisky” (Hiney 1998 p.186)...In these examples, it is Lewin and Chandler respectively who are being quoted, but the referencesare to the works we quote them from (Clark and Hiney). Similarly it is Clark and Hiney who appearin the reference list.CLARK, J.E., 2000. Action research. In: D. CORMACK, The research process in nursing. 4th ed.Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 183–196HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London: Vintage.When reading about Loftus’s (1974) research in Eysenck (1998) you would cite as follows:in your text – report both original and secondary sourceParticipants in Loftus’s (1974) study reported that they had ... (cited in Eysenck 1998).in the reference list – only report the secondary sourceEYSENCK, M. 1998. Psychology: an integrated approach. Singapore: Longman Pre}