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& && && &&&In early 1900's there was a strong feeling among artists that the U.S. was long overdue in developing art that did not reproduce European traditions.
& && && & There is no way around the fact that containers,shelters,and supports must be functional.
& && && &&&Since the laws of physics,not some arbitary decision,have determined the general form of applied-art objects,they follow basic patterns,so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.
& && && && &so much so 在这里怎么理解啊？
& && && &&&
& && && &Nonruminant canot extract much energy from the hHowever ,this is more than made up for by the fast speed at which food passes through their guts.
& && && &四个句子，都没太看懂 ⊙﹏⊙b
第一句要么1900s,要么1900吧？早在20世纪/1900年，美国艺术家中就有一种强烈的感情，认为美国在艺术发展方面迟迟落后，没有复制欧洲传统。
第二句关于餐盒，收容所或救灾物资应该具备实际应用功能这点是毫无疑问的
第三句 由于实用工艺品的一般形式由物理法则决定，而非主观臆断； 实用工艺品需要遵循一些基本结构，以至于功能结构只能在特定条件下才能改动。So much是在讲物理法则对实用工艺品的限制程度so that就是“以至于”这种程度以至于…
第四句非反刍类动物无法从植物的硬干部分获取很多能量；但是，这部分能量依然比食物快速穿过它们内脏所产生的能量多。made up for by the fast speed at which food passes through their guts.就是食物通过非反刍类动物内脏的速度很快，通过这种快速吞食所提供的能量，more than就是比较两种能量的多少。
不一定对哦，自己这么想的~~~~
本帖最后由 一路向北110 于
09:23 编辑
There is no way around = ther there is no alternative to.
There is no way around the fact that
The bold words can basically be omitted without drastically changing the meaning of the paragraph. The connotation of these bold words is that there is no logical &path& of reasoning that would not require you to acknowledge the fact that follows (namely that containers, shelters and supports must be functional); you could not reason logically given true facts and come to any different conclusion.
As far as understanding terms similar to this, there is no one reference other than sites like this one that provides all this information. It is implicitly understood by creative and technical writers alike that their audience, in most cases consisting of native English speakers, will have a certain amount of &common knowledge& of idioms and idiosyncrasies used in language, gained through immersion and experience in the everyday English language and culture. This is one of those instances. Unfortunately, to those for whom English is not their first language, or who are experiencing a different parlance for the first time, these can be missed or misunderstood.
sxpsxp007 发表于
第一句要么1900s,要么1900吧？早在20世纪/1900年，美国艺术家中就有一种强烈的感情，认为美国在艺术发展方面 ...
不同意2楼第一句的翻译。
In early 1900's there was a strong feeling among artists that the U.S. was long overdue in developing art that did not reproduce European traditions.
我认为2楼没有把that引导的定语从句翻译正确。在这个that引导的定语从句里，art是先行词，在定语从句中作主语。
在20世纪初的前几年里，艺术家们普遍产生一种很强烈的感觉，那就是美国在打破欧洲传统的艺术发展上太过滞后。
P.S. 学过西方文化的都知道，美国建国之初的人口绝大部分是欧洲移民，在早期美国艺术的发展中肯定是要模仿沿承欧洲的传统。在20世纪初的二三十年里，美国的艺术创作还笼罩在欧洲传统的影子里，在20世纪40、50年代以后美国艺术开始进入现代主义。所以，在做翻译的时候，历史文化背景很重要。
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第二句的解释3楼已经给了，不再多说；
第三句中关于so much so that我去查了一下，看一下这里的解释：。其实还相当于so that，引导结果状语从句。
下面说一下第四句，more than的理解错了。
Nonruminant canot extract much energy from the hHowever ,this is more than made up for by the fast speed at which food passes through their guts.
more than在这里是一个副词，表示程度，相当于much、quite、greatly等，根本就不是比较多与少。
be made up (for) by 意思是“由...来补偿”
非反刍类动物不能从植物的坚硬部分吸取很多的能量，但是这一缺点被食物能快速进入到他们的肠道得以很好的补偿。
sxpsxp007 发表于
第一句要么1900s,要么1900吧？早在20世纪/1900年，美国艺术家中就有一种强烈的感情，认为美国在艺术发展方面 ...
我认为第一句理解好像有偏差。看看朗文字典对overdue的解释：something that is overdue should have happened or been done a long time ago。& &&&那也就是说，这句话应该这样理解：在20世纪90年代早期（in the early 1990's和in the early 1990s的表达在google里面搜索都有，而且表达的意思也一样），艺术家们强烈感到过了这么久美国竟然还没有摒弃欧洲的传统艺术风格。
二楼的并没有翻成以至于啊 楼上的主观臆断了，放在句子后面也是解释说明的作用啊，这样翻译是没有问题的。 reproduce没有打破的意思 属于过度意译，用“重现”是否更好？？
傻的冒泡儿 发表于
二楼的并没有翻成以至于啊 楼上的主观臆断了，放在句子后面也是解释说明的作用啊，这样翻译是没有问题的。&&...
ok，我把“以至于...”去掉了，这都不是重点。重点是我不同意2楼的翻译。我没有说reproduce是“打破”的意思，是说not reproduce,，你没有看到前面的not吗？
第二三句话所在段落如下：
Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the &applied arts.& Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objec that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.
这一段主要讲的是“实用艺术applied arts”。百度百科里面有对实用艺术的介绍：。根据这段文字，实用艺术是按艺术品的功能分类的，把艺术品简单分为容器、庇护所和支持物（真不知道supports怎么翻译比较优美又贴切）。There's no way around the fact的理解我赞同3楼的解释，表示“……是一共不争的事实”。2楼对这个短语的理解是正确的。
至于第三句，我不赞同二楼把so much so that分开理解为so much和so that，我更倾向于整体理解so much so（so much so: to such a great degree 见： ），也就是they follow basic patterns to such a great degree that...。
本帖最后由 bee_young 于
12:51 编辑
overdue： If you say that a change or an event is overdue, you mean that you think it should have happened before now.
There is no way around = ther there is no alternative to. 早该发生
e.g. This debate is long overdue.& && &&&这场辩论早该进行了。
that后面的从句系定语从句，修饰art 。
四楼关于该句话的文化背景补充很有用，值得借鉴！
为了更好地理解这句话，让表达通顺些，我把that从句给意译了一下，翻译如下：
在20世纪早期，艺术家们强烈认为美国早该发展自己的艺术，而不是去模仿欧洲的传统模式。
三楼给出的关于“there is no way around the fact”的一些解释有一定的道理，值得学习借鉴！
There is no way around：
a. there is no way to avoid
……是无法避免的事实，不争的事实
e.g. There is no way around national governments taking more control of banks.
& && &&&国家政府加强对银行的控制，这是无可避免的事实。
b. there is no alternative to.
（必须这样）别无选择。
e.g. While some of us may know more about this than others, it is a fact of life, and there is no way around it.
& && & 然而我们中的一些人比起其他的，了解这个更多，这是生活的一种真相，并且在它周围没有其他方式。
综上我的译文是：
容器、遮蔽物、支撑物必须是可使用的，这是不争的事实。
因为是物理定律而非某些专断决定了实用工艺品的一般形式，所以实用工艺品往往（so much）遵循基本的模式，这使得其功能上的形式 只能在一定限度内变化（不会变化很大）。
首先先要弄清楚此处句子的逻辑结构，这很重要，注意so much不是和so连用的，第二个so是和后面的that连用的。
so much修饰的是前面“they（applied-art objects） follow basic patterns”，表示程度。
而so that是表示前面“they follow basic patterns”所导致的结果---“ functional forms can vary only within certain limits”。
Nonruminant canot extract much energy from the h However, this is more than made up for by the fast speed at which food passes through their guts.
非反刍动物不能从植物的坚硬部分提取多少能量。然而，这不仅仅是通过快速消化胃里的食物来弥补的。
我主要分析一下后半句。
众所周知，more than：比……多。但是它也可以理解为：不仅仅……
e.g. This is more than
it is a call to arms.& && &&&
& && &&&这不仅是一场政治运动，这是战斗号召。
这句话中this是指示代词，代指前文内容，即，非反刍动物从植物坚硬部分无法获取许多能量的不足之处。
而make up for意思是：弥补
因此，整体来看，该句话意思就是：这不足之处 不仅仅是通过“the fast speed at which food passes through their guts”这个来弥补的。
然后再分析一下by后面这一部分。
which引导的是定语从句，修饰the fast speed。speed在which从句中做的是at的宾语。
至于at，意义上它是和the speed连用的。
所以by后面这一部分可以还原为：
Food passes through their guts at the fast speed,
补充说明：
根据动物消化器官的解剖学特征可将其分为非反刍动物、反刍动物和禽类三类。非反刍动物具有相对比较简单结构的胃。
如有异议，欢迎批评交流指正O(∩_∩)O~
第四句来自这一段：
How are we to understand their different feeding preferences? The answer lies in two associated differences among the species, in their digestive systems and body sizes. According to their digestive systems, these herbivores can be divided into two categories: the nonruminants (such as the zebra, which has a digestive system like a horse) and the ruminants (such as the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle, which are like the cow). Nonruminants cannot extract much energy from the h however, this is more than made up for by the fast speed at which food passes through their guts. Thus, when there is only a short supply of poor-quality food, the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle enjoy an advantage.
第四句的前面部分很好理解，2楼解释得很不错。难的是后面的this is more than made up for，个人认为，这里的this指代前面的Nonruminants cannot extract much energy from the hard parts of a plant（非反刍类动物无法从植物的硬干部分获取很多能量），more than表示“超过”，is made up for by是make up for的被动式，make up for：to compensate for，见：。 这样一分解，那这个地方的意思就是：虽然非反刍类动物无法从植物的硬干部分获取很多能量，但食物快速通过它们内脏的这一特点完全弥补了这一不足。
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