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Model&(T1)&Range&RoverModel&Year&+&Build&Phase&(001BY)&2017&Model&YearDerivative&(RDBV)&Range&Rover&3.0&Litre&V6&S/C&Petrol&HSE,&2017Exterior&Colour&(1AA)&Fuji&WhiteInterior&Trim&(TKC)&Almond&Seats&Espresso/Almond&Ivory(032CV)&Ivory&Headlining&(038DF)&Espresso/Almond&IP&Facia(034DV)&Almond&/&AlmondTransmission&(078BZ)&Auto&Transmission&8HP45Options&(029SA)&19&&Alloy&Sparkle&Silver&(A)(033SA)&Grained&Leather&Seat&Style&1(041CY)&LESS&Roof&Conversion(041CZ)&Sliding&panoramic&roofDerivative&Pack&(350KD)&HSE&Petrol(033AS)&Leather&Seats&(088EM)&Console&Lid&Leather(033IG)&Door&Armrest&-&Leather&(088GV)&IP&-&PVC(057BX)&Badge&HSE&(090DI)&PVC&Door&Top&Rolls(080NC)&PVC&Door&Trim&Panel&(117AH)&Rotary&Gearshift&knob(005CD)&Capacity&Feature&(064NB)&Rear&Tail&Lamp&Lens&-&Dark(005CR)&LESS&SVO&Duo-Tone&Paint&(064PA)&'A'&Pillar&Moulded&Trim&-&Interior(010AA)&LESS&Seat&Embossing&(065AB)&Cruise&Control(020BG)&Brake&Calipers&Unbranded&/&Unpainted&(066AC)&Passive&Entry/Push&Button&Start(020DR)&Disc&iper&19&&(067AA)&Weather&Protection&Seal(021DA)&Battery&1&(070BA)&Tailgate/Bootlid-Powered&with&Hands&Free(021ZK)&LESS&Trim&level&indicator&(071EA)&Core&Tailgate&Finisher(022BG)&Premium&Air&Con&-&Fr&074TB)&Partial&Leather&-&Seat&Armrest(022CC)&A/C&Refridgerant&-&R134A&(076DA)&Perimetric&Protection(022DB)&Label&-&A/C&Charge&(076DF)&433&MHz&Door&Lock&Frequency(025CW)&LESS&Garage&Door&Opener(Homelink)&(076EI)&Double&Locking(025KO)&Analogue&Radio&Reception&(076EQ)&Dual&Note&Electric&Horn-Lvl&2(025LM)&Meridian&Sound&System&(077BB)&Vehicle&Protection&Cat&2(025ND)&NGI&Head&Unit&-&High&(078CB)&Paddle&Shift(025OA)&Navigation&Centre&(079DA)&Floor&Carpets&-&Std&Derivative(026EO)&Seat&Belt&Labelling&-&ROW&(080AC)&Body&Colour&Roof(026RQ)&Seatbelt&Retractor&ROW&(080AW)&Door&Handles-Body&Colour(027BY)&Electronic&Air&Suspension&(080DT)&Bumpers-&Atlas/Body&Colour(027CB)&Rear&Axle&Open&Diff&(080XE)&B/S&moulding&Insert&-Body&Clr/Atlas(027CW)&Adaptive&Dynamics&(086DG)&LESS&Driver&Monitoring(027KB)&Front&Spring&Bushing&-&Standard&(086EG)&Park&Distance&Control&Sensor&Front(028FF)&Towing&Eye&Cover&-Base&(086EH)&Rear&Parking&Aid(029BA)&Tyres&Pirelli&(086FA)&Rear&View&Camera(029MI)&Spare&Wheel-Conventional&Alloy&(087AP)&MFD&Single&View&Screen(029QI)&235/65&19&&Tyre&(087XO)&Nav&-&Reg&4(030BS)&Body&Coloured&Mirrors&(088CP)&Terrain&Response(030NV)&LESS&Auto&High&Beam&Assist&(088FB)&TPO&Console(030NW)&Sensor&Occupant&(Row)&(088HH)&Morzine&Trim&Finish(031CG)&Auto&Dimming&Rear&View&Mirror&(088IK)&Int&Feature&Colour&-&Self&Colour&Plastic(031DA)&Convex/Convex&(SAS)&Glass&(Gulf)&(088JA)&Handbook&-&Std&Cover(031EB)&Auto&Dimming&Mirror&(088KW)&Veneer&Figured&Macasser(032BV)&Leather&Steering&Wheel&(091AF)&Door&Finishers&-&Veneer(032DU)&LESS&Heated&Steering&wheel&(094AB)&LESS&smokers&pack(032EJ)&Extended&Veneer&Pack&(094AB)&094AB(033BV)&Heated&Seats-&Driver&and&Passenger's&(095DB)&Export&Shipping&ROW(033CT)&Electric&front&seat&adj.&with&Drv&memory&(095RE)&Mapcare&-&3yr(033CW)&60/40&Fold&Through&(096CB)&Brake&Resevoir&Label(033IH)&Monotone&Stitch&(096FA)&Fuel&Label&-&ROW(033II)&Front&Seats&-&8x8&Way&(096TA)&Pictoral&-Air&bag&label&-ROW,Jap,Mexico(033JR)&Lumbar&-&2&Way&Driver&(096UB)&Licence&Indicator(033MF)&Pwr&Pass&Fore/Aft/Height&(096UF)&Tire&Recommended&Plate&-&non&English(033ML)&Frt&Seat&Bk&Pkt-Sewn/Envelope&(099AA)&5&Door&Estate(033PB)&Almond&Contrast&Stitching&(101AG)&SWB(036AA)&Less&Connected&Services&(103AH)&Lead&free&petrol(037XX)&LESS&Exhaust&Extension&(103AI)&Petrol(038EA)&Cooled&Console&-&Front&(109AA)&All&Wheel&Drive(039BA)&Washer&Bottle&Std&(115AB)&Sunvisor&illuminated&-&Driver(040AJ)&LESS&Heated&Front&Windscreen&(121AN)&Engine&Cooling&Fan&Viscous&W/Cndnsr(040AU)&Stop/Start&Motor&System&(129ZZ)&LESS&TV&Receiver(041GB)&LESS&Std&Body&Trim&(130AB)&Air&Cleaner-&Dry&/Single&Stage(043AY)&Fresh&Air&Heater&-&No&sup&heater&(130BB)&Air&Int&-&Fuel&Inject&without&Snowcover(043BF)&Twin&Speed&Transfer&Box&(145BJ)&Vin&prefix&postion&10&-H(047AH)&IR&reflecting&glass&(152AV)&Engine&Power&Source&-&340/450(047AP)&Infrared&Reflective&Windscreen&(153CB)&Engine&Vent&Hose(048AR)&Side&Door&Treadplate-Range&Rover&(153EA)&Standard&Cooling&Hoses(049AS)&Steering&Column&Lock&(161AF)&Single&Radio&Tuners(051AK)&Foot&Pedal&-&standard&(173AA)&LESS&Side&Door&Power(053BV)&Fuel&filler&neck&lead&free&NAS&(178AB)&Engine&2995CC(053CQ)&Capless&Fuel&Filler&-&Central&Lock&(200AU)&3.0&S/C&V6&Petrol(055AF)&Non&Locking&Wheel&Nuts&(210AA)&CCR&Cockpit(056AS)&Front&Number&Plate&Plinth&NAS&(211AA)&CCR&Centre&Console(056AZ)&First&Aid&Kit&(212AA)&CCR&Seats(057GZ)&Family&Badge&-&Landrover&-&Atlas&(213AA)&CCR&Centre&Console&Top&Finisher(059BD)&Scuttle&Plate&-&Atlas&(214AA)&CCR&Front&Bumpers(062AD)&Tyre&Pressure&Monitoring&System&(215AA)&CCR&Rear&Bumpers(063AA)&Engine&Cover&(216AA)&CCR&Door&Casing(063AH)&Loadspace&Cover&(217AA)&CCR&Headlining(063BF)&I/P&Insert&-&Chrome&(220AA)&KSK&Cabin&Harness(064AP)&Front&fog&lamps&(226AA)&CCR&Suspension&4&Corner&Assy(064CW)&Xenon&Headlamps&+&LED&Signature&(234AA)&CCR&Front&Co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求大神帮忙翻译,急!The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the first section we present the stylized facts of public procurement in the EU. In the second section we set forth the theoretical underpinnings and the hypotheses under investigation, whereas data and estimations are presented in the third section. We discuss policy implications in the fourth section and epitomize our analysis in a final section. ________________________________________Public Procurement Regulation in the European UnionEarly European Community (EC) Directives for the opening up of public procurement date back to the 1970s (first Works Directive
and first Supplies Directive 1977/62). It must be noted that import penetration to public procurement markets at that time was unimportant (1.5% on average), although public procurement on supplies, works and services represented a 15% to 18% of EC GDP (Atkins 1988). The “Single European Act” of 1987 stipulated that EC (and later EU) member-states had to remove all non-tariff barriers (NTBs), such as public procurement, on their intra-community trade flows by 1993. More specifically, as per the Directives on Supplies (93/36), Works (93/37), Services (92/50) and Utilities (93/38), EU public procurement national markets had to be opened to intra-EU competition before January 1st, 1993. Foreign bidders and Multinational enterprises (MNEs) realized in the early 1990s that permeability of the public procurement market was unlikely at least in the medium run, a view held by several European public procurement experts as well (Cox and Furlong 1997). This meant that domestic suppliers would retain their advantage, while MNEs could counter host country “buy national” provisions and succeed in public auctions only by establishing a local subsidiary. (Commission of the EU 2004). This strategy was followed throughout the decade and is expected to pay out in the 2000s as well. Public procurement remains only partially exposed to intra-EC competition and European governments find their way in preserving their “buy national” policies. According to the Commission of the EU (2004), only 16% of total public procurement (or 2.6% of EU GDP) in member-states is subjected to the appropriate publication procedures in 2002, and is thus open to foreign bidders. The remaining part remains a “chasse privee” for local suppliers. Direct cross-border procurement (i.e., when foreign firms win contracts in local tenders) has remained low, while indirect cross-border procurement (i.e., when foreign firms win contracts in local tenders through their subsidiaries) has increased. As a result, 11 years after the enactment of the Single European Market, not only do MNEs prefer to bid in local procurement auctions through their local subsidiaries, but they also tend to slightly outperform their local competitors.
其余的文件,是有组织如下.在第一部分,我们目前的程式化的事实,公共采购,在欧盟.在第二部分,我们提出了理论依据和假设,根据调查,而数据和估计都在第三部分.我们在讨论政策的影响,在第四部分和缩影,根据我们的分析,在最后一节.________________________________________ 公共采购规例,在欧洲联盟早在欧洲共同体（ EC ）的指示,为开放的公共采购可追溯到20世纪70年代（第一工程指令三百零五分之一千九百七十一和第一用品指令1977年至1962年） .必须指出的是,进口渗透率,以公共采购市场上,当时的不重要（ 1.5 ％ ,平均） ,虽然对公共采购供应,工程和服务代表了15 ％至18 ％的欧共体国内生产总值（阿特金斯1988年） .“单一欧洲法”的规定,1987年欧共体（后来欧盟）会员国已取消所有非关税障碍（非关税壁垒） ,如公共采购,就其内部社会的贸易流量由1993年.更具体地说,作为％的指示就用品（三十六分之九十三） ,工程（ 37分之93 ） ,服务（五十○分之九十二）和公用事业（三十八分之九十三） ,欧盟的公共采购市场的国家不得不开放给内部欧盟的竞争之前,日.外国竞拍和多国企业（跨国企业）实现了在90年代初的渗透性公共采购市场的可能性不大,至少在中期来说,以期举行,由几个欧洲公共采购专家以及（ Cox和福隆1997年） .这意味着,国内供应商将保留他们的优势,而多国企业可能反东道国的国家“购买国家”的条文,并成功地公开拍卖,只有建立一个本地的附属.（委员会的欧盟2004年） .这一战略其次是在整个十年,并预计要付出列于2000年的作为.公共采购仍然只是部分地暴露了内部的竞争,欧共体和欧洲各国政府找到自己的方式在维护他们的“买全国”的政策.根据该委员会的欧盟（ 2004年） ,只有16 ％的公共采购总额（或2.6 ％ ,欧盟国内生产总值）在会员国是受到适当的出版程序,在2002年,因此,开放给外国投标人.其余部分仍然是一个“ chasse privee ” ,为本地供应商.直接跨境采购（即,当外国公司赢得合同,在当地招标）仍然很低,而间接跨境采购（即,当外国公司赢得合同,在本地招标,通过其附属公司）已增加.因此,11年颁布后,欧洲单一市场,而不是只能做多国企业宁愿出价在当地采购的拍卖,通过其当地子公司,但他们也往往略超出其本地的竞争对手.
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其余的报纸依下列各项被组织。 在第一个区段中我们呈现欧盟的公众采购的被使～个性化的事实。 在第二个区段中我们发表在调查下面的理论上的支撑和假定, 然而数据而且判断在第三区段中被呈现。 我们讨论第四个区段的政策含意而且摘要一个最后的区段我们的分析。 欧盟的公众采购规则早的欧洲社区 (EC) 指令为那个向上打开公众的采购日期回到 1970 年代。 ( 第一个工厂指导的 1971/3...
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