空气中TSP、PM10、PM5及PM2.5的测定实验_采样器_中国百科网
空气中TSP、PM10、PM5及PM2.5的测定实验
    摘要:空气中TSP、PM10、PM5及PM2.5的测定实验 总悬浮颗粒物简称TSP，是指空气中空气动力学直径小于100μm的颗粒物。 测定TSP采用重量法。所用的采样器按采气量大小，分为大流量采样器和中流量采样器。方法的检出限为0.001mg/m3。 本实验选用中流量采样法。
总悬浮颗粒物简称TSP，是指空气中空气动力学直径小于100&m的颗粒物。 测定TSP采用重量法。所用的采样器按采气量大小，分为大流量采样器和中流量采样器。方法的检出限为0.001mg/m3。 本实验选用中流量采样法。
1．原理 通过具有一定切割特性的采样器，以恒速抽取定量体积的空气，空气中粒径小于100&m的悬浮颗粒物，被截留在已恒重的滤膜上。根据采样前、后滤膜重量之差及采样体积，计算出TSP的质量浓度。 PM10、PM5及PM2.5的测定原理与之相同，但需要采用不同切割特性的采样器。
⑴中流量采样器：采样器采样口的抽气速度为0.3m/s，采气流量（工作点流量）为100L/min。
⑵滤膜：超细玻璃纤维滤膜或聚氯乙烯等有机滤膜，直径9cm。 滤膜性能：滤膜对0.3&m标准粒子的截留效率不低于99％，在气流速度为0.45m/s时，单张滤膜阻力不大于3.5kPa，在同样气流速度下，抽取经高效过滤器净化的空气5h，每平方厘米滤膜失重不大于0.012mg。
⑶滤膜袋：用于存放采样后对折的采尘滤膜。袋面印有编号、采样日期、采样地点、采样人等项栏目。
⑷滤膜保存盒：用于保存滤膜，保证滤膜在采样前处于平展不受折状态。
⑸镊子：用于夹取滤膜。
⑹X光看片机：用于检查滤膜有无缺损。
⑺打号机：用于在滤膜及滤膜袋上打号。
⑻恒温恒湿箱：箱内空气温度要求在15～30℃范围内连续可调，控温精度&1℃；箱内空气相对湿度应控制在45％～55％范围内。恒温恒湿箱可连续工作2
⑼分析天平：感量0.1mg。
⑽中流量孔口流量计：量程75～125L/准确度不超过&2％。附有与孔口流量计配套的U型管压差计（或智能流量效准器），最小分度值10Pa。
⑾气压计。
⑴中流量采样器流量校准（用中流量孔口流量计校准）：（注：本次实验不做）新购置或维修后的采样器在启用前，需进行流量校准；正常使用的采样器每月需进行一次流量校准。
校准的步骤如下：
① 气压计、温度计分别读取环境大气压，环境温度。
② ②将采样器采气流量换算成标准状态下的流量。计算公式如下：
1 1TPTPQQnnn  式中： nQ－标准状态下的采样器流量，L/ Q－采样器采气流量，L/ 1P－流量校准时环境大气压力，kPa； nT－标准状态的绝对温度，273K； 1T－流量校准时环境温度，K； nP－标准状态下的大气压力，101.325kPa。 ③将计算的标准状态下的流量nQ代入下式，求出修正项y。 abQyn 式中斜率b和截距a由孔口流量计的标定部门给出。 ④计算孔口流量计压差值H（Pa）。
n nPPTPyH &# ⑤打开采样头的采样盖，按正常采样位置，放一张干净的采样滤膜，将大流量孔口流量计的孔口与采样器密封连接。孔口的取压口接好U型管压差计（或 3 智能流量效准器）。
⑥接通电源，开启采样器，待工作正常后，调节采样器流量，使孔口流量计压差值达到计算的H值，记录表格见表1。
表1 用孔口流量计校准采样器记录表 采样器编号 采样器采气流量 Q（L/min） 孔口流量计编号 环境温度T1(K) 环 境 大气压 P1（kPa） 孔口压差计算值 H（Pa） 校准日期 校准人
校准流量时，要确保气路密封连接，流量校准后，如发现滤膜上尘的边缘轮廓不清晰或滤膜安装歪斜等情况，可能造成漏气，应重新进行校准。校准合格额采样器，即可用于采样，不得再改动调节器状态。
⑵空白滤膜准备
张滤膜均需用X光看片机进行检查，不得有针孔或任何缺陷。在选中的滤膜光滑表面的两个对角上打印编号。滤膜袋上打印同样编号备用。
②将滤膜放在恒温恒湿箱中平衡24h。平衡条件：温度取15～30℃中任一点，相对湿度控制在45％～55％范围内。记录平衡温度与湿度。
③在上述平衡条件下称量滤膜，滤膜称量精确到0.1mg。记录滤膜重量。
④称量好的滤膜平展地放在滤膜保存盒中，采样前不得将滤膜弯曲或折叠。
开采样头顶盖，取出滤膜夹。用清洁干布擦去采样头内及滤膜夹的灰尘。
②将已编号并称量过的滤膜毛面向上，放在滤膜网托上，然后放滤膜夹，对正、拧紧，使不漏气。盖好采样头顶盖，按照采样器使用说明操作，设置好采样时间，即可启动采样。
③当采样器不能直接显示标准状态下的累计采样体积时，需记录采样期间测试现场平均温度和平均大气压。
④采样结束后，打开采样头，用镊子轻轻取下滤膜，采样面向里，将滤膜对折，放入号码相同的滤膜袋中。取滤膜时，如发现滤膜损坏，或滤膜上尘的边缘轮廓不清晰、滤膜安装歪斜，表示采样时漏气。则本次采样作废，需重新采样。
4 ⑷尘膜的称量及平衡 ①尘膜放在恒温恒湿箱中，用同空白滤膜平衡条件相同的温度、湿度，平衡24h。 ②在上述平衡条件下称量尘膜，尘膜称量精确到0.1mg。记录尘膜重量。 4．计算
1000) ()/(013  n VWWmmgTSP 式中： 1W－尘膜重量，g； 0W－空白滤膜重量，g； nV－标准状态下的累积采样体积，3m。 当采样器未直接显示标准状态下的累积采样体积nV时，按下式计算：
2 tTPTPQVnnn 式中： Q－采样器采气流量，L/ P2－采样期间测试现场平均大气压力，kPa； nT－标准状态的绝对温度，273K； t－累积采样时间，h； nP－标准状态下的大气压力，101.325kPa。 T2－采样期间测试现场环境温度，K； 滤膜称量及TSP浓度记录见表2。 表2 TSP滤膜称量及浓度记录表 月日 滤 膜编号 采气流量Q (L/min) 采样期 间环境 温度T2 (K) 采样期间大气压P2 (kPa) 累积采 样时间t （h） 累积采样标况体积 Vn(m³) 滤膜重量(g) TSP浓度(mg/ m³)
空膜 尘膜 尘重
收录时间:日 02:25:54 来源:青岛宜兰环保工程有限公司 作者:匿名
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美国AIRMETRICS MiniVol 便携式空气采样器PM2.5
美国AIRMETRICS MiniVol 便携式空气采样器PM2.5
价&&&&格：询价
产&&&&地：美国
品&&&&牌：型&&&&号：MiniVol PM2.5
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美国AIRMETRICS MiniVol 便携式空气采样器PM2.5
详细参数：外形尺寸： 19.75&&12&&18& 。
记　时　器： 电池可支持7天进行程序工作，每天可进行多达6次采样。
滤　　　纸： 47毫米纤维滤膜(仅用于称重)，47毫米Teflon滤膜(用于重量和无机化学分析)，47毫米石英滤膜(用于重量和无机化学分析)。
分　离　器： 易于取出清洗。
电气系统： 恒流控制电路，可变流量调节交/直流操作，记时器，低电池低流量显示及自动关闭。
电　　　池： 内置高容量锂电池，充电仅需6小时，可连续使用60个小时
气体采样容器： 6升Tedlar牢固的塑料空气采样袋，直径：178毫米，高：456毫米，PVC材料保护盒。
可选型号：
1 、便携式PM10采样器－可用于PM10和TSP采样
配置：内置采样泵和程序控制器，2个便携箱，PM10切割头，两个锂电池。
2 、便携式PM2.5采样器－可用于PM2.5, PM10和TSP采样
配备：内置采样泵和程序控制器，2个便携箱，PM10和PM2.5切割头，两个充电电池
配套滤膜及校正组件（可选）：
1纤维滤膜：直径47 mm ，50个/盒（重量分析用）
2石英滤膜：直径47 mm ，100个/盒（重量及有机化学分析用）
3铁氟龙滤膜：直径47 mm ，100个/盒（重量及无机化学分析用）
4空气取样袋（6L）
5野外校正组件，带数字压力
相关产品分类MiniVol美国airmetrics便携式PM2.5采样器 |上海豫东电子科技有限公司 美国pm2.5
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的详细介绍
技术说明：
（1） 双头隔膜
（2） 能进行1000小时不停工作
（3） 无电刷直流电马达
（4） 最大流量6升/分钟
（1） 外壳采用防风雨的PVC材料
（2） 2点支架固定
（3） 尺寸：直径：178毫米 高：456毫米
（4） 重量：8.164Kg（包括电池重量）
（5） 采样器顶部可快速打开
（1） 电池可支持7天进行程序工作
（2） 每天可进行多达6次采样
滤纸支架组件：
（1） 间接进样设计
（2） 浮质47毫米过滤容器带有FRM样式的过滤盒
（3） 分离器易于取出清洗
电气系统：
（1） 恒流控制电路
（2） 交/直流操作
（3） 可变流量调节
（4） 记时器
（5） 低电池低流量显示及自动关闭
（1） 携带方便
（2） 12A 可使用24小时
（3） 充电时间需要16小时
可承受的费用-费用仅为高容量联邦参考方法（FRM）采样仪的一小部分
& 便携式-可充电池操作；简易，质轻
& 通用性-可用于微粒物质（PM10、PM2.5、TSP），易于现场使用
& 精确性-提供与高容量FRM采样仪结果具有可比性的空气质量数据
& 坚固性-从埃及开罗的砂到挪威的极寒粉尘，MiniVolTM已经证明它在世界范围内的持久性
& 技术-MiniVolTM的专利低流量技术（5l/min）是与美国EPA和Airmetrics共同发展的，微粒尺寸分离是通过压紧来完成，气体样品与微粒的采集同时完成。
MiniVol美国airmetrics便携式PM2.5采样器性能特点：
经济实惠：价格仅是大流量FRM采样器的几分之一。
轻巧便携：体积小、重量轻、内置充电电池供电。
功能多样：可用于悬浮颗粒采样（PM10、PM2.5、TSP）。
精确可靠：提供的空气质量数据与FRM采样器具有可比性。
应用环境：MiniVol能在任何恶劣天气下工作，无论在沙漠地带，还是在天寒地冻的挪威朗伊尔城都可正常使用。
MiniVol美国airmetrics便携式PM2.5采样器技术条件：
MiniVol采用的低流量技术（0-10升/分钟）已被USEPA和Airmetric联合认证。使用PM10和PM2.5切割头碰撞分离不同粒径尘埃颗粒,&同时还可进行气体采样。
MiniVol美国airmetrics便携式PM2.5采样器应用领域：
环境监测，科学研究，高校，TSP(总悬浮颗粒)，PM10、PM2.5(可吸入颗粒)采样，汽车排放和交通影响研究，健康与劳动防护，工业卫生。
MiniVol美国airmetrics便携式PM2.5采样器技术说明：
：可靠的双头隔膜泵能进行1000小时不停工作，无电刷直流电马达，最大流量10&升/分钟。
材　　　质：外壳采用聚丙烯共聚物，采样器的控制面板为前门式，便于操作。
外 形 尺寸：&&19.75&x12&x18&。
记　时　器：电池可支持7天进行程序工作，每天可进行多达6次采样。
滤　　　纸：47毫米纤维滤膜(仅用于称重)，47毫米Teflon滤膜(用于重量和无机化学分析)，47毫米石英滤膜(用于重量和无机化学分析)。
分　离　器：易于取出清洗。
电 气 系统：&&恒流控制电路，可变流量调节交/直流操作，记时器，低电池低流量显示及自动关闭。
电　　　池：携带方便，配备2个高容量锂电池，一用一备。每个电池可连续使用60小时，充电时间为6小时。
配套滤膜及校正组件（可选）：
1. 纤维滤膜：直径47&mm&，50个/盒（重量分析用）
2. 石英滤膜：直径47&mm&，100个/盒（重量及有机化学分析用）
3. 铁氟龙滤膜：直径47&mm&，50个/盒（重量及无机化学分析用）
4. 校正组件，带数字压力
MiniVol美国airmetrics便携式PM2.5采样器国内主要客户：
1、国家气象局（15台）&
2、上海石化环境监测中心&
3、复旦大学&
4、同济大学&
5、厦门大学&
6、中国矿业大学&
7、兰州大学&
8、上海大学&
9、上海浦东环境监测站&
10、新疆农业大学&
11、福建环境监测中心站&
12、咸阳市环保局&
13、香港环境保护署&
14、USEPA(美国环保总署)USDA(美国农业部)US&ARMY(美国军方)
15、中国地质科学院
以上仅为我们采样器的一部分客户。&
美国EPA鼓励美国州一级和地方的空气监测部门使用非参比方法的小型便携式采样器，做多点的短期污染监测研究。&
Airmetrics这款仪器的设计理念是&Saturate&&，即在一个地区广泛使用操作简单、相对低成本的过滤采样器，来评估高污染地区和正在开发的区域内的空气质量。
使用&Airmetrics采样器的附加数据，帮助当地的空气污染控制部门评估他们的监测网是否能达到EPA颁布的40CFR&Part&58条的规定范围。
广泛的布点监测还能够构画出污染浓度的空间分布图，或借助于接收模型估算出污染源的贡献。
MiniVol美国airmetrics便携式PM2.5采样器
100-000-T5-1
便携式PM10采样器 Minivol PM10
可用于PM10
100-000-T5-2
便携式PM2.5采样器Minivol PM2.5　
可用于PM2.5，PM10
纤维滤膜（直径47 mm）
50个/盒，用于重量分析用
石英滤膜（直径47 mm）
100个/盒，用于重量及有机化学分析
铁氟龙滤膜（直径47 mm）
50个/盒，用于重量及无机化学分析
野外校正组件
带数字压力计
采样头组件
PM10切割头
PM2.5切割头
充电锂电池
电源适配器
通用安装支架
特氟龙滤膜
野外校正组件
PM2.5&Sampling Procedures
For PM2.5&sampling the following changes must be made to the filter holder:
Ensure that the multiple impactor adapter with the PM10&impactor (silver) is installed on top of the preseparator assembly, while the PM2.5&impactor (gold) is installed in the preseparator assembly.
Clean and lubricate the EMT (Easy Maintenance Target) every 5 sampling periods. The EMT may need to be cleaned more or less frequently depending on the degree of soiling.
After the sampler has been assembled, calibrated, verified to be in proper working order, and a filter loaded in the filter holder assembly, set flow rate adjustment in accordance with procedures as shown in the Operation Manual.
Follow all other procedures in the Operation Manual, noting that PM2.5&is being sampled rather than PM10&and TSP.
PM10&Sampling Procedures
For PM10&sampling, follow the steps below:
Ensure that the PM10&impactor (silver) is installed in the preseparator assembly. The multiple impactor adaptor is not needed, nor is the PM2.5&impactor (gold).
Clean and lubricate the EMT (Easy Maintenance Target) every 5 sampling periods. The EMT may need to be cleaned more or less frequently depending on the degree of soiling.
After the sampler has been assembled, calibrated, verified to be in proper working order, and a filter loaded in the filter holder assembly, set flow rate adjustment in accordance with procedures as shown in the Operation Manual.
Follow all other procedures in the Operation Manual, noting that PM10&is being sampled.
TSP Sampling Procedures
For TSP sampling, the following changes must be made to the filter holder:
Remove the impactor(s) from the preseparator assembly and multi remove the adapter.
Clean the cap and preseparator assembly every 5 sampling periods, or more frequently if soiling is observed.
After the sampler has been assembled, calibrated, verified to be in proper working order, and a filter loaded in the filter holder assembly, set flow rate adjustment in accordance with procedures as shown in the Operation Manual.
Follow all other procedures in the Operation Manual, noting that TSP is being sampled.
technical specifications 技术规格
Double-diaphragm with laminar flow valve technology
Rated for 10,000 hours continuous operation
Ironless core motor with precious metal commutation
Flow range 0-10 LPM
Polypropylene copolymer weatherproof sampler case
Dimensions: 10& x 12& x 7&
Weight: less than 10 lbs. fully configured
All in one transport case
Dimensions: 19.75& x 12& x 18&
Weight: less than 40 lbs. with all accessories
Programmable 7-day timer with battery backup
Up to six sample periods per day
Pre-separator/Cassette Filter Holder Assembly
Non-directional louvered inlet design
Easily removed for cleaning
Standard 47mm filter holder
Nominal 10 micron or 2.5 micron &cut-point& at 5 liters/minute sample rate
Electronics
Constant flow control circuit
AC or DC operation
Variable flow adjustment
Elapsed time totalizer
Low battery indicator and shut-off
Low flow rate indicator and shutoff
Battery Pack
Litium Ion batteries
14.8V / 118 Watt Hours
1.2 amp external battery charger
Full recharge in less than 6 hours
Troubleshooting 故障排除
This section identifies common problems and the action necessary to correct them.
The flowmeter will not zero when a leak check is performed.
Prior to every sample run with the pump running, check for leaks by removing the inlet assembly and covering the quick connect inlet with palm of the hand or a finger. The flowmeter should drop to zero. If not, a leak is present. Check all tubings and fittings for cracks and tightness. Check the pump nozzle connections and the flowmeter for cracks.
NOTE: when checking the fittings for tightness DO NOT use a wrench or other tool to tighten these connections. These fittings are made to be finger tightened. If a leak persists after finger tightening, replace the fitting.
A pump nozzle fitting has broken off.
Jam a small Phillips head screwdriver or tip of penknife blade into hole of broken fitting and turn out counterclockwise.
The charger light on top of battery fails to light when charger is plugged in.
The charging LED on the top of the battery should light briefly even if the battery is already fully charged. If the LED fails to light, either the transformer is defective, the battery is defective, or the battery charger board inside the battery case needs to be replaced.
1) Switch the transformer to the second battery pack. If the LED on this pack fails to light, the transformer is probably defective. If you have a second sampler, use the transformer from that sampler to charge the batteries.
2) Disassemble the battery case using a Phillips screwdriver and connect the battery charger board to another battery. If the same condition results, the battery charger board is defective. If the battery LED lights and the new battery charges, the previous battery is defective.
The battery charger light on the battery top does not turn off after overnight charge.
The battery may be defective, as indicated by the charger light remaining on &high charge& (i.e., the battery fails to hold the charge and the charger continues to charge). Connect a new battery to the battery charger board. If the same condition results, the charger board is defective. If the light turns off, the previous battery is defective.
Battery voltage is less than 12 volts after charging or the battery will not power the sampler for a 24hr run.
1) Check the battery by connecting a volt-ohm meter (VOM) to the negative and positive battery terminals located on either side of the battery charger light (the negative terminal is odd colored and located next to the sampler catch). If there is no voltage or the VOM readings are intermittent, check that the terminals on the battery cover are tight. If not, see next step.
2) If there is still a voltage problem , remove the battery pack top using a Phillips screwdriver and look for loose connections. The battery charger board should be securely clamped to the banana jacks and connected securely to the battery. Tighten and clean any connections if corroded. Check the battery charging jack for a snug fit with the charging transformer plug. Connect the meter directly to the internal battery terminals. If there is still no or low voltage, see step 3.
NOTE: if loose or corroded connections were found make sure the battery has received a full charge before proceeding with the next step.
3) Even if the VOM meter indicates the correct voltage, perform the following check. Connect a 12-volt light ( such as a automobile headlight ) to the battery to simulate a load. Monitor the battery voltage while connected to the simulated load. The battery voltage should drop and stabilize somewhere between 11.5 and 12 volts. When the simulated load is disconnected the voltage should return to approximately 12.5 volts (within &0.2 volt). If the battery fails to stabilize or does not recover to about 12.5 volts, the battery is most likely defective.
NOTE: make sure when performing these tests the battery is charged and disconnected from the transformer.
The flow rate cannot be accurately adjusted using the Flow Rate Adjustment.
The pump valves and diaphragms are dirty or worn and need cleaning or replacing (see Section 7, Maintenance, &Cleaning/Replacing Pump Valves and Diaphragms&).
The flowmeter will not register a high flow rate ( 6 l/m or above). There is no apparent restriction or leak in the plumbing.
The pump valves and diaphragms are dirty or worn and need cleaning or replacing (see Section 7, Maintenance, &Cleaning/Replacing Pump Valves and Diaphragms&).
Bags do not fill consistently or significant adjustments to frequency have minimal effect.
Solenoid valve is leaking. The performance of the solenoid valve can be determined by placing a clear piece of tube from the outlet fitting into a few inches of water and watching for any back flow of water into the tube between pulses. If any backflow is present , check that the fittings are tight. If the problem persists, contact Airmetrics.
Accessories/Consumables
For proper operation of the MiniVol&, TAS several consumables and accessories are needed or recommended. All of the following are available through Airmetrics.
Impactor Grease
The EMT (Easy Maintenance Impactor) should be cleaned and re-greased after every fifth run or more often if heavy soiling is observed. Airmetrics offers a 60gm tube of Glisseal Ht impactor grease.
Tedlar Bags&
Original MiniVol& samplers with gas ability feature six liter Tedlar bags in their collection canisters. Manufactured at Airmetrics, the bags can become damaged during repeated sampling use and may need replacement.
For particulate sampling, the MiniVol& uses 47mm filters to collect particulate matter. Filters should be weighed pre- and post-exposure with a microbalance accurate to one microgram. Airmetrics offers the following types of filters:
Fiber Film Filter - Teflon-coated glass, ideal for gravimetric analysis
Pure Quartz Filter - Recommended if chemical analysis for carbon based compounds will follow gravimetric analysis
Pure Teflon Filter - Recommended if chemical analysis for non-carbon based compounds will follow gravimetric analysis
To complement use of the MiniVol& samplers, Airmetrics also offers filter weighing services.
Petrislides&
Petrislides, plastic cassettes for shipping and storage of filters, are offered by Airmetrics in conjunction with the above filters.
Telescoping Hoisting Pole for Lifting Samplers
This pole allows the user to lift the sampler from the ground to its sampling site, up to 10 feet above ground. Siting the sampler can thus occur without using a ladder.
Tripod Assembly for Remote Locations
The tripod assembly allows the user to site the sampler in remote areas or on roof tops where no other mounting equipment exists.
Sampler Features
The&Standard PM-2.5 MiniVol& TAS includes:
1 Pump Module
2 PM-2.5 Impactors
2 PM-10 Impactors
2 Multiple Impactor Adapters
2 Louvered Inlets
2 Filter Holder Assemblies
2 Li-ion Battery Packs
1 Battery Charger
1 Universal Mounting Bracket
1 All-Weather Transport Case
Rental MiniVol& TAS Services
Airmetrics owns and maintains a small fleet of rental samplers for consultant use or for new customers to get acquainted with the MiniVol& TAS. Rental samplers are available on a first-come/first-serve basis with a one-month minimum rental required. Contact Airmetrics for pricing.
Calibration Services
Airmetrics also offers Calibration Services for purchased MiniVols, FRM orifices, and the MiniFlow orifice (used to calibrate the MiniVol&). Airmetrics can also calibrate other flow auditing devices. All calibrated equipment comes with a calibration curve traceable to NIST. Contact Airmetrics for pricing.
Filter Weighing Services
In addition to supplying consumables and accessories for sampler use, Airmetrics offers a 47mm Filter Weighing Service to complement use of the MiniVol& TAS and other types of air sampling equipment. We carry three types of filters (Fiber Film, Pure Quartz, and Pure T others may be special ordered), Contact Airmetrics for pricing.
Calibration and Auditing Procedures
Before a monitoring program is undertaken, all sampling and analysis equipment must be properly calibrated. Careful, accurate calibrations of sampling instrumentation and associated equipment provide the backbone for any monitoring network. Performing periodic audits is a way to ensure the integrity and assess the accuracy of sampling data.
The following presents calibration and auditing procedures specific to the MiniVol sampler, which is designed to operate at an actual total flow of 5.0 liters per minute (L/min), and the MiniFlo transfer standard, calibrated over the appropriate flow range.
Field Calibration Kits
Each kit includes a digital or analog manometer, one calibration orifice, a louvered inlet, tubing, a sturdy all-weather case and a calibration curve traceable to NIST.
Calibration Orifices
Available for either FRM equipment or MiniVol& samplers, the orifices are ideal for either initial calibrations or field audits.
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