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2012届高考英语module 4 book 5第一轮复习学案
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2012届高考英语module 4 book 5第一轮复习学案
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, 15 March 2016, Pages 254–273
Fast estimation of combustion metrics in DI diesel engines for control-oriented applications, , ,
IC Engines Advanced Laboratory, Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, c.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy&Low-throughput semi-empirical models to estimate combustion metrics in diesel engines.&Low-throughput approach to set fuel injected quantities to a given torque target in engines.&Models implemented and validated under steady-state and transient conditions.&A low computational time of the order of 0.2&0.3 ms is required.&Brake mean effective pressure is accurately predicted (error of the order of 0.3 bar).The present work has been focused on the development of low-throughput semi-empirical models to predict the peak firing pressure, indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean effective pressure in direct injection diesel engines. The models have been calibrated and assessed on a 1.6L GM Euro 6 diesel engine, on the basis of the results of experimental tests conducted at a dynamic test bench at GMPT-E (General Motors Powertrain-Europe). Model validation was carried out over &New European Driving Cycle& and &Worldwide Harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure& missions. The performance of the semi-empirical models has been compared, in terms of prediction accuracy, robustness, inversion efficiency and computational expense, with that of a previously developed real-time physical combustion model. The thus developed semi-empirical models are characterized by a very low computational effort, and are therefore suitable for the development of innovative feed-forward control algorithms in the Engine Control Unit.KeywordsSemi-empirical model; Torque control; Combustion metrics; Diesel engine
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No articles found.倒装句在中学英语教材中反复出现?本文就中学生应掌握的有关倒装句的知识作了比较系统的归纳?希望同学们能系统地掌握这方面的知识。一般来说，倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。有的倒装是因为语法需要而出现的，有的倒装则是因为结构平衡的需要而出现的。一、全部倒装1．以here，there，now，then开头的句子,谓语动词要放在句子的主语之前。这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：Herecomesthetrain！Theregoesthebell！注意：如果句子的主语是人称代词，则不能使用倒装结构。如：Hereitcomes！／Thereitgoes！2．有些动词短语以副词out，in，up，down，away等结尾，构成不及物动词短语。这时，为了使句子更形象，常将这些副词提前到句首。这时，句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面，构成全部倒装。（注意，这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词，也不能使用倒装结构。）如：Upwenttherocket．Upitwent．3．为了强调表示地点的介词短语，常将这个介词短语放在句首，构成全部倒装。注意，这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如：Inthefrontofthelecturehallsatthespeaker．4．表语置于句首，且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如：Gonearethedayswhenwehadnothingtoeat．5．so／neither／nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so／neither／nor＋助动词／系动词／情态动词＋主语”（so表示肯定意义，neither／nor表示否定意义）。如：Shehasfinishedherhomework，sohasherbrother．Shehasn’tgonethere，neither／norhashe．但如果so表示强调，即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时，其结构是“so＋主语＋助动词／系动词／情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如：SheknowslittleEnglish，soshedoes．她英语懂得不多。她的确如此。二．部分倒装1．用于疑问句中。如：Howdidyoudothat？Didyouseethefilmyesterday？2．用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略，应把were，had，should提到主语前面。如：Ifyouhadcomeyesterday，youwouldhaveseenhim．→Hadyoucomeyesterday，youwouldhaveseenhim．3．用于as引导的让步状语从句中。as引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式：1)副词置于句首。如：MuchasIlikeit(＝AlthoughIlikeitverymuch),Iwillnotbuyit．2)动词原形置于句首。如?Waitasyoumay(＝Althoughyoumaywait),hewillnotseeyou．3)形容词或名词置于句首。如：Proudasthenoblesare(＝Althoughthenoblesareproud),theyareafraidtoseeme．Childasheis(＝Althoughheisachild),hecantellrightfromwrong．注意：如果名词前有形容词修饰时，as引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如：Abad-temperedmanasheis(＝Althoughheisabad-temperedman),helovesmedeeply．4．具有否定意义的副词或连词(not，hardly，nosooner,notuntil,seldom，notonce，atnotime，never，little等)置于句首时，句子（主句）采用部分倒装。如：Littledoweknowabouthim．Nosoonerhadheclosedhiseyesthanhefellasleep．SeldomdoeshecomebackonSundays．NotuntilhecamebackdidIknowaboutit．5．only修饰句子的状语（从句）位于句首时，句子（主句）要用部分倒装。如：OnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceofEnglish．Onlywhenachildgrowsupdoesheunderstandhisparents’intentions．但如果only修饰的是句子的其它成分，则无需倒装。如：OnlysocialismcansaveChina．(only修饰的是句子的主语，故仍用正常语序。)6．notonly…butalso…连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句应使用部分倒装。如：Notonlydoeshedowellinhislessons,butalsoheoftenhelpsotherswiththeirlessons．7．so…that结构中的倒装。有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词，常将so连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时，主句要用倒装结构。如：Herunssofastthatheisfaraheadofothers．→Sofastdoesherunthatheisfaraheadofothers．Heissocleverthathecanworkoutallthedifficultproblemsinthebook．→Socleverishethathecanworkoutallthedifficultproblemsinthebook．（全部倒装）当主语在谓语前出现时叫顺序（thenaturalorder）。在某些情况下，我们可以把谓语成分放在主语前面，这种词序叫做倒装（theinvertedorder）。倒装分两种：配合语法条例的倒装，叫“grammaticalinversion”；配合强调语势的叫“emphaticinversion”。语法上的倒装句是强制性的，包括下列7种：⒈疑问句，如：●Canyoudoit?●Howoldareyou?●Whendidyouknowhim?●Whydidyouelecthimascaptain?●Whichoftheseapplesdoyouprefer?但疑问代词做主语时，不必倒置，如：●WhoisyourEnglishteacher?●Whathappenedlastnight?⒉表示“愿望”的句子，如：●MayGodblessyou.●Longlivetheking!⒊“There”引导的句子，如：●Therearemanycarsontheroad.●Therestandsomebigtreesneartheriver.●Thereisasecurityguardoutsidethebank.⒋感叹句，如：●Howbeautifulthefloweris!●Whatasmartboyyouare!⒌有连接词“so,neither,nor”的句子，如：●TsocanI.●Shecan'neithercanhe.●JnorhaveI.⒍省略连词“if”的条件副词分句，如：●WereIyou,Iwouldnotdosuchathing.●Shouldthemachinebreakdownagain,senditbacktous.●Hadyouworkedharder,youwouldhavepassed.⒎“as,however”连接的让步副词分句，如：●Smallasthepenis,itisapowerfulweapon.●Howeverbusyyouare,youshouldspendsometimereadingZaobaoweekly.谈过了语法上的倒装句，现在谈强调的倒装句。●NeverhaveIseensuchawickedman.●Onnoaccountmustthisemployeeberemoved.●NotuntilhetoldmehadIheardanythingofit.●NosoonerhadIleftthantheraincame.●Upjumpedthepuppy.●IncameJohn.●Downfelltherottenbranchesfromthetree.●Outcameawomanandhermaid.
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