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八年级上单词短语
第一单元 考点扫描: 一)习惯用语: watch TV 看电视 go to the movies 去看电影 on weekends 在周末 hardly ever 几乎不 how often 多久一次 once a week 一周一次 twice a month 一月两次do homework 做家庭作业 the result of……的结果 as for 至于,对于 junk food 垃圾食品 be good/bad for 对…有益/害 eating habits 饮食习惯 try to do sth.尽力做某事 lots of=a lot of 许多 of course/Sure 当然 come home from school 从学校来到家 look after=take care of 照看;照顾 a healthy lifestyle 一种健康的生活方式 be the same as…和…相同 be different from…和…不同 want to do sth.想要做某事 want sb. to do sth.想要某人做某事 make a big difference 有很大不同 keep healthy = stay healthy keep in good health =keep fit 保持健康 surf the Internet 上网 get good grades 取得好成绩 [pre] [/pre][pre]二)重点句型: 1.What does she do on weekends? 她在周末常干什么?2.She often goes to the movies. 她经常去看电影。 3.I watch TV every day. 我每天都看电视。 4.We often surf the Internet. 我们经常上网。 5.I read English books about twice a week. 我大约一周两次看英 语书。 6.I shop once a month. 我每月购物一次。 7.She says it‘s good for my health. 她说这对我的健康有利。 8.How often do you eat junk food? 你多久一次吃垃圾食品? 9.I look after my health. 我照看我的健康。 10.My eating habits are pretty good. 我的饮食习惯相当好。 三)交际用语: What do you usually do on weekends? I usually play soccer. What do they do on weekends? They often go to the movies. What does he do on weekends? He sometimes watches TV. How often do you shop? I shop once a month. How often does Cheng watch TV? He watches TV twice a week. 词语点击:1.exercise: [′eks?saiz] 1)作可数名词用,D练习,习题,体操,功课,操练‖等,常用复数。 I'm doing my exercises.我在做练习/功课。 Doing morning exercises is helpful to our health. 做早操对我们的健康是有益的。 2)作不可数名词用,D锻炼,运动‖。 You are weak because of the lack of exercise.你身体弱是因为 缺少锻炼。 Take more exercise,and you will be healthy.多多锻炼,你会健康 的。 3)作动词用,D训练,锻炼‖。 You must exercise yourself in order to be stronger and healthi er. 为了更健康更强壮,你必须锻炼自己。 You don't exercise enough.你锻炼不够。z作不及物动词{ 作动词用还有D履行职责,行使全力‖等意思。 You must exercise your own duty.你必须履行你自己的职责。 2.hardly: [′h:dli] 1)副词 adv.hardly 是&几乎不&, hard 也可是副词,D努力地,猛烈地 ‖ 2)hardly 是位于句首时,句子要用倒装.如:[/pre] Hardly did I believe what you said. 我几乎不相信你说的话. Hardly did I arrive at the railway station when the train started. 我一到火车站,火车就开走了. 3)句子中有 hardly 时,其反意疑问句的疑问部分应该用肯定形式. 如: He can hardly understand it ,can he ? 他几乎听不懂,是吗?hardly ever 很少(几乎从不,难得) 例句与用法: My grandfather loves his island. He hardly ever sets foot in the city. 我祖父热爱他那个小岛,他几乎从不进城来。 He hardly ever (very seldom) goes to bed before midnight. 他很少在午夜以前就寝. (同学们要记住:早睡早起是“一”个好习惯啦! Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.)3.ever: [′ev?] ever 用作副词,意为D曾经、以前‖ Did you ever see the UFO?你还见到过飞碟? When you were working there, you ever meet a foreigner? did 你在那里工作时曾见过外国人吗?4.once: [w?ns]1)副词 adv. 一次 I have been there once.我到过那儿一次。 I see them once every two months.我每两个月与他们见一 次面。 2) 连接词 conj.一旦,一经...便 Once you get into a bad habit, you'll find it hard to get out of i t. 一旦染上坏习惯,想改掉就难了。5.twice: [twais] 副词 adv.:两次,两回; 两倍。 He comes to work twice a week. 他每周来上两次班。 The dining-room is twice as big as the kitchen. 餐厅是厨房的两 倍大。6.active: [′?ktiv] 形容词 adj.活跃的;活泼的 Mrs. Brown is over 80 and not very active now. 布朗太太已八十多岁,现在不大活动了。 提示:active 的名词形式为 activity,意为D活动‖。7.about: [?′baut] 1)副词 adv.大约;几乎 John is about the same age as Tom. 仿。 2)介词 prep. 关于,对于 My mother often spoke to me about you. 家母过去常和我谈 起你。 约翰和汤姆的年龄相8.milk: [milk] 1)名词 n.乳; 牛奶(不可数名词) You have to keep watching to prevent the milk from boiling over. 你要看住, 不要让牛奶溢出来。 2)动词 v. & vi.产奶; 挤奶 The cow is milking heavily.这头奶牛出奶率很高。9.drink: [dri?k] 1)动词 vt. & vi.喝(酒), 饮 I don't drink and I've never played cards.我不喝酒, 也从不打牌。 2)名词 n.既可做可数名词,又可作不可数名词 He likes a drink when he returns home from work. 他喜欢下班回家后喝一杯酒。 food and drink 食物和饮料10.health: [helθ] 名词 n. 1)健康 Smoking does harm to health. 吸烟有损健康。 2.)健康状况 She is in poor health.她身体不好。 拓展:health 的形容词为 healthy,healthy 的比较级为 healthier 最高 级为 healthiest,反义词为 unhealthy。11.habit: [@h? bit][/pre][pre] 名词 n. 习惯, 习性。Habit cures habit. [谚]新习惯可以改掉旧习惯。 be in / have a habit of (doing sth.) 惯于, 有某种习惯 His uncle has a bad habit of smoking.他的叔叔有一种抽烟的坏习惯。 12.try: 1)动词 v.tried(过去式) trying(现在分词)tries(单数第三人称形 式)试图,努力;努力做或完成(某事)tried to ski.试着滑冰 2)名 词 n.尝试,常用于短语 have a try,等于 have a go 【拓展】try on 试穿(衣帽等)try one's best to do sth.尽最大力量 做某事13.same:[seim][/pre][pre] 形容词 adj.:同一的 I live in the same house as he.我跟他同住一所房子。 反义词为 different。Same 常与 the 连用,常见短语有: almost the same 几乎一样 the same as 和……一样 This is the same skirt that she was wearing a year ago. 这就是她一年前穿的那条裙子。14.different: [@dif?r?nt]形容词 adj.1) 不同的[(+from)] Their school is different from ours. 他们的学校与我们的不同。 That is quite a different matter. 那完全是另一码事 2. )各种的 The delegates come from different parts of the world. 代表们来自世界各地。 [pre]它的名词形式为 difference,形容词为 differently.15.although: [?:l′??u] 连接词 conj.1)尽管, 虽然[/pre][pre]Although my car is very old, it s till runs very well. 我的汽车虽然很旧, 但仍然跑得很快[/pre][pre]2) 然而:I did not know that, although I learned it 【小提示】许多同学都知道,英语习惯上不能将汉语中的D虽然……但 是……‖直译为 although/though… but…。这两个词不能连用。如: 她虽然很穷,但没有失去她的尊严。 误:Although she is very poor, but she has not lost her dignity. 正:Although she is very poor, she has not lost her dignity. 正:She is very poor, but she has not lost her dignity. 16.keep [ki:p]动词 v.:保持;使……保持某种状态。首先这是一个系动 词,后接形容词做表语, 其次本词也是实义动词,无论后面的动词是作宾语或宾语补足语,都用 动词-ing 形式。例如: We kept working in the fields in spite of the rain.[/pre][pre]尽管 下雨,我们还是坚持在地里干活。【拓展】keep 构成的一些短语 keep (sb.) away (from sth.)(使)某人离开(某物)keep sb. from doin g sth. 阻止某人做某事阻止,妨碍;控制住[(+from)] (例如;Robbie couldn't keep the child from crying. 罗比没法使孩子不大叫大哭。)]keep sth. in mind 记住(某事 物)keep back 忍住(眼泪),扣下,隐瞒 keep in touch with 与…… 保持联系 keep (on) doing sth. 继续做某事 keep off 远离,避开,让 开 keep up 保持(不低落),继续[/pre][pre]keep up with 跟上,不 落在后面17.must[m?st]情态动词 modal v. 1)(表示必要、命令或强制)必须,得 You mustn't talk like that.你可不能这样说话。 You must do as you are told.你必须遵嘱行事。 We must be home by six. 我们必须在六点以前回家。2) (表示肯定的推测)一定,谅必,八成 This must be your room.这一定是你的房间了。 He must be eighty now.他现在八成有八十岁 【注意】must 还可以用来询问对方的意见,否定回答不用 mustn‘t,要 用 needn‘t 或 don‘t have to,意思是D不必‖。 ――Must I hand in the homework today?我必须今天交家庭作业 吗? ――No,you don‘t have to/neednt.不,你不必。18.less:[les] 1)形容词 adj. (little 的比较级)较小的,较少的[+than] He has less strength than I. 他力气比我小。 2)副词 adv. (little 的比较级)较小地,较少地;不如[+than] Thunderstorms are much less common in Ireland than in Englan d. 爱尔兰的雷雨远较英格兰为少 Little 的最高级为 least,其后加不可数名词,与 little,less,least 相对应的 反义词分别是 much,more,most. 【拓展】 -less 后缀 1.(附在动词或名词之后的形容词词尾)表示&无&,&没有&(如: useless, ho meless) 2. (附在动词或名词之后的形容词词尾)表示&不能&(如:tireless 孜孜不倦 的) be tireless in teaching 诲人不倦火眼金睛:1.“多久”一相逢: How often do you visit your grandparents? Twicce a month. 你多久去看一次你的(外)祖父母?每月两次。how oftenD多久一次‖用来引导特殊疑问句, 询问事情发生的频率。 常用 once a week,twice a month 等来回答。例如: ――How often do you go swimming? ――Once a week. 【拓展】 how longD多长‖,用来询问时间(对一段时间提问)或物体的长度。how farD多远‖,用来询问距离。 how soonD多久以后‖, 对以Din+一段时间‖进行提问, 常用于一般将来 时。2.“兴趣”知多少? I'm interested in the (interesting) book. 我对这本(有意思的)书感兴趣。 1)-ing 形容词 这类形容词可做定语或表语。做表语时,主语通常是事物,表示D令 人……的‖。例如: exciting 令人兴奋的 surprising 令人惊奇的 borin g 令人讨厌的 2)-ed 形容词 这类形容词常做表语,且主语是人,表示D(人)感到……的‖。例 如: excited 感到兴奋的 surprised 感到惊奇的 bored 感到厌烦的3.如何“示”好: be good for…意为D对……有益/有好处‖。例如: Reading books is good for us.开卷有益 【 拓展】 be good at 意为D善于,擅长‖,后接名词、代词或动名词。 be good to 意为D对……友好‖,一般后接表示人的名词。 be good with 意为D与……相处得好‖ 题例:Are you good_____ sports and good _____ children? A.for,with B.at,with C.to,at D.at,for 【剖析】本句意为D你擅长于运动并能与孩子们相处得好吗?‖,故答案 选 B.4.“帮助”得法: help sb.(to) do sth.意为D帮助某人做某事‖,to 也可省略。Help 还可用 于短语 help sb. with sth.中,也意为D帮助某人做某事‖。例如: Would you please help me (to) finish this task? Can you help me with this task? 两句意思都是:D你能帮我完成这 项任务吗?‖ 【拓展】 can't help doing sth.意为D情不自禁地做某事‖。例如: We can't help laughing after hearing the story. 听完这个故事以后,我们情不自禁地笑了。 但是:This book can't help to solve this problem.(黄冈中学预录题) (这本书不能帮助解决这个难题。)则是 help (us)to do sth.的否定形 式,不在此例。5.“经常”连连串: 频率副词的用法: always>usually>often>sometimes>seldom(极少) >hardly ever >never 等频率副词用来表示某一动作或状态发生的频率。注意;它们 可是按降幂排列的哦! 1)频率副词用于一般现在时,它们常位于行为动词之前,be 动词、情 态动词及助动词之后,加强语气时放在句首。 2)对它们提问时用 how often. 【拓展】 hardly ever,never 分别是否定意义的词组和副词, 变反意疑问 句时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如: He hardly ever watches TV,do es he?第二单元一)习惯用语: have a headache (患)头痛 have a sore back 背痛 have a (bad) cold (重)感冒 have a sore throat 喉咙痛 lie down 躺下 have a stomachache 肚子痛 hot tea with honey 加有蜂蜜的热茶 see a dentist 看牙医 two days ago 两天前 have a fever 发烧 be stressed out 紧张的 listen to music 听音乐 for example 例如 No problem 没问题 too much + 不可数名词 much too +形/副 太多的…实在太…too many + 可数名词复数 太多的… a balanced diet 平衡饮食 have a rest 休息 a few + 可数名词复数 少许… a little + 不可数名词/形/副 一点…at the moment=now 此时,此刻 host family 寄宿家庭 good idea 好主意 [pre]yang foods 阳性食物 healthy food 健康食品conversation practice 对话练习 a lot of 很多[/pre][pre] [/pre][pre]二)重点句型: 1. I have a sore throat. 我喉咙痛。[/pre] 2. Maybe you should see a dentist. 也许你应该看看牙医。 3. You should eat hot yang foods, like beef . 你应该吃热的阳性食品,像牛肉。 4. I‘m stressed out. 我压力太大。 5. It‘s important to eat a balanced diet. 平衡饮食很重要。 6. You should eat fruit and other healthy food. 你应该吃水果和其它的健康食品。 7. You should lie down and rest. 你应该躺下来休息。 8. I like to listen to music. 我喜欢听音乐。 9. I really need some conversation practice. 我的确需要一些对话 练习。 10.I have a lot of headaches. 我头痛得很厉害。 11.What‘s the matter (with you )? (你)怎么啦? I‘m not feeling well. 我感觉不舒服。 12.That‘s a good idea. 好主意。 13.I hope you feel better soon. 我希望你尽快好起来。三)交际用语: ――What's the matter? dea. ――I have a headache.――You should drink some tea. ―― That sounds like a good i ――I have a sore back .――That's too bad. I hope you feel bett er soon.四)主题写作: 谈论健康、并能给人提一些养生的建议。词语点击: 1.matter: [′m?t?] 1)名词 n. ① 事情;问题;事件[C] It was a matter of life and death for them.这事对他们来说是生死 攸关。 ② 麻烦事,毛病[the S][(+with)] What is the matter with this car?这辆汽车出了什么毛病? 2)不及物动词 vi. ①(常用于否定句和疑问句)有关系,要紧。 All these things do not matter now.所有这一切现在都无关紧要了。 ②It does not matter(if…)(即使……也)不要紧 例如: When talking about fighting battles, Comrade Liu Bocheng often quotes a Sichuan proverb &It does not matter if it is a yellow cat or a black cat, as long as it catches mice.& 刘伯承同志经常讲一句四川话: D黄猫、 黑猫, 只要捉住老鼠就是好猫。 ‖ 这是说的打仗 2.back: [b? k] 1)名词 n.① 背脊,背部[C] Someone patted me on the back. 有人在我背上轻轻地拍了一下。②后部[the S][(+of)] Grandpa and grandma sat in the back of the car. 爷爷和奶奶坐在汽车后排的座位上。 2)副词 adv..在原处;回原处 Joan and I walked back to the college.我和琼步行回到学校。 形容词 adj. [Z]后面的,后部的 He sat in the back seat of the car. 他坐在车子后面的座位上。3.rest:[rest] 1)不及物动词 vi. 休息;睡;安息,长眠[(+from)] Mrs. Whitman rests with her husband. 惠特曼太太与先生长眠一 处。 2) 及物动词 vt. 使休息;使安息;使轻松 The doctor tried to rest his patient's mind at ease. 医生设法让病人安下心来。 3) 名词 n. 剩余部分;其余的人;其余 The rest of the eggs have gone bad. 其余的鸡蛋都变质了。4.ago: [?′g?u] 副词 adv. 在...以前,要置于一段时间之后,不可单独使用,指从现在看 一段时间以前。 We visited France about three years ago. 我们大约三年前去法国 游玩过。5.so: [s?u] 1)副词 adv. 这么,那么;【口】多么,非常 I'm so pleased to see you. 看到你我真高兴。 2)连接词 conj. 因此,所以,它不能与 because 连用。 The monitor was ill so I went in his place 班长病了所以我代他 去。 3)如此,这样,为了避免重复前面所说过的内容,可与 believe,do,ex pect,hope,think 等表示看法、意见的动词及 I'm afraid 连用。例如: ――I think the weather will be fine. ――I think so. 6.illness: [′ilnis] 名词 n. 患病(状态);身体不适 During his illness, John stayed indoors.约翰在生病期间足不出户。 它是由形容词 ill+名词后缀-ness 构成,其同义词为 sickness. 【拓展】类似的词有: carelessness 粗心;happiness 幸福;darkness 黑暗;kindness 好意7.stress:[stres] 1)名词 n. 压力;紧张;压迫[C][(+on)] Susan was completely weighed down by the stress of examina tions. 苏珊被考试的压力压垮了 2)及物动词 vt.加压力于;使紧张 The weight of snow stressed the roof to the point of collapsing. 雪的重量压得屋顶快要塌了。 3)be stressed out 意为D有压力的,紧张的‖。 Susan was so stressed out that she needed to relax herself. 苏珊太紧张了,她需要放松自己。8.way: [wei] 名词 n. ①路,通路,道路[C] Can you show me the way to the Post Office? 你能否告诉我去 邮局的路? ②路程,距离[the S] It's a long way to the railroad station.到火车站路程很远。 ③方法,方式[C][ (+to-v)] Scientists are trying to find ways to prevent disease. 科学家们正试图找到防 ④方向 Come this way,please.请这边来。 【短语】1)on the/one'sway (to)…在去某地的路上。例如: On the way to the airport,they hear the report. 在去机场的路上,他们听到了这个报道。 in many/some ways 在许多/一些方面.例如; In some ways you are right.在某些方面你是对的。 【拓展】 believe, think, supposed 等词的宾语从句若要表示否定意义, 需否定转移,即否定主句的谓语动词。例如: I don't think he could do that in that way.我相信他不会那样做。9.weak:[wi:k] 形容词 adj. 弱的,虚弱的;衰弱的, 它的名词形式为 weakness,同音词为 week(星期) She is still weak after her long illness. 久病之后她仍很虚弱。 10.angry:[′??gri] 形容词 adj.愤怒的,生气的,其副词形式为 angrily. 1)be angry with sb.生某人的气;2)be angry at sth.因某事生气。 例如: I was angry with him for keeping me waiting. 我对他很生气,因为他让我等了好久。 What are you angry at?你因何事生气? The man left the room angrily.那个人生气地离开了房间。11.medicine: [′medisin] 名词 n. 药,内服药(不可数名词) Why did the patient refuse to take the medicine? 那个病人为什么不肯服药? 其形容词为 medical 医学的、医疗的 The soldiers at front needed medical care greatly.前线的士兵急需 医护。 D吃药‖要用动词 take 或 have,不要用 eat 或 drink. Please take this medicine.请把这些药吃了。12.western: [′west?n] 西方的;来自西方的,它是 west 的形容词。 例如: People in western countries have different traditions. 西方国家的人们有着不同的传统。 【积累】 类似的词有: east――eastern 东方的 north――northern 北方 的 south――southern 南方的13.few: [fju:] 1)形容词 adj. ①很少数的;几乎没有的 There are fewer boys than girls in my class.我班上男生比女生 少。 There were few people in the streets. 街上人很少。 ②(与 a 连用)有些,几个 He has a few friends in this city.他在这个城市里有几个朋友。 2)代词 pron. ①很少数;几乎没有 Few of my acquaintances like Sarah. 我的熟人中很少有人喜欢萨 拉。 ②(与 a 或 the 连用)一些,几个 Only a few of my friends were told about it. 这件事只有我的几个朋友知道。 【辨析】few,a few,little,a ittle: (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词 a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点 没有多少了。 He has a few friends. He has few friends. 他有几个朋友。 他几乎没有朋友。 few / little 为否定含义,We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。 There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。 典型例题: Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few答案: A. spend 所指的是钱,不可数,只能用 little 或 a little. 本 句为 although 引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此 应用 little 表示几乎不。 固定搭配:only a few (=few) (=many) many a (=many) Many a book was sold. 卖 not a few (=many) quite a fewMany books were sold. 出了许多书。14.important: [im′p?:t?nt] 形容词 adj. 重要的,重大的[(+to/for)],名词形式为 importance(重要性)It is important to see that everything goes well. 重要的是确保一 切顺利。 It is important to learn to communicate. 学会沟通思想很重要。 Here I would stress the importance of math to the whole of scie nce. 这里我要强调数学对整个科学的重要性。15.moment: [′m?um?nt] 名词 n. 瞬间;片刻[C] Just a moment, she's coming. 请稍等,她马上来。 【积累】由 moment 构成的短语: in a moment 一会儿,马上;at any moment 随时,在任何时候; at the last moment 在最后关头; the moment 此刻, at (正在) 那时;for a moment 片刻,一会儿16.late: [leit] 1)adj. 迟的,晚的 The train was ten minutes late.火车晚点十分钟。2)adv.晚 He came late to the meeting last time.上次他开会迟到 了。 [pre]17.until:[?n'til] conj.&prep. (=till) 直到...时,到...为止 1) until 用在肯定句,谓语动词通常是延续性动词,如 stand, stay, talk, wait 等,表示主句动作终止的时间。如:I waited until he came back. 我一直等到他回来。 The war lasted until 1945.战争持续到 1945 年。 如果用在否定句,谓语动词通常是瞬间性动词,如 open, start, leave, ar rive, finish, stop 等,强调主句动作开始的时间。如:[/pre][pre] I didn't leave the boy until his mother turned up.[/pre]直到这孩子的母亲来, 我才离开。 The noise of the street didn't stop until it was midnight. 街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。 2)当 Not until 位于句首时,句子要倒装。其结构为:Not until+从句/表时 间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+...。如: Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking. 直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。 Not until next week will the sports meet be held.直到下周才开 运动会。 3)not until 的强调结构为:It is / was not until+从句/表时间的词+that +...。上面两句改为强调句为: It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped talking. It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held. 4)当主句表示将来动作时,until 引导的时间状语从句通常用一般现在 时。 I'll wait for you until you arrive.我将在那儿一直等到你来。 1.“病情”现身说法: ①D主语+have/has+a+表示疾病的名词‖。 ②D主语+have/has+a sore+发病部位‖。例如: I have a cold.我感冒了。Tom has a sore back.汤姆背疼。 【拓展】D某人生病‖的另一种表达: DSomething is wrong with+one's+身体部位‖ =DThere is something wrong with+one's+身体部位‖2.有“问题” 不是“问题”: problem 与 question 这两个词都可译为D问题‖,但是: ①problem 只需要动手、动脑或群体合作解决的问题,如学术、人口、 污染等问题。D解决‖此问题要用Dwork out‖,不能光用嘴来D回答‖(answ er)哦! I spent two hours working out the math problem.(黄冈中考题) 我解那道数学题花了两个小时。 ②question 是因对某事或某问题怀疑或为了搞清而提出的需要讨论、 思 考,等待回答的问题。 想好以后,你记住要D应答‖(answer 或 reply t o)啊! You haven't replied to my question yet.你还没有回答我的问题呢。3.“希望”何在? hope 做动词时,表示D希望,期待(某事发生)‖,后接不定式或宾语从 句。 I hope that he will succeed.我期望他会成功。 I hope to see you and your family soon. 我期待不久能见到你和你 的家人。 【提醒】hope 后不可接动名词或复合宾语。 (不能说 hope sb. to do sth.)hope 还可以做可数名词或不可数名词。 You mustn't give up hope. 你一定不要绝望。 We have a slim hope of success. 我们有一线成功的希望。 【拓展】D希望‖何在: hope 指的是可能实现的,愿望;wish 用以表示难以实现或不可能实现 的愿望。[/pre] I hope that he will win the game. 我希望他会赢得这场比赛。I wish that I knew the answer. 我希望我知道这个答案。(其实我并 不知情啊!) 4.“相信”我能行: believe(相信)既可作及物动词, 也可作不及物动词。 believe 的名词形式 为 belief,意为D信念、信条‖。D信任某人‖就是做到 believe in sb. 【拓展】①believe 不用于现在进行时。②believe,think,supposed 等词的宾语从句若要表示否定意义,需否定转移,即否定主句的谓语动 词。例如: I don't believe he can fix the bike.我认为他修不好这辆自行车。(那就 “相信”我能行吧!)5.知识“太多”“也”不多: 1)too many,too much 与 much too(太……) 这三个词语的主要区别在于它们的中心词以及它们所修饰的词不同。 三者之中的前一个词都是修饰词,用来加强语气,后一个词是中心词。 因此,在使用时只需要考虑后一个词的用法就行了。分述如下: ①too many 的中心词是 many,用法与 many 相同,用来修饰复数可数名词。 例如;He's got too many questions to ask you.他有很多问题要问 你。 [/pre][pre]Today , _____trees are still being cut down A.much too B.too much C.many toosomewhere in the world. D.too many(1999 年辽宁中考)[/pre][pre]答案是 D。今天,在世界上有些地方仍有很多树木被砍伐。 ②too much 的中心词是 much,用 法与 much 相同,用来修饰不可数名词。 例如:[/pre][pre]We both have too much work to do.我们俩都有很多工作要做。The teacher told him not to spend too much time playing games. 2)also,too,either 与 as well(也) also 用在句中(一般放在 be 动词和助动词之后,行为动词之前)。sh e is also good at English. she also like English.[/pre][pre]too 多 用于口语,位于句未或句中,只用于肯定句,其前常有逗号。They ar e students,too.=They,too,are students.否定句中用 either.as well 用 于肯定句,通常位于句中或句尾。 He knows English,and he knows French as well.他懂英语,也懂点 法语。 第三单元 一)习惯用语: babysit one‘s sister 临时照顾某人的妹妹 go camping/hiking/fishing/ sightseeing/bike riding 去野营/远足/钓鱼/ 观光/骑车 go away 离开 stay at home 呆在家 plan to do sth. 计划做某事 at night =in the evening 在晚上 on the twelfth 在 12 号 send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 送某人某物 show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 把某物给某人看 how long 多久 think about 考虑 go back to school 回到学校 go back home 回到家 take walks=have walks=go for a walk 散步 take a vacation 度假 something different 不同的东西 in the countryside 在乡下 finish doing sth. 做完某事 decide on… 决定 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 rent videos 租影碟 have a good time=have fun=enjoy oneself 玩得高兴 this time 这次 next time =another time 下次 too long 太久 for vacation 度假 an exciting vacation 一个令人激动的假期 a no-stress vacation 一个没有压力的假期二)重点句型: 1.What are you doing for vacation?你假期要干什么? 2.He's going camping with his parents.他要和父母去野营。 3.She's babysitting her sister.她要照看她妹妹。 4.I'm going on Monday.周一我要去。 5.How long are you staying?你要呆多长时间? 6.I'm going hiking in the mountains.我要到山中远足。 7.I'm going sightseeing.我要去观光。 8.I'm taking walks,going fishing,and going bike riding. 我要散步,钓鱼,骑自行车。 9.I'm renting videos and sleeping a lot. 我要租赁录像带并且要大睡一觉。 10.I want an exciting vacation! A no-stress vacation! 我要过一个令人激动的假期!一个没有压力的假期!三)交际用语: What are you doing for vacation? I'm spending time with my fri ends. When are you going? I'm going next week. How long are you staying? We're staying for two weeks.[/pre][pr e] 四)主题写作:谈论同学们的假期安排.词语点击:1.camp: [k? mp] ①名词 n. 野营;营地;兵营;帐篷[C] The travellers set up a camp near the river. 旅游者在河边架起了 帐篷。 ②不及物动词 vi.扎营;宿营;露营 Where shall we camp tonight? 今夜我们在哪儿露营? ③及物动词 vt. 使扎营住宿,临时安顿 They camped the earthquake victims in tents. 他们把地震受害者暂时安顿在帐篷里。 【积累】go camping 去野营[/pre][pre] The pupils planned to go c amping in the mountain. 小学生们计划去山里野营。 [/pre]2.plan: [pl? n] ①名词 n. [C] 计划;方案;打算[(+for/of)][+to-v] What's your plan for the weekend? 你打算如何过周末? ②及物动词 vt.计划;打算[(+out)][+to-v]。 注意 plan 后常加动词不定式作宾语。 She asked about the journey he had planned. 她问起他所筹划的 旅行。 We're planning to visit London this summer. 我们打算今年夏天走 访伦敦。3.away: [?′wei] 副词 adv. ① 离开[(+from) ]He hasn't been away from home befo re. 以前他从没有离开过家。 ② (用在名词后)隔开...远;尚有...时间 The hotel is only two miles away. 旅馆离开这里只有两英里。 ③不在;外出 Harry is still away. 哈里还是不在。 ④ 消失;(用)光;完,...掉 At last, the music died away.音乐声终于渐渐消失。 【积累】由 away 构成的短语:be away from 远离…… take away 拿 走 put away 把某物收起来 run away 跑开 right away 立刻,马上 s end away 开除,打发掉[/pre][pre] [/pre]4.send: [send]及物动词 vt.①发送,寄 She sent me a Christmas card. 她给我寄来一张圣诞贺卡。 You'd better send the letter by air. 这封信你最好寄航空。 ②派遣,打发;使进(学校等) He sent his son to return the books to the library. 他派他儿子把书还给图书馆。 [pre]【注意】send 后可接双宾语,send sb.sth.(必须是名词)=send st h. to sb. 例如:Last month I sent a letter to my pen pal in Australia. = Last month I sent my pen pal in Australia a letter . 上个月我给在澳大利亚的笔友寄了一封信。[/pre] 5.ride: [raid] ① 动词 v. 骑(马等);乘(车等) He learned to ride a horse at the age of nine. 他九岁时学会了 骑马。 ②名词 n. 骑乘,搭乘,乘骑的路程 It's a twenty-minute train ride from here. 从这里乘火车需要二十分钟的路程。6.famous: [′feim?s] 形容词 a. 著名的,出名的 The city is famous for its silk. 该市以出产丝绸而闻名于世。 He is a very famous writer in this country. 他是这个国家里很有名 的作家。 【积累】be famous for…因……而闻名(原因);be famous as…作 为……而闻名(身份) Zhai Zhigang is famous as the first man who walked in space in China. 翟志刚作为中国太空行走第一人而闻名。 Zhang Yining is famous in the world for her skills of playing pin gpong. 张怡宁以其乒乓球技术而闻名于世。7.something:[′s?mθi?] 1)代词 pron.① 某人;某事 Are you trying to hide something from me? 你是不是有什么事要 瞒着我? I have something to ask you. 我有事情要问你。 ② (用以表示模糊的概念)大概;若干;什么 The parcel was ten pounds something.这包裹有十磅左右。 ③还算幸运的事 At least we didn't lose any money. That's somet hing. 至少我们没有损失什么钱。这还算幸运。 2)副词 adv. ①几分,有点;大约 She looks something like her mother.她有一点像她母亲。 ② 很;非常 It sounds something awful.这事听起来非常可怕。 【积累】 以 something,anythoing,nothing,everything,somebody,anybody,nobo dy, everybody, someone,anyone,anyone,everyone 这类不定代词作 主语时,谓语动词要用单数。 例如:Nothing else is more important than health. 没有什么比健康更重要的了。8.forget: [f?′get] 动词 v.忘记,忘却 Let's forget our disagreements. 我们不要再提我们之间的争吵了。 【拓展】 forget to do sth.表示本该去做而忘记去做某事 (事情没有做) ; forget doing sth.表示忘记做过某事(这事已经做了)。 Don't forget to post the letter. 别忘了去寄信。 I forgot posting the letter. 我忘了信已寄出。 9.finish: [′fini?] 及物动词 vt.,D结束;完成‖,后接动词做宾语须用该动词的-ing 形式。 I haven't finished reading the book yet. 我还没读完这本书。 【积累】与之类似的动词有: ①下列动词后常常只能接动名词作宾语:advise 建议; allow 允许;; dislike 不喜欢, 讨厌; enjoy 喜欢; excuse 宽恕; fancy 幻想, 爱好, finish 完成; complete 完成; mind 介意、反对; miss 错过,想念;keep 保持;
宽恕,原谅 practise 练习; suggest 提议;等等。 ②下列短语常常接动名词: put off 推迟, give up 放弃, look forward to 期待; feel like 想要, keep on 继续,can't help (忍不住) ; can't stand(无法忍受); 等等。 10.tourist: [′tu:rist] 名词 n. 旅游者,观光者[C] San Francisco is full of tourists in summer. 夏天去旧金山旅游的人很 多。 【拓展】①tourist 的动词或名词形式都是 tour,意为D旅游,观光‖。 Mr. Adams made a tour around East Asia last year. 亚当斯先生去年往东亚旅行了一次。 Many Americans tour by car in summer. 许多美国人夏天开车旅游。 ②-ist 是一个名词或形容词词尾,表示D做……的人,……主义者,…… 家‖。 例如: scientist 科学家 火眼金睛: 1.“假期”有多少? holiday、vacation、leave、off 用法区别: 这四个词都有表示D假期‖的意思,但具体含义有所不同。 ①holiday 名词 n. 一般表示时间可长可短的假期,为可数名词。与季 节连用时多用复数;与数词连用时只表示次数,不表示日期。例如: We have had three holidays since the beginning of the year. (从年初以来,我们已经休了三次假。) biologist 生物学家 socialist 社会主义者 但三天的假期应说: holiday of three days 或 a three days‘ holiday。 a ②vacation 名词 n. 一般表示比较长的假期,多指大学的假期、法庭的 休庭期。至于寒、暑假,英国人喜欢用:summer/winter holidays,美 国人喜欢用:summer/winter vacation,区别不大。例如: We spent our summer holidays/vacation in the countryside this year. ③leave 名词 n. 多指政府部门、机关、事业单位、部队等的休假。常 用的短语 ask for leave for three days 意思为:请三天假。例如: The worker asked for leave for two days to see a doctor. ④off 副词 adv. 表示休假、不工作、不上班,多用于名词后作定语,例 如: The teacher will give me five days off. I requested two minutes off during the meeting. 练习:用 holiday/vacation/leave/off 填空: 1. Christmas is an important ___________ for everyone in the West. 2.The students are now on ____________ in the south of China. 3.We will spend our winter ____________ in a few days‘ time. 4.You had better ask the teacher for two days‘ ___________ . 5.The boss gave the worker two days ____________ . ( Keys: 1.holiday/ vacation 2.holiday/vacation3.holidays/vacation 2.“时间”不能乱!4.leave 5.off )介词 in,on 与 at 都可用于表示D时间‖的名词前,但用法各不相同,其区 别在于: ( 一)用 in 的场合 (1)表示D在某年/月/季节‖这个含义时,须用介词 in。例如: She came to this city in 1980.他于 1980 年来到这个城市。 (2)表示D从现在起一段时间以后‖时,须用介词 in。例如: They will go to see you in a week.他们将在一周后去看望你。 (3)表示D在某世纪‖时,须用介词 in.例如: Great changes took place in the twentieth century. 20 世纪发生了巨大变化. (4)表示D在某年代或特定世纪某年代‖时,须用介词 in。例如: The Anti-Japanese War broke out in the 1930s. 抗日战争爆发于 20 世纪 30 年代。 除此之外,morning / evening / afternoon 三个词也常跟介词 in 连 用。例如: Don't watch TV too much in the evening.晚上看电视不要太多。 They sometimes play games in the afternoon. 他们有时在下午做游戏。 (二)用 on 的场合 (1)表示D在具体的某一天‖或D(在具体的某一天的)早上、中午、 晚上‖等,须用介词 on。例如: Jack was born on May 10th,1982.杰克生于 1982 年 5 月 10 日。 We don't go to school on Saturday and Sunday. 我们星期六和星期天不上学。 I heard this story on Saturday morning. 我是在星期六的早晨听到这个故事的。 (2)表示D在某一节日‖时,须用介词 on。例如: We usually eat mooncakes on Mid-autumn Festival. 我们通常在中秋节吃月饼。 Mr Hu received a card on Teachers' Day. 胡老师在教师节那天收到了一张卡片。 注意: morning,evening,afternoon 被 of 短语修饰, 当 习惯上用 on, 而不用 in.例如: on the early morning of September 10th 在 9 月 10 的清晨 on the late afternoon of September 12th 在 9 月 12 日的傍晚 ( 三 )用 at 的场合 (1)表示D某一具体时刻(即几点几分时)‖,须用介词 at。例如: He gets up at six o'clock every day .他每天六点起床。 I got home at five thirty yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午五点半到家。 (2)用在特定的时候(时节、时机)时,须用介词 at。例如: They were happy at that time.他们那时很幸福。 I think the shop is clcsed at this time of day. 我认为商店在白天的这个时候关门了。 (3)表示D在中午、在夜晚‖时,须用介词 at。例如: What do you often do at noon?你中午经常做些什么? You can see many stars in the sky at night. 夜晚你能看到天空中有许多星星。 (4)表示D在……岁‖时,须用介词 at。例如: At the age of nine ,the boy could swim well. 在九岁的时候,这孩子就游泳游得很好了。 【注意】在含有 next ,last,this,one ,any, each, every , some, all 的词组 和 tomorrow,yesterday, the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday 前不用任何介词。例如: What did you do last summer holidays?去年暑假你做了些什 么? What are you going to do the day after tomorrow? 后天你打算做什么? 3.“去”做多少事? “ go +动词-ing 形式”惯用结构: 用于表示“去从事某种 (体育或娱乐等) 活动”, 常见的这类短语有: go bathing(去洗澡),go boating(去划船),go camping(去野 营),go climbing(去爬山),go cycling(骑车),go dancing (去跳舞), go drinking(去喝饮料),go fishing(去钓鱼),go hiking(去徒步旅行),go hunting(去狩猎),go marketing(去 赶集),go riding(骑马),go shopping(去购物), go skating (去溜冰),go skiing(去滑雪)…etc. 此外,还可以通过构成合成词使动词-ing 形式带上逻辑宾语或逻辑状 语。 例如: sightseeing go (去观光) go job-hunting (去找工作) go surf-ridin (去冲浪) go water-skiing(去划水) go mountain climbing(去 爬山) go mushroom collecting(去采蘑菇)go horse riding(去 骑马) 上述结构中, 有时也可用 come 取代 go, 以表示“参加到说话人或听 话人 的活动之中 ”,整 个结构的意义相当 于 (to) come to do (an activity)。这时,句中常带 with 介词短语。例如: Come boating with us tomorrow? 明天同我们一道划船吧?I’ll come walking with you in an hour or so. 我大约一个钟头以后就来陪你散步。 4.“秀”(show)出真风采:①show 做动词时,表示D显示,露出,展示‖,后接双宾语,即: show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb.,意为D给某人某物‖。例如: Let me show you my new photos.=Let me show my new photos to you. 让我给你看看我的新照片。 ②词组 show sb. around …意为D带领某人参观…… Let me show you around our school.让我带领你们参观我校吧! show 还可以做名词,表示D演出,歌舞表演,节目‖。例如: be on show 正在展出 a flower show 花展 【拓展】D主语 + 及物动词 + 直接宾语(某物) + 介词 to /for + 间接 宾语(某人)‖中,Dfor + 间接宾语‖与Dto + 间接宾语‖的区别 (1) 具有D为……而做‖的含义的双宾语动词其间接宾语后置时,间接 宾语要加介词 for。for sb 侧重于D为某人‖,意为D帮助某人做某事;为 某人提供某种服务‖表示动作的D目的性‖; 此类动词常见的有: buy, read, sing, make, build, mend, cook, fetch(去拿)等。如: My father makes a kite for me every spring. 我爸爸每年春天给我做一个风筝。 (2) 具有方向性动作的双宾语动词,其后面的间接宾语后置时,通常 加介词 to。to sb 侧重于D给某人‖,表示某人接受或收到了某物。此类动 词常见的有:bring, give, leave, lend, pass, return, send, show, take, throw, hand, teach 等。例如: [pre]Pass the English book to me. 请把那张英语书递给我。5.“携带”问题“细思量”: (1) bring,take,carry,fetch 这四个词都是动词,都含有D带‖或D拿‖的意思,但使用场合各不相 同。 ①Bring 作D带来‖、D拿来‖解; take 是 bring 的反义词,作D带去‖、 D拿去‖解。例:[/pre][pre] copy of your work.[/pre][pre] 带给我。[/pre][pre] me. 请把这些书替我带到图书馆去。 ②Carry 表示D运载‖、D携带‖之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车、船, 也可以用手甚至用头;fetch 则表示D去拿来‖(go and bring)的意思。 例: This bus is licensed to carry 30 passengers.[/pre][pre] 这辆巴 Next time don‘t forget to bring me a 下次不要忘了把一份您的作品Please take these books to the library for士规定乘载三十人。[/pre][pre]Please fetch me the documents in that room.[/pre][pre] 请到那间房间去把那些文件拿来给我。 现将 bring,take 和 fetch 用在一个句中,以便区别: Take that box and bring it with you,or if it is too heavy for you to carry it, I’ll send Joe to fetch it. 你把那个盒子随身带走,要是你搬太重的话,我就派乔去拿。 (2)think about, think of, think over think about,think of 和 think over 在用法和意义上是有些差别的。 ①think about 和 think of 这两个短语表示D考虑‖、D对……有某种看 法‖[/pre][pre] 时,可以互换。例如: [/pre][pre]Don't think of(about) me any more.不要再考虑我。[/pre][pre]They're thinking about(of) buying a new car.他们正在考虑买一辆新车。[/pre][pre]What do you think of about) film?你认为那部影片怎么样?[/pre][pre]②think of ( the 表示下列意义时,一般不和 think about 换用:D想起;想到‖。 例如: can't think of his name. I 我想不起他的名字。 [/pre][pre]③think about 表示D回想过去的事情‖、D考虑某计划是否切实可行‖时,一般不和 think of 换用。 例如: [/pre][pre]I'll think about your suggestion, and give you an answer tomorrow.[/pre][pre]我要考虑一下你的建议, 明天给你 答复。 [/pre][pre]④think over 意为D仔细考虑‖。例如:[/pre][pre]Think over,and you'll find a way.仔细考虑一下,你就会有办法的。 [/pre][pre]We need several days to think this matter over.[/pre]我们需 要几天的时间把这件事情仔细考虑一下。 (时间可以解决一切问题啊! Time tries all.时间检验一切。) [pre] 【 积 累 】 D 三 思 而 后 行 ‖:[/pre][pre] ① Think twice before your action. ②Think carefully before you act. ③Look before you leap. [/pre]6.有了目标“自难忘”: forget 和 leave(忘记)的区别: ① forget 意为D遗忘某物‖, 指忘记一件具体的东西, 但不能有具体的地 点。即 forget 通常不能与表示地点的副词或短语连用。 Oh, I‘ve forgotten my wallet. 噢,我忘记带钱包了。 Don‘t forget the cases. 别忘了带箱子。 Oh, I‘ve forgotten my key. 噢,我忘记带我的钥匙了。 Don‘t forget the tickets and an unbrella. 别忘了带票和雨伞。 ② leave 意为D把某物遗忘在某处‖, 后应接具体的地点。 leave 通常 即 要与表示地点的状语连用。 Oh, I‘ve left my wallet at home. 噢,我的钱包放在家里忘记带了。 注:有时 leave 连用的状语可能是疑问词 where。如: Where did I leave my shopping? 我把买到的东西忘在哪儿了? 比较: I forgot my umbrella yesterday. 我昨天忘了带雨伞。 I have left my umbrella at home. 我把伞忘在家里了。 【提醒】同学们,不要丢三落四了,花点D时间‖做好计划(plan)吧!只 要我们舍得花 D时间‖,从此就会D细思量,自难忘。‖. Time is money. 一寸光阴一寸金。 岁月不等人。Time and tide wait for no man.The wisest thing is time, for it brings everything to light 时间最明智,因为它能揭开时间一切秘密。 If you work hard, you‘ll succeed in time. 功到自然成。With time and patience the leaf of the mulberry becomes satin. 第四单元 一)习惯用语: get to=arrive in/at=reach 到达 take the bus/ subway/ train/ taxi/ boat (to…) =(go to… )by bus /subway /train /taxi/ boat/bike 坐汽车/地铁/火车/出租车/船(去…) on a bus/train/subway/plane/bike 坐&骑&汽车/火车/地铁/飞机/自行 车 ride a bike(bicycle) 骑自行车 on foot 步行 from…to… 从…到… in a car/taxi/boat 坐小车/的士/船 leave for… 动身去… the early bus 早班车 how far 多远 think of 考虑/想到 around the world=all over the world 全世界 the school bus 校车 depend on 决定于… in the other parts of the world 在世界的其它地方 a small number of… 少数… in the hospital 在医院里 in Chinese 用汉语 Don‘t worry. 别担心. so much 这么多 at around half past six 大约在六点半 half an hour=thirty minutes 半小时 bus station/ bus stop 汽车站 It takes sb. some time to do sth.=Sb. spend some time (in) doin g sth. 某人花费多少时间做某事. need to do sth.需要做某事. the subway station 地铁站 the most popular 最流行的 North America 北美 be different from 与……不同二)重点句型: 1.How does Emilio get to school?爱米丽欧怎么去学校? 2 .How far is it from your home to school ?从你家到学校有多远? 3.How long does it take you to get from home to school? 从家到学校你花费多长时间? 4_I ride my bike to the subway station.我骑车去地铁车站。 5.In North America,not all students take the bus to sch001. 在北美,并非所有学生坐公共汽车去学校。 6.In China,bikes and buses are the most popular means of tran sportation.在中国,自行车和公共汽车是最流行的交通方式。 7.What do you think of the transportation in your town? 你认为你们镇上的交通情况如何? 8.Other parts of the world are different from the United States. 世界上其他地方与美国不同。 9. It depends on where you are. 它取决于你在哪里。三)交际用语: How do you get to school? How long does it take? How far is it? It's 10 miles. I take the bus.It takes 20 minutes.[pre]四)主题写作: 谈论如何去某地。例如:给你一张图或信息,让你写怎样到达某个地方. 或写信邀请朋友到你家,并告诉其路线。词语点击: 1.take: [teik] 及物动词 vt.①带(去), 携带[/pre][pre]She went out of the room, taki ng the flowers with her.[/pre][pre]她带着花走出了房间。[/pre][pre]② 拿, 取, 抓 Who has taken my pen?谁把我的钢笔拿走了?[/pre][pre]③需要; 花费:常见句型为DIt takes sb. some time to do sth.‖意为 D某人花多少时间做某事‖例如: It takes me twenty minutes to walk to school every day.[/pre][p re]我每天步行去上学要花二十分钟。 [/pre][pre]④取得, 接受, 容纳 : John takes second place in the race.约翰获得赛跑亚军。[/pre][pre] ⑤买下; 租用 We're taking a house for a month.我们打算租间房子 住一个月。[/pre][pre]⑥吃, 喝, 服 Will you take a cup of tea?你要 喝一杯茶吗?[/pre][pre]⑦乘车, 上船 Because it was wet, he took a taxi. 因为天下雨, 所以他搭乘了出租车。[/pre][pre]⑧测定, 量; 拍 The nurse took the patient's temperature.护士为病人量了体温。[/pr e][pre]不及物动词 vi.产生预期效果 The dye took immediately.马上 着色了。[/pre][pre]vt. & vi.上钩 The fish is taking.鱼要上钩了。 【常见短语】take exercise 运动,锻炼 take off 脱掉, (飞机)起飞 take a look at 看一看 take photos 拍照 take a seat 坐下 take a walk 散步 take a rest 休息 take down 取下,写下,记下 ke out 拿出 tatake sb (sth) for [to be]……把某人(某物)当作……。(例如:took her smile for agreement. 他把她的微笑视为同意。)2.hundred: ['h?ndr?d] 数词 num.一百 There are more than five hundred people on the playground.[/pre] [pre]运动场上有五百多人。 [/pre][pre] 注意】 【 hundred,thousand (千) , million(百万)这样的词前面有具体数词时不能用复数,当表示不具体数 字时是可以加 s 的,后面有介词 of,表示D数百的,数千的,数百万的‖ 如:hundreds of books. tens of thousands of(数以万计的)习语中Dhundred‖并非表示精确数字,往往强调数量之多,如:[/pre][pre]by the hundred(by hundreds) (数以百计,大批大批地);[/pre][pre]h undred percent(百分之百,完全地);[/pre][pre]hundreds of thousa nds of people(成千上万的人);[/pre][pre]&a hundred to one&一百 比一,指概率极高(high probability),非常可能。[/pre][pre]&ninety -nine out of a hundred&意义与前者类似: 百分之九十九, 几乎全部, [/pre][pre]&hundreds and thousands& 指的是糕点上作点缀用的小蜜 饯(或小糖果)。 &谚语中, &hundred&更是虚指, 强调 &多&, 而且 通常与 &一& 形成对照。 [/pre][pre]收集整理如下:[/pre][pre]A hundred pounds of sorrow pa ys not one ounce of debt.[/pre][pre]百镑愁难还一分债(或:烦恼 不能还债)。[/pre][pre]Buyers sellers,none. [/pre][pre]买东西的要有百只眼,卖东西的可以不长眼. (卖者装马虎, 买者要小心).[/pre][pre]If you kill one flea in March you kill a hund red. 三月杀跳蚤,杀一少百。[/pre][pre]One cannot do a foolish thi ng once in one's life,but one must hear of it a hundred times. 蠢事一生不可做一件, 但一定会听到成百上千。[/pre][pre]One enemy is too much for a man in a great post,and a hundred friends t oo few. 身居要职,朋友百人太少,敌人一个太多。[/pre][pre]One go od head is better than a hundred strong hands.[/pre][pre]强手百 双,莫如智者一人。3.minute: ['minit] 名词 n. [C]1. 分(钟)(时间单位)2. 一会儿,片刻[S1] I'll be back in a minute. 我马上就回来。 【拓展】形容词 a 微小的;琐细的 The office is minute, with barely room for a desk and two chairs. 那间办公室极小,只有刚够摆一张写字台、两把椅子的空间。 4.by: [bai] 1)介词 prep.(1) 被,由 The homework was assigned by the teacher. 这些家庭作业是老 师布置的。 (2) 靠,用,通过 They crossed the river by ferry. 他们乘渡船过了河。 (3)经由;沿 Ellen flew to Chicago by way of Minneapolis. 艾伦经由明尼阿波利斯飞往芝加哥。 (4) 在...旁边,靠近;在...手边 I haven't got any money by me. 我身边没有带钱。 (5)不迟于;在...之前 We had to get there by evening. 我们必须在夜晚前抵达那里。 (6)根据,按照 How do you know he didn't act by the rules? 你怎么知道他没有按规定行事? (7)(表程度)相差 He missed the bus by three minutes. 他晚了三分钟没赶上那班公 车。 (8)凭,对...(发誓) I swear by God! 我对上帝发誓! (9)(乘除法上)以...,用...(乘或除) Nine divided by three makes three. 九除以三得三。 (10)以...计,按 You'll be paid by the hour. 你的工资将按时计酬。 (11)在...的时候 He had to sleep by day and work by night. 他只好白天睡觉,晚上 工作。 (12)就...来说,关于 Philip is a doctor by profession.菲利浦的职业是医生。 (13)(表连续或反复)逐个;逐批 The teacher explained the text sentence by sentence. 教师逐句讲解了这篇课文。 (14)由于 She took my umbrella by mistake. 她误拿了我的伞。 2)副词 adv. (1)经过;过去: A truck went by. 一辆卡车开过。 (2)在旁边 When I filled out the form she was standing by all the time. 我填写表格时,她一直站在我身旁。 (3)(放)在一边 They put money by for later use. 他们储存钱以备将来使用。 (4)【美】【口】到(或进入)某人的家 Please come by and have dinner with us. 请到我家来一起吃晚 饭。5.far: [f:] adj.& adfv.远的(地);遥远的(地);久远的(地) Manchester is farther from London than Oxford is. 曼彻斯特比牛津离伦敦远。 How far is it from your office to the bank? 你的办公室离银行多 远? It happened far back in the past. 这事发生在久远的过去。 He didn't go far.他没有走远。 【积累】far 的反义词是 near,far 常与 from 连用,near 与 to 连用。例 如: He lives near to a chemical factory.他住在一个化工厂附近。 6.stop: [st?p]名词 n. [C]①停止;中止;终止;停车 The train came to a stop.火车停了下来。 ② 停车站 I'll get off at the next stop.我下一站下车。 【拓展】stop doing 停止做某事,指停下正在做的事情 stop to do 停下去做某事,指将要去做的事情。 Stop reading.不要读了。(正在读书) Stop to read.停下,去读书。(没有读书,要去读了)7.north: [n?:θ] ①名词 n. 北,北方[the S] I live in a small room facing the north. 我住在朝北的小房间里。 ②形容词 北的,北方的,北部的 Mexico is in the south of North America.墨西哥在北美洲南部。 ③副词 adv. 向北方;在北方;自北方 He walked north. 他往北走去。 【拓展】①D四面八方‖:east(东),southeast(东南),south(南),so uthwest(西南),west(西),northwest(西北),north(北),northea st(东北) ②on+方向D相邻但不包含‖ in+方向D在内部的某位置‖ to+方向 D(在..的方向,不包含,并且中间有海峡隔开等) Shanghai is in the east of China.上海在中国的东方。 Hubei Province is on the north of Hunan Province.湖北省在湖南 省的北方。 Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国的东方。8.means: [mi:nz] 名词 n.手段,方法;工具,单复数同形(永远有词尾-s) It is all a means to an end.这只是达到目的的一种手段。 The quickest means of traveling is by plane.最快的交通工具是飞 机。 【积累】①by means of 用…方法,依靠 They succeeded by means of perseverance.他们依靠坚忍不拔而 获得成功。 ②By all means 的意思是D一定‖、D无论如何‖、D用一切手段‖。例:You must bring him here by all means.你必须想方设法把他带到 这里来。 ③By no means 的意思是D决不‖,相当于 not at all.例如: She is by no means bright. 9.worry: ['w?ri] 1)动词 vt. &vi.担心,担忧,焦虑 她一点儿也不聪明。 Nothing worries me. 我没有什么可担心的。 Don't worry about the matter, take it easy.别担心那件事,轻松一 点。 2)名词 n.1. 烦恼;焦虑;担心 2. 令人发愁的事(或人)[C] Mother's illness was always a great worry to me. 母亲的病一直是我非常担心的事。 【提醒】worry 的形容词有两个:worried 经常修饰人,意为D担心的, 忧虑的‖,worrying 意为D令人担忧的‖,常用来形式事物。例如: He was worried about the woorying future.他对令人担心的未来充 满忧虑。10.much: [m?t?]1)形容词 adj. 许多;大量的;很大程度的(修饰不可数名词) How much rent do you pay? 你付多少租金? The English do not drink much wine.英国人喝酒不多。 2)代词 pron.许多,大量 Much of the time was wasted. 许多时间都 浪费掉了。 3)副词 adv. ① 非常;很 I don't much care for television.我不太喜欢看电视。 ②(加强比较级或最高级)远为,...得多 Our room is much bigger than theirs. 我们的房间比他们的大多了。 【注意】much 不能直接修饰动词, 它需要构成 very much(很,非常)=a lot,并放在句尾。 I like hamburgers vey much.我非常喜欢汉堡包1.“花销”细盘点: spend,take,cost 和 pay 的用法: 初中阶段关于D花钱‖,D花费时间‖的词常见的有以下五个:buy,cost, pay(for),spend 和 take。很多学生对这几个词的词义和用法似懂非懂,用起来往往出错。其实这些词 都与钱物有关,与时间有关的只有 take 和 spend。下面具体谈一谈其用法: ①spend 指花钱,花费时间。主语是人。其常见结构分别为 to spend money on sth.,spend time(in) doing sth.。[/pre][pre]I spent six yuan on a new dictionary.[/pre][pre]―How do you spend your spare time?[/pre][pre]―I spend my spare time writing books. ②take 指花钱(=cost)[/pre][pre]It takes/costs me a lot of money to buy a big house]= To buy a big house takes/costs me a lot of money.[/pre][pre]take 用来说明做某事需要多少时间,有三种不同的结构: [/pre][pre]1)主语是人[/pre][pre]She took the whole day to read the novel.(她花了一整天那本小说。) [/pre][pre]2) 主语是某种活动[/pre][pre]The journey took me half an hour. [/pre][pre]Reading the novel took her the whole day . [/pre][pre]3 ) 用 形 式 主 语 it[/pre][pre]It took me half an hour to get home yesterday.[/pre][pre]It takes much time to do the shopping.[/pre][pre]③pay(for),pay 表示付给人家 钱、 帐单等; for 表示买东西付款, pay 也表示替别人付钱。 主语是人。 其常见结构是 to pay sb. some money, pay money for sth.[/pre][pre]You must pay me 100yuan a week for your meals.[/pre][pre]How much did you pay for that book? ④cost 指花钱,表示价值或代价(此代价可以是时间)。主语是事或物或动词不定式短语。[/pre][pre]其常 见结构是 to cost sb.some money。[/pre][pre]The dictionary cost me 6yuan.[/pre][pre]【小试牛刀】翻 译: 我六十元钱买了一本词典 (五种译法) (1) [/pre][pre] (2)读这本书花了我一整天的时间 (四 种译法) [/pre][pre](Keys:[/pre][pre] 1) I bought the dictionary for 60 yuan. ( a. [/pre][pre]b. The dictionary cost me 60 yuan.[/pre][pre]c.I paid 60 yuan for the dictionary.[/pre][pre]d.I spent 60yuan on the dictionary.[/pre][pre]e.It took me60 yuan to buy the dictionary.[/pre][pre](2)a.I spent the whole day reading the book. [/pre][pre]b. took the whole day to read the book. I [/pre][pre]c. Reading the book took me the whole day.[/pre][pre]d.It took me the whole day to read the book.) 要说清: a number of…D许多‖与 the number of…D……的数字/数目‖这两个词组的用法要分清: ①a number of…意思是D一些,若干‖(= some),后接可数名词复数或代词,谓语动词用复数形式。 a number of…词组中还可以加入形容词表示数量大或小等(例如: a large/small number of…许多/少 数……)。 ②the number of…意思是D……的数字/数目‖,介词 of 同其后名词构成介词短语,修饰 the number.当它作 主 如: 语 时 , 谓 语 动 词 用 单 数 。 例 runnin [/pre][pre] [/pre]2.“数目”Many people took part in 10,000-metre race, but only a number of them kept ong to the end. 许多人参加了 10000 米跑,但只有一些人坚持跑到底。 A number of my friends think I should take a holiday. 我的一些朋友认为我应该休假。 The number of students is about forty.学生人数大约是 40 人左右。3.到达路线有几条: arrive in/at,reach 意为D抵达,到达‖,我们在句子中要正确运用。 【辨析】 arrive vi.到达什么地方,后接 in 或 at,大的地方用 in,小的地方用 at;reach vt.后接地点名词;get to 也可表示D到达‖,后接地点名词,比以上两词更口语化,也可用 get 加副词(home,here,there 等)。 题例:When did you __________ home? A. go to B.arrive at C.reach in D.reach 【解析】 在英语中D到达‖可表达为 get to,arrive in/at 和 reach。get 和 ararrive 是不及物动词,所以后面接 宾语时,应借助于介词。而 reach 是及物动词,它后面可以直接跟宾语。但是本题的 home 是副词,副词 前不可以有介词,所以此题的正确答案是 D。 【拓展】arrive 一词除了表示D到达‖外还有D来到‖、D出生‖的意思: Good weather is arriving.好天气就要来了。 My baby arrived last night.我的宝宝是昨天夜里出生的。 Too swift(快的) arrives as tardy(迟缓的) as too slow. [谚语]欲速则不达。4.条条大路通罗马:(All Roads Lead to Rome) 英语中表示交通方式的形式很多,但总的来说,不外乎两种方式,即: (一) 用介词表示。 (1) by + 表示交通工具的名词,泛指D乘/坐某种交通工具‖,其中名词前无任何修饰语,且只能用单数。 如: He came by train, but his wife came by bus. 他坐火车来的,但他妻子坐汽车来的。 Travelling by elephant is great fun. 骑象旅行很有趣。 类似的词组还有:by car 乘车;by plane 乘飞机;by ship 乘船;by taxi 乘计程车;等。 (2) in/on + 表示交通工具的名词 , 或泛指或特指D乘/坐某种交通工具‖,其中名词前常有冠词、物主代词、 指示代词或名词所有格等修饰语,名词可以是单数或复数。 ① bus,train,boat,plane,ship 等有厢,有舱的名词前,用介词 in 或 on。如: We are going there in/on a bus.我们将乘公共汽车去那里。(泛指) Don't come here on /in the ship.不要坐船来这里。(特指) ② bike 或 motorbike 前,只能用介词 on。如: They go to work on their bikes.他们骑自行车上班。(特指) She went out on her new motorbike. 她骑着她的新摩托车出去了。(特指) ③ car,taxi 前,多用介词 in。如: We are going to France in John‘s car. 我们将坐约翰的车去法国。(特指) (3) by/on + 表示交通工具的名词,特指D乘/坐某一趟/辆/艘(车,船等)‖,其中名词为单数,其前常有 定冠词与数词或具体时刻一起作修饰语。 如:They came here by/on the first bus.他们是坐头班车来的。 You can get there by/on the Number 10 bus / bus No.10. 你可以乘 10 路公共汽车到那里。 He went up to London by/on the 10:30 (train). 他是乘 10 时 30 分的火车去伦敦的。 (4)by + 表示交通工具的名词, 泛指D乘/坐某种档次的交通工具旅行‖, 其中名词为单数, 其前常有表示D等 级或档次‖的形容词作修饰语。如: She travels by third-class train. 她乘三等车旅行。 I will go to Beijing by the fast train. 我将乘快车去北京。 He flew to Paris by first class (plane). 他坐头等舱飞往巴黎。 用介词和动词来表示。 He went to Tokyo by a large ship.他乘一艘大船去了东京。 (5) by + 表示交通线路或交通线路所经范围的名词 ,表示D经由陆路/水路/空中等线路旅行或运输‖,其中 名词为单数或不可数,其前无任何修饰语。如: Shall we go by land or by sea ? 我们是由陆路去还是由水路去? It saves a lot of time to travel by air. 乘飞机旅行可以节省许多时间。 类似的词组还有:by water 由水路;by road 由公路;by rail 由铁路;等。 (6) on + 表示人或动物特定身体部位的名词,表示D步行或骑马/骆驼‖,其中名词只能是 foot、horseback 或 camelback,其前无任何修饰语。如: She usually goes to school on foot. 她通常步行上学。 Our friends arrived on horseback.我们的朋友是骑马到的。 (7) on + 表示交通工具的动物名词,表示D骑驴/马/象/骆驼‖,其中名词为 donkey、horse、elephant 或 camel,其前常有不定冠词 a/an。如: The old man used to go out on a donkey. 那个老汉以前都是骑驴外出的。 He went there on a horse. 他骑马去了那里。 类似的词组还有:on an elephant 骑象;on a camel 骑骆驼。 二、 用动词表示。 (1)D动词 + to + 地点名词‖或D动词 + 地点副词‖。 这种动词主要是 walk (步行),ride(骑车),drive (开车),fly(乘飞机),sail(乘船)等。如: I usually walk to school. 我通常步行上学。 We sometimes ride to school. 我们有时骑车上学。 They drove to the station. 他们开车去了车站。 Jack flew there last Sunday. 杰克上星期乘飞机去那里了。 (2) Dtake a/the + 表示交通工具的名词‖,表示D乘/坐……‖。如: Will you take a bus to go there?你乘汽车去那儿吗? I took a taxi to the hospital. 我坐出租车到医院去了。 类似的表达还有:take a ship(乘轮船),take a plane(乘飞机)等。 (3) Dride a/an + bike,motorbike 或表示交通工具的动物名词,表示D骑……‖。如: I ride a bike to work every day. 我天天骑自行车上班。 He came here riding a horse /an elephant. 他骑马/象来到了这里。 (4) Dride on/in + a/an + 表示交通工具的名词‖,表示D乘/坐/骑……‖。如: The boy liked to ride on a motorbike.那男孩喜欢骑摩托车。 类似的表达还有:ride in/on a ship/train/plane/boat 等。 【辨析】ride a bike 着重动作;ride in/on a bike 着重状态。 (5) Dhave/take a ride in/on + 表示交通工具的名词‖,表示D乘/坐/骑一下/次……‖。如: Would you like to have/take a ride in my new car ? 你要不要坐坐我的新车? He let me have/take a ride on his camel. 他让我骑了一下他的骆驼。 (6) Dgo for a ride in/on + 表示交通工具的名词‖,表示D乘/坐/骑……去兜风‖。如: They went for a ride on their horses/bicycles. 他们骑马/自行车去兜了一圈。 I went for a ride on my horse before breakfast. 早餐前我骑马出去遛了遛。第五单元 一)习惯用语: study for a test 复习考试 go to the doctor 去看病 have/take a piano lesson 上钢琴课 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事 help sb. with sth. 在某方面帮助某人 Thank you for sth./doing sth. 为…而感谢 have/has/had to do =must do 不得不;必须 come over to… 顺便来访 the day after tomorrow 后天 keep quiet 保持安静 have a party 开晚会 come to the party 来参加聚会 go to the concert 去音乐会 be free 有空---be busy 繁忙的 all day = the whole day 整天 come to 来到 would love/like to…愿意… too much 太多 play soccer 踢足球 the science report 科学报告 二)重点句型: 1. Can you come to my party on Wednesday? 你星期三能来参加 我的晚会吗? 2.Sorry.I can't.I have a piano lesson. 对不起,我不能。我要上 钢琴课。 3.Sure.I'd love to.当然,我愿意。 4.I'm playing soccer.我在踢足球。 5.I have too much homework(to do) this weekend . 这个周末我有太多家庭作业(要做)。 6.I have to go to the doctor.我得去看医生。 7.I can't join you because I have to help my mom. 我不能参加,因为我要帮我妈妈干活。 8. having a piano lesson the day after tomorrow.后天我要上钢 I'm 琴课。 9.Can you come over to my house to discuss the science repo rt. 你能来我家讨论这份科学报告吗?三)交际用语: Can you come to my birthday party? Yes,I'd love to./Sorry,Ican't.I have to study for a test. I'm sorry. I'm playing soccer on Saturday. When is the party? It's at seven thirty. 四)主题写作: 情境:你朋友邀请你去干某事,你有事不能去,写信拒绝并说明理由.词语点击: 1.lesson: ['lesn] 名词 n. [C]① 功课;课业 Lessons begin at 8:00. 八点钟开始上课。 ②课程[P1][(+in/on)]She gives the children lessons in music. 她给孩子们上音乐课。 ③一节课;(教科书中的)一课 They usually have four lessons in the morning.上午他们通常有四 堂课。 ④ 教训,训诫 The young man has learned his lesson and won't drive under th e influence again. 小伙子已得到了教训,再也不敢酒后开车了。及物动词 vt. 教训,训斥 I'll lesson you, ! 我要教训你! 【积累】与 lesson 有关的短语:have a…lesson 上一节……课,give sb. a lesson 给某人上课,do one's lesson 做功课, teach sb. a le sson 给某人一个教训 【辨析】同义词 lesson 与 class 的区别 (一)class 与 lesson 在着重指教学内容D课时‖时,可互换使用 We have four English classes/lessons every week.每周我们上四节 英语课。 There are no classes/lessons on Sunday.星期天没有课。 (二)表示班级、同学们、开始上课、课堂、课堂活动时只能用 class There are fifteen classes in our school.我们学校有 15 个班级。 Good morning,Class!同学们,早上好。 Class begin at 9:00 in the morning.上午 9 点开始上课。 Don't talk in class.课堂上不要讲话。 (类似短语:after class 课后;out of class 课外;) (三)表示课、第几课、学科、科目、功课时只能用 lesson. Please read the first lesson.请读第一课。 There are 120 lessons in Book One.第一册书有 120 课。 We study Chinese,Maths,English and other lessons. 我们学习语文、数学、英语和其它一些学科。 I can help you with your lessons.我能帮你学习功课。 The girl is doing her lessons.这个女孩正在做她的功课。2.sure: [?u?]形容词 adj. ① 确信的,有把握的 [+(that)][+wh-][(+about/of)] I'm not sure whether our team will win. 我不能肯定我队是否能赢。We are sure of his honesty. 我们确信他是诚实的。 ② 一定的,必定的 [+to-v] She is sure to write to you. 她一定会给你写信的。 ③ 确实的;可靠的 One thing is sure, he won't let you down. 有一点是确定的,那就是他不会让你失望。 Exercise is a sure way of losing weight. 运动是减肥的可靠办法。 副词 adv.【美】【口】的确;一定;当然 It's sure cold outside. 外面实在很冷。 【积累】be sure to do sth.一定、务必做某事; be sure +that 从句, (例如: I'm sure that the weather will change soon.我有把握说天气马上会 变的。);Make sure+that 从句D务必,确信……‖。3.another: [?'n?? ?] 形容词 adj. ① 又一,再一 He drank another glass of beer. 他又喝了一杯啤酒。 ② 另一;另外的 That's another matter.那是另外一回事。 代词 pron.①又一个,再一个 The little boy finished his cake and as ked for another. 小男孩吃完自己的饼后,要求再吃一块。 ② 另一个 I don't like this one, please show me another. 我不喜欢这个,请给我另一个 【注意】another+数目+名词=数目+more+名词,表示D额外……,再, 又……‖ 例如:another two hours= two more hours 再加两个小时 4.whom: [hu:m] pron.(who 的宾格)在句中做宾语。 I only confide in those whom I can trust. 我仅信赖我能相信的人。【注意】在介词后必须用 whom;whom 放在句首可用 who 来代替。例 如: With whom did you go hiking yesterday?你昨天和谁一起出行的?Whom /Who will you ask for help?你将向谁求助?5.join: [d??in]1)及物动词 vt. ① 连结;使结合[(+to/together/up)] He joined the two pieces of wood together with glue. 他用胶水将这两块木料粘在一起。 ②和...一起做同样的事;和...作伴[(+in/for)] Will you join us for dinner? 你和我们一起吃晚饭好吗? 参加;作...的成员 I'll advise him to join our club. 我将建议他加入我们的俱乐部。 2)不及物动词 vi. ①会合;相遇 Where do the two rivers join? 这两条河在什么地方会合? ② 邻接 The two estates join at the foot of the hill. 这两处房地产在山脚下相毗连。 3)名词 n. 接合点;接连处[C]The joins can hardly be seen. 接缝几乎看不出来。 【辨析】take part in 与 join 的区别: ①take part in 意为D参加, (某事物或某活动) 参与 比如说参加运动会。 例如: How many countries will take part in the World Cup? 有多少个国家要参加世界杯? ② join 意为D参加(某组织),加入(某处任职),参加到某个人群中 去,从而成为其中一员‖。例如: She joined a health club. 她参加了一个健身俱乐部。6.invitation: [,invi'tei??n]名词 n. [(+to)][+to-v] 邀请, 请帖;其后长接介词 to 表示D对……的邀 请‖。例如: She received an invitation to the party.她接到参加聚会的邀请。 They sent out 200 invitations to their wedding. 他们发出了两百张婚礼请帖。 Invite 是 invitation 的名词形式,常构成Dinvite sb. to do sth.‖表示D邀 请某人做某事‖。例如: He invited several of his friends to the show. 他邀请了几个朋友去看表演。7.training:['treini?] 名词 n.训练;锻炼,培养 [(+in/for)] She was given some quick training at the vocational school. 她在职业学校受过速成训练。 【拓展】train 是 training 的动词形式。trainer 训练者,教练 trainee 受 训者8.call: [k?:l] 1)动词 v. ①(大声)叫喊,呼叫[(+out)] &Come on,& she called out. &快,&她喊道。 ②呼唤;召唤;召集 Shall I call you a taxi? 我给你叫辆出租车好吗?③ 打电话给[(+up)] Call me at the office this afternoon.午后打电话到我办公室来。 ④把...叫做,称呼 She called him Joe. 她称他乔。 ⑤顺便到...,拜访[(+at/in/on)] I promised to call on her after the examination. 我答应考试后去看望她。 2)名词 n. [C] ①呼叫,喊叫;鸣 We heard a call for help. 我们听到呼救的声音。 ② (一次)电话,通话 She made a long-distance call to Hong Kong.她打长途电话到香 港。 ③(短暂的)访问[(+on/at)];(车、船等的)停靠[(+at)] The ship will make calls at several ports. 该船将在数个港口停靠。9.match: [m? t?]① 名词 n.比赛,竞赛,火柴, 导火线 Our side beat the other in the match. 我方在竞赛中击败了对方。② 动词 v. 和...相配,和...相称 The color of the shirt does not match that of the tie. 衬衫的颜色与领带不相配。 Can you match the words with their meanings? 你能把这些单词和它们的意思配对吗?10.whole: [h?ul] 1)形容词 adj. ① 全部的,全体的,所有的 I'm deeply sorry about the whole business. 对整个事情我深感遗 憾。 ②整个的;完整的;无缺的,无损的 He was surprised to find himself whole after the car accident. 他很惊讶自己在车祸中毫发未伤。 ③整整的 He spent two whole years writing the novel. 他花了整整两年写那本小说。 2)名词 n.全部,全体[the S][(+of) The whole of China was full of sadness after the earthquake. 地震之后全中国人充满了忧伤。 【辨析】whole 和 all 的用法及区别: 这两个词意思相近。 但与限定词和名词连用时, 它们的词序各不相同。 试比较: Dall + 限定词 + 名词‖ D限定词 + whole + 名词‖ 1)all 与 whole 都可以和单数名词连用。例如: ①Mary spent all the summer at home. 玛丽整个夏天都是在家里度 过的。 也可以说成:②Mary spent the whole summer at home. ③all my life 我的一生=my whole life 2)all 通常与不可数物质名词连用,而 whole 则不能。例如: ④正:Jane has drunk all the milk. 误:Jane has drunk the whole milk. 珍妮喝光了所有的牛奶。 ⑤You can easily spend a whole day there. (whole 多与可数名词连 用) 你可以轻松地在那里呆上一整天。 ▲但有些抽象名词前可用 whole。例如: Can you tell me the whole truth?(=Can you tell me all the truth?) 你能告诉全部事实真相吗? 3)the whole of 或 all(of)可放在专有名词,代词和限定词之前。例如: The whole of/All of London was under water. 整个伦敦都被水淹没。11.over: ['?uv?] prep.&adv. 在...之上,在正上方; (覆盖)在...上面; 越过...; 从一边至另 一边; 超过,多余(=more than);adj. 结束的,完了的 We live over a small bookstore. 我们住在一家小书店的楼上。A plane flew over the house. 一架飞机飞过了房子。 She stepped over to the other side to avoid meeting him. 她走到大街另一边,避免与他相遇 The number of the students in our school is over 1,000. 我校的学生人数超过了一千。 Summer is over. It is autumn now.夏天过去了。秋天到了。 【拓展】over-前缀 pref. 超过&,&越过&&过度&,&在上面&,&在上空&例如: overage 过老的 overall 总的 overdo 过度 overdrink 饮过量 overeat 吃过量 overpopulation 人口过剩 oversea 外国的 oversleep 睡过头 ov erspeed 超速 overspend 超支 overuse 使用过度 overtime 超时, etc.12.free:[fri:] 1)形容词 adj. ①空闲的(反义词为 busy) I'm quite free this evening.我今晚没有事。② 免费的 They enjoy free medical care.他们享受免费医疗。 ③ 自由的;不受控制的 He felt himself at last absolutely fre e. 他终于觉得自己完全自由了。 ④闲置的;未被占用的 2)动词 vt. Is that seat free? 那个座位有人吗?使自由;解放[(+from)] 亚伯拉罕? 林肯解放}

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