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zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-304dc1ff05e890c73b30_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5dd156ff9a_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5dd156ff9a_r.jpg&&&/figure&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4add48e5f3aa24c082ff21_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4add48e5f3aa24c082ff21_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-b14edca7c7db58cef0a186ea2ab52bb4_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-b14edca7c7db58cef0a186ea2ab52bb4_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ef5983efa2c49ee542c728_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ef5983efa2c49ee542c728_r.jpg&&&/figure&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-e4ac38d19fdf57ee5f134cc_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-e4ac38d19fdf57ee5f134cc_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-f1ae7e4d680ac3f22ea061_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-f1ae7e4d680ac3f22ea061_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-bf4a9d5e72_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-bf4a9d5e72_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-652ba37f55cf7df5f6c4e_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-652ba37f55cf7df5f6c4e_r.jpg&&&/figure&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-dfbea954bf56e17e0d6b2a_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-dfbea954bf56e17e0d6b2a_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-bf6a11ed633fb0beeb044d800e509cd7_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-bf6a11ed633fb0beeb044d800e509cd7_r.jpg&&&/figure&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-ff9c313f615bcadffba50ddb_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-ff9c313f615bcadffba50ddb_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-20f16de880b_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-20f16de880b_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&&br&&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-73cbcb9c6db90afa97f8774_b.jpg& data-caption=&& data-size=&normal& data-rawwidth=&960& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&960& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-73cbcb9c6db90afa97f8774_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&Tips：本报告数据采集于R语言中文社区历史数据及互联网公开数据，由黄小伟整理汇总，如有不当之处，欢迎批评指正！&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&b&参考数据：&/b&&/p&&p&1.IEEE编程语言排行：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-2017-top-programming-languages& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&https://&/span&&span class=&visible&&spectrum.ieee.org/compu&/span&&span class=&invisible&&ting/software/the-2017-top-programming-languages&/span&&span class=&ellipsis&&&/span&&/a&&/p&&p&2.中国R语言会议数据：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//china-r.org/history.html& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&http://&/span&&span class=&visible&&china-r.org/history.htm&/span&&span class=&invisible&&l&/span&&span class=&ellipsis&&&/span&&/a&&/p&&p&3.统计之都：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//cosx.org/& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&https://&/span&&span class=&visible&&cosx.org/&/span&&span class=&invisible&&&/span&&/a&&/p&&p&4.R语言官网：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//www.r-project.org/& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&https://www.&/span&&span class=&visible&&r-project.org/&/span&&span class=&invisible&&&/span&&/a&&/p&&p&5.RStudio官网：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//www.rstudio.com/& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&https://www.&/span&&span class=&visible&&rstudio.com/&/span&&span class=&invisible&&&/span&&/a&&/p&&p&6.Microsoft R Server：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server/machinelearningserver& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&https://www.&/span&&span class=&visible&&microsoft.com/en-us/sql&/span&&span class=&invisible&&-server/machinelearningserver&/span&&span class=&ellipsis&&&/span&&/a&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&b&往期精彩内容整理合集：&/b&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3MTM3NTA5Ng%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D2%26sn%3D46e6b4cca2f8dad284f3a%26chksm%3D84d9cbc0b3ae42d67c2e2e52eec5b203fb45f252bebe9dd662eafe8a%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言中文社区历史文章整理（作者篇）&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3MTM3NTA5Ng%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D4adaf954ef1b604c57926c%26chksm%3D84d9cbd9b3ae42cf27a979a7b02d59dccda5ba2ed026203fae84a1c5e0f72dedd%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言中文社区历史文章整理（类型篇）&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&/p&
Tips：本报告数据采集于R语言中文社区历史数据及互联网公开数据，由黄小伟整理汇总，如有不当之处，欢迎批评指正！ 参考数据：1.IEEE编程语言排行：2.中国R语言会议数据：3.统计之都：4.R语言…
&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-714c811d6e3eb8a9b25da4_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&1050& data-rawheight=&586& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1050& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-714c811d6e3eb8a9b25da4_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&今天这一篇整理一下我以往推送过的所有R语言相关文章，一来是方便大家的检索，二来也是阶段性学习的一次总结。&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&关于内容分类，我分成了学习心得篇、R语言基础、数据可视化、网络数据爬取，然后各自类别进行详细的再分类。&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&-----------------------------&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&b&R语言学习心得篇：&/b&&/p&&p&&b&R语言基础：&/b&&/p&&p&&b&数据可视化：&/b&&/p&&ul&&li&ggplot2语法入门&/li&&li&R语言商务图表&/li&&li&信息图&/li&&li&地理信息可视化&/li&&li&动态可视化&/li&&/ul&&p&&b&网络数据爬取：&/b&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&b&----------------------------------&/b&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&b&R语言学习心得篇：&/b&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3De650aef87e03e508b6782a%26chksm%3D848c44cfb3fbcddf595b9bb851dd9a831b37bfeee21b20e247f0aeb41%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&给R语言初学者的几个建议~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D91cd91fc431fcachksm%3D848c43ecb3fbcafa7cb1026a37debc021a6e22d11ee35a874c93efd3%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&学习R语言我都做了那些有趣的事情！！！&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&b&R语言基础入门：&/b& &/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&R：&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dbbfd148dfaaf6b6scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言笔记之——常用数据导入方式简介&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D2be65971aac8f846c0ee6106%26chksm%3D848c4f9db3fbc68b7a7add84d853adfec0d9ab7eb46ba6acscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言数据重塑及导出操作&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D3d190efcb42d9d90beab2af102b98c8b%26chksm%3D848c4168b3fbc87edc53d71f005fdb1862758becba59bbaff49ca314b0fd2dc6%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言数据处理——数据合并与追加&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&R VS Python：&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D717f09ae1cd83c0e5d4b9%26chksm%3D848c445db3fbcd4b94bb7c32c2f1cdae316%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&左右用R右手Python系列——字符串格式化输出&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Ddae265a766eca9a07c1d071%26chksm%3D848c447bb3fbcd6d2d5c5cff7d39ef7ea7e454d323b5df91605e73ff%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&左手用R右手Python系列——数据合并与追加&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dbca4eecdff6e08d6fa4b3d9%26chksm%3D848c4403b3fbcdefded410eb27dab29b3834fae7f918e7d258b%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&左手用R右手Python系列——数据塑型与长宽转换&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D590a96b310bbedc7d5674fc0bcf177a0%26chksm%3D848c443fb3fbcd29cc02a48a3dc5cccac7a14db72adce66ef97b098f%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&左手用R右手Python系列——因子变量与分类重编码&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&b&数据可视化：&/b&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&基础部分：&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Db1eb446736fdecscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言信息可视化——文字云&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Da393ead41b%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言数据可视化之——TreeMap&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D5ddb4fb195bfe583ab32c5f65d45d76f%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言学习笔记——柱形图&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D3af7cca4e0de77a1b5f11%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——柱形图美化（簇状、堆积、百分比）&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dbf4bed5e40e7b5b36cc4%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——多系列柱形图（条形图）与分面组图美化技巧！&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Db2c6c556c638b1045ddcd6ed746b59ef%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——散点图及其美化技巧！&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Db5dff38ab0b4c49ed2a078e%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——直方图及其美化技巧！&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D2b2ddd94f0d872fa28ea5a4e2c76c548%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——密度曲线图及其美化！&/a& &/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D385a80c69afea110cb249372cdad97d0%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——折线图、平滑曲线及路径图&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D81d235aefb714c7cbaf2058%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——面积（区域）图及其美化&/a& &/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dadc1ed6c5eba%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——箱线图及其美化技巧&/a& &/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D3b0c7ae4f8ccfa0f0f748fb45d69a80c%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——极坐标变换与衍生图表类型&/a&&/p&&p&&a 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noreferrer&&R语言可视化——ggplot的theme订制&/a&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Df271f1e387d6face08ff965%26chksm%3D848c407db3fbc96bfe0bac2affd34ffd87cb4f5a7ee07fb%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——ggplot图表系统中的形状&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D78cded503fe5c0chksm%3D848c4088b3fbc99e298ea89e54af259feaee81b87cb880f3bc79d55a09c6dda2d06a5ff0fee2%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——ggplot图表系统中的辅助线&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dafadchksm%3D848c409bb3fbc98ded3b1feca41c0d7d1663b22eda17d80f66af0ce5%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&不经意间又发现了一个有趣又炫酷的包~&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D3dafae06163fbdchksm%3D848c40a3b3fbc9bd062fa797041cee468f6a085cebd8f21736cabbe8c%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用优雅的配色来缔造图表专业主义~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Df129ae8a9c50f%26chksm%3D848c413db3fbc82be8dce0f55d00a3e80fede3e6ddc%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言图表美化——巧用分面表达优化图表布局，做出堪比杂志级视觉体验的商务图表&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a 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noreferrer&&R语言可视化——关于ggplot所支持的数据地图素材类型&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dcc82cc751aee%26chksm%3D848c4311b3fbca074cf49bc72f263de5baa8ae84bdeacd36a4e072%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&一篇小短文助你打开数据可视化的任督二脉！&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3De37ea74c7bd1d4a45accfcd6%26chksm%3D848c4325b3fbcad9abacf008c732a10af2cf4d8b74feb%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&数据地图多图层对象的颜色标度重叠问题解决方案&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Daed04bb428a43e3df5fc3%26chksm%3D848c433eb3fbca28fa176ead01a8acceedee2%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& 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href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dd0a6d4bb6cb2ea4eea3c%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&数据地图系列7|R语言版(上)&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Decd1bbb061a8b48c47c463%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&数据地图系列8|R语言版数据地图（下）&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D4bbc3d46dae710fb5c276a3d82ce8ec6%26chksm%3D848c400ab3fbc91cd8d1cad1abae033c993bb74cbbb274dfcd69660%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——数据地图应用（东三省）&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D9ed0a445f1%26chksm%3D848c4004b3fbcbeef1264ddd3a73a47c17729cbc8c48bb%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——数据地图离散百分比填充（环渤海）&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D48cd68cf60d%26chksm%3D848c401cb3fbc90aea330f590c66ab44ea2fa5e5b0ed65a2e6b9a%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——地图填充与散点图图层叠加&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D2add732c5e6f%26chksm%3D848c4013b3fbcc763f9ce2ba33c7e3e75f48b7b1e5eb0ec38e642c197ascene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——多图层叠加（离散颜色填充与气泡图综合运用）&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D5dadbcfc37acb441f2e130%26chksm%3D848c4f85b3fbc693cecc124ec2d93affc161ccscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——地图与气泡图结合应用&/a&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dbbddea8fd42fea929f6cb40%26chksm%3D848c415eb3fbcd52f0c5a95a3edfc170d23ab76aceebee%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用R语言复盘美国总统大选结果~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3De6d89ab3ecf9b22a472a9a3d501ef3db%26chksm%3D848c41e5b3fbc8f35cc52a9a1cd44ab1cbcf48bdd5f78f4dd8f9a89e8ac68dff5%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——ggplot绘制中心密度辐射图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D25ba2ea7b8b457bdb4c1%26chksm%3D848c41e4b3fbc8f29dc7f23d1e1bc7ae000cda325f8e96e%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——中心放射状路径图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D14cd6716bda140a927d207cd1cfa6794%26chksm%3D848c41a7b3fbc8b1f163e994b5f67d1d6fafa2060fead85ddad01%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&你绝对想不到，数据地图还能这么玩~&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D1dd08dbd8%26chksm%3D848c41bdb3fbc8abd4bfc2ffd03661bdaf5a237b3033001facd064e08cb81b61c9%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&玩转数据地图系列之——地图上的迷你条形图&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D468da03409b%26chksm%3D848c4263b3fbcb757b9beba9a6fbc79d0fafc745a7fe256%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&一个小案例，教你如何从数据抓取、数据清洗到数据可视化&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dc2e52f9387bc5adbadfc068%26chksm%3D848c4276b3fbcbec8fb403ea3537bfeddc2b82c311bc7a6bdscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&一篇全是代码的数据可视化案例&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D7eecd354e8f348ce7dc47a%26chksm%3D848c4273b3fbcb6adccbc4e91dada929fe9ffc8%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&小魔方不想跟你说话，并向你扔了一堆代码~~~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Df0ab5f986fbbbc%26chksm%3D848c420cb3fbcb1abdf4c91e6ee2b0ba9e08efe701e9a1b3a8d2a%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&地图可视化之——移花接木&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&REmap地图： &/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dcaa6cb59a1a59b%26chksm%3D848c4029b3fbc93f41d385de355b725fdd02bfd5ff4cce1c25a29945%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——REmap动态地图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Ddchksm%3D848c403fb3fbc929ee74bcf06aace1dc8cd8d1cf05f05af1ee4ade15%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——REmap(路径图)&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D7c994b0ef09a5cfcaff8b51%26chksm%3D848c4039b3fbc92f88feed57a5fdebb1beb0b1a762b00b%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——REmapB函数&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D5873c1aefcc5d%26chksm%3D848c4031b3fbc927d824dac4cb7cc7721247eae0002e%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——REmapC(填充地图)&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dabaee3d4ab5556%26chksm%3D848c40cbb3fbc9dd4f173aba61cb6d7a4c96f3f17c62e5adc48da75ffscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言可视化——REmapH(中心热度图)&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&leaflet地图：&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D53cf57b48a2cbeab81176cfd62c99be4%26chksm%3D848c41b1b3fbc8a7a116a04a75fd76f38d96a51ebdedc53f72bdfa3df54ba6c854f%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&动态地理信息可视化——leaflet在线地图简介&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D424d7cfef011ebc117d43d%26chksm%3D848c425db3fbcb4b73b4ca1bb1ace747e28739c1acb2a3cfbebbdce6888%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&动态地理信息可视化——散点地图系列&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dff78d64a317a06dfdee2d0c%26chksm%3D848c4253b3fbcb45b7f020d859f66d25e630a65ea72c5cd626af80edfscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&动态地理信息可视化——leaflet构造路径图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D2ea78dbc5c0dfe3facc9f6%26chksm%3D848c4266b3fbcbb10e0aa11b1a0cd5ca7aa3%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&动态地理信息可视化——leaflet填充地图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D104cf90f94ca%26chksm%3D848c436ab3fbca7cfa00c04a7f17fef68643eeda039fb76dd0365bedcf4ec66a%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Leaflet在线地图进阶宝典——json素材操纵与图层面板控制&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D6c64cd63b63dchksm%3D848c43cbb3fbcadd3b244fb3febfb78e66f19048ec2dfcd0ad8835dee90%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&leaflet在线地图进阶宝典之——高级辅助特性&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D31bd237aadd610a1b785e59d%26chksm%3D848c43c1b3fbcada2a29d7c6cdcac072d5a8ca2dbe0d3%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&leaflet在线地图进阶宝典——高级交互特性&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Ddbd5bed87c38e29af801c%26chksm%3D848c4389b3fbca9f27a11d9358f6cabaa2f84a973eaadf3f75d9f6bf4c6fscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&leaflet的小搭档leaflet.minicharts来了，从此动态地图又多了一些乐趣~~~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&商务图表进阶：&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D8aadd3eb77f8b7b6c8ec%26chksm%3D848c4209b3fbcb1fd1ce288d5bbfbde6bca19abcb133ffb44df05a59%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&超强脑洞第二弹之——ggplot构造漏斗图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D25eac3fa6f%26chksm%3D848c4204b3fbcb122ea9e6d81c191c59c17c25ce011bdc6f07dc0ce%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&超强脑洞第三弹之——ggplot构造瀑布图&/a&&/u& &u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D16fcd4a0ca641ec5da0affb%26chksm%3D848c4201b3fbcb17a78abab4cb82de31c3ad7ecb0c23b505db77f2d%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&超强脑洞第四弹——ggplot构造甘特图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D67bd559a8c6a1e31df33d2df798d5160%26chksm%3D848c421bb3fbcb0d21e1e35a78b7e130d99d2f8e347fc39ad884ddfc56abffc65172%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&超强脑洞第五弹——ggplot 构造连环饼图&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dbf92d55fda0e2db9fc34c062e1b75104%26chksm%3D848c42e8b3fbcbfe5f9e1aa35eec3b951abf6fbb3ffc553c1dace0f0d%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用R语言制作商务图表，让你的图表美出新高度~&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D5b480bdb1bf26feedc96e2873617bfc0%26chksm%3D848c42e4b3fbcbf2be43e12079dcdceebf851cfec2df9c%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&一场用R语言打造的商务图表视觉盛宴~&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D8c0b9c7aacf%26chksm%3D848c42bfb3fbcbaae1d97d86f294f6f07d4dfcfbb16%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&流量结构分布图——桑基图（Sankey）&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dcf6d698f84e76ff434a16%26chksm%3D848c42b5b3fbcba3ba33c00ef9d964ea0ee31e9e138af67bc558e127fd467f3e%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&流量结构分布图——炫酷和弦图&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dde51b49c3ae7292e60cce1%26chksm%3D848c4397b3fbca812cdab44acec0e361f5bca14ca6b70389fafe75aa%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Word天呀，气泡图居然还有这种操作~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dccf52ed1f8b93b0%26chksm%3D848c4414b3fbcd024f597510aedba15d7b478d6bb7e5dbb988c66cc6f96da43b275%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&这么牛X的包，一般人我不告诉他！！！&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&信息图高仿：&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D3e66d44a5b903c8652f15bda3b41a109%26chksm%3D848c42ffb3fbcbe9ac04eac0dc40b9db2b%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&信息图表高仿——R语言仿一财经典线条比较图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Df59aa4e8bc83b80138aee%26chksm%3D848c42f7b3fbcbe1f4ce73f6c4b0d0dbd66d8a3e7db45f6fe5e36af9dd694fafe1d%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用ggplot轻松搞定太极图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Ddf29ea299fb%26chksm%3D848c42f4b3fbcbe23a0e91abcee85d2b0b0cbbbe8f65f7beaff2c678a934c149%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用ggplot来挑战数据可视化的上限~&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Da6ec2d3b15e9ad836e40e35achksm%3D848c428eb3fbcb64bdf57e838ec8b0a08a1ae059d7a87fb384fdc9%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&ggplot系列之脑洞大开鱼缸百分比信息图~&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D3e9a8b793ae6dddf702b%26chksm%3D848c4285b3fbcb93be3d0c8cc50ffd17c5ef85b9ecdf7b%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&ggplot制作分析仪表盘&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Df322f1332aac75dec4c11%26chksm%3D848c4282b3fbcb94b74ee15b0e77d18e091be2c935a58dfe67be71f6ae201ae7c8%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用ggplot2制作静态数据可视化报告！&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Da6ff6ef1fe3%26chksm%3D848c429db3fbcb8b7ca3c0dadea77dcf1fb95%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&R语言数据可视化——仿网易数独圆环条形图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D0dedcaeda78b%26chksm%3D848c440cb3fbcd1ac3bbfcc7be858f21859aafb016fc2aceeb96cd%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&重要的是图表思维，而不是工具&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dcc05c3d94c%26chksm%3D848c4429b3fbcd3ff01e763d61aa38b08fe118f54bf901b1fd42da0b3afcc0d5de9%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&让执着成为一种习惯——仿网易数独玫瑰气泡图&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Db8ac06ebf1fc3b8b7ea1a932%26chksm%3D848c4296b3fbcb80fcf9c3a3d65b7b8ac92da193ef8acscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&是时候展现真正的技术了——让你的图表舞动起来~&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D4e7dbfa7e994%26chksm%3D848c4292b3fbcb84d931e6d7f1c7a4b6d070a773d5d438bb1bc91fb9d05da8d7dd%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&上帝视角——给世界一个特写~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dde2be1db9b7%26chksm%3D848c435db3fbca4bbaf68e4dd972eb4052330dbf09f53b22f21e046e2ascene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&像电影一样记录数据可视化&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&shiny仪表盘：&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D065e7b86e07d56fd282a792ba3caf7e5%26chksm%3D848c4370b3fbca661e87f901cb1b4c516d93f2b8a8fda6bcscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用R-Shiny打造一个美美的在线App&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D1d7d58e57cfe2a3ad955a8ea1e91f3ef%26chksm%3D848c430db3fbca1b4a9cd0e47eac598ca2cdd76cff5438%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&shiny动态仪表盘——360度全空间无死角拖拉换肤功能的旋转地球&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Daeb152dd991fa7%26chksm%3D848c430bb3fbca1d8a4cc4018a27bae21f50afca35ae43d6dscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&shiny仪表盘应用——2016年美国大选数据可视化案例&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&爬虫及数据可视化：&/p&&p&&br&&/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dc45ba230a01%26chksm%3D848c41ccb3fbc8daea7b8a27fb842f5c3c29edbd81c56b855b3877%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用R语言抓取网页图片——从此高效存图告别手工时代&/a& &/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dfedee2a82ab928bchksm%3D848c423db3fbcb2bcc21126fad9c221eb811e290eace0dcd182d5f3%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&经历过绝望之后，选择去知乎爬了几张图~&/a&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D1be67a2a866e9achksm%3D848c4431b3fbcd273a5d53b507cf5a0f591cd7c1b30b1cba50cf3e01%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&一言不合就爬虫系列之——爬取小姐姐的秒拍MV&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dc382cb91c1be30abba1f7abd6f198bbe%26chksm%3D848c4214b3fbcb020104cbcefbd41cd0923bed61f1b5f238ac833d66c1%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&教你如何优雅的用R语言调用有道翻译&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dfbefedb42ebe905dfb775b%26chksm%3D848c419cb3fbc88a8db0ef3c1c8bfd25fb466f0551af96bff6f4dfa9a07b64a638%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&2017年的第一周，你吸了多少雾霾？&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Df65fae259ced%26chksm%3D848c41afb3fbc8b9cfe28f9fee490b7f1d5def51cf25e3ffscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用数据来聊聊国产电影~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D4ceab6e7d4a3e63d0f90%26chksm%3D848c4228b3fbcb3e87a49c7d6e845bae6fee950ba7e%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&当大家都在讨论金刚狼3的时候，他们到底在说些什么~&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D9d1cccf5%26chksm%3D848c42cab3fbcbdc6be5a6bd599d994a98be1ee90fb2fbbcscene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&一篇文章揭开office配色模板的的神秘面纱~&/a&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D94230eeacf00a12356d9cae84bab14b4%26chksm%3D848c4230b3fbcb26ea2f4b224ed6df90ded44d71ed5e1a57cbf0d64715%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&你知道经管类的核心期刊都分布在那里吗？&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D125a1b00d504dada53c6dbb202d53a67%26chksm%3D848c4239b3fbcb2fa4dd745d8eb6fae7f1e2ce230e8ac9629fdbe4bc5%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&这是一篇很务正业的可视化推送~（上篇）&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D2%26sn%3D54e00b0fc0cf%26chksm%3D848c4239b3fbcb2fdda319e91b53f5bdeadb46aece4%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&下篇（续）&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D76e341c43121e0eebe7faeb%26chksm%3D848c42dfb3fbcbcad4bcec65c01d68e597e4eb3c51f578f9cc0f10dc6%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&大连市2016年空气质量数据可视化~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Decc5c8a19244%26chksm%3D848c42f1b3fbcbe757ef7dee48efa7b81c1a44399d4dce887a162b200bae8d560d%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&北京历史空气质量数据可视化~&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3De9c517fd35f794d4c98f96fc54ddf971%26chksm%3D848c428bb3fbcb9d0e232d79988feccff86b60e32abbedf9cfa9a0%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&挑战不可能之——ggplot环形字体地图&/a&&/u& &/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Ded38ff22ca148ede050b7b%26chksm%3D848c4288b3fbcb9e185f3ea02e0aaff14eacbd5b898%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&用emoji表情包来可视化北京市历史天气状况！&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzA3Njc0NzA0MA%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Dbfaa220d6f%26chksm%3D848c4376b3fbcac23462d3aec941cff5e2914a3bff47f8a6a89fd84ba%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&实习僧招聘网爬虫数据可视化&/a&&/u&&/p&&p&我也不敢相信自己竟然写过这么多代码，不过都是过去的事情了，以后要往前看，不断地优化代码，学习新东西的同时不断巩固旧知识，抱着一种归零的心态，总结、凝练、提升、创新~~~&/p&&h2&&b&联系方式：&/b&&/h2&&p&微信：ljty1991&/p&&p&博客主页：&a href=&http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//raindu.com/& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&raindu's home&/a&&/p&&p&个人公众号：数据小魔方（datamofang）&/p&&p&团队公众号：EasyCharts&/p&&p&qq交流群：[魔方学院]&/p&
今天这一篇整理一下我以往推送过的所有R语言相关文章，一来是方便大家的检索，二来也是阶段性学习的一次总结。 关于内容分类，我分成了学习心得篇、R语言基础、数据可视化、网络数据爬取，然后各自类别进行详细的再分类。 ----------------------------- R…
&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-73bcd8b618b5f4b63af1bd_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&900& data-rawheight=&600& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&900& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-73bcd8b618b5f4b63af1bd_r.jpg&&&/figure&这一节主要总结数据分析中聚类分析的思想。&blockquote&聚类分析仅根据在数据中发现的描述对象及其关系的信息，将数据对象分组。其目标是，组内的对象相互之间是相似的（相关的），而不同组中的对象是不同的（不相关的）。组内相似性（同质）越大，组间差别越大，说明聚类就越好。&br&&/blockquote&&p&这一解释来自于《数据挖掘导论》，已经是大白话，很好理解了。&/p&&p&举个栗子：把生物按照界（Kingdom）、门（Phylum）、纲（Class）、目（Order）、科（Family）、属（Genus）、种（Species）分类。&/p&&br&&h2&0. 聚类分析的一般步骤&/h2&&p&0.1. 步骤&/p&&ul&&li&选择适合的变量，选择可能对识别和理解数据中不同观测值分组有重要影响的变量。（这一步很重要，高级的聚类方法也不能弥补聚类变量选不好的问题）&/li&&li&缩放数据，一般将数据标准化处理即可，用于避免各种数据由于量纲大小不同所带来的不同&/li&&li&寻找异常点，异常点对聚类分析的结果影响很大，因此要筛选并删除&/li&&li&计算距离，后面再细讲，这个距离用于判别相关关系的大小，进而影响聚类分析的结果&/li&&li&选择聚类算法，层次聚类更适用于小样本，划分聚类更适用于较大数据量。还有许多其他的优秀算法，根据实际选择合适的。&/li&&li&得到结果，一是获得一种或多种聚类方法的结果，二是确定最终需要的类数，三是提出子群，得到最终的聚类方案&/li&&li&可视化和解读，用于展示方案的意义&/li&&li&验证结果&/li&&/ul&&br&&p&0.2. 计算距离&/p&&p&计算距离，是指运用一种合适的距离计算方式，来计算出不同观测之间的距离，这个距离用于度量观测之间的相似性或相异性。&/p&&p&可选的方式有欧几里得距离、曼哈顿距离、兰氏距离、非对称二元距离、最大距离和闵可夫斯基距离。&/p&&p&最常用的为欧几里得距离。它计算的是两个观测之间所有变量之差的平方和的开方：&/p&&img src=&https://www.zhihu.com/equation?tex=d_%7Bij%7D%3D%5Csqrt%7B%5CSigma_%7Bp%3D1%7D%5E%7Bp%3D1%7D%28x_%7Bip%7D-x_%7Bjp%7D%29%5E2+++%7D& alt=&d_{ij}=\sqrt{\Sigma_{p=1}^{p=1}(x_{ip}-x_{jp})^2
}& eeimg=&1&&&br&&p&通常用于连续型数据的距离度量。&/p&&br&&br&&br&&h2&1. 划分聚类分析&/h2&&p& 将观测值分为 Ｋ 组，并根据给定的规则改组成最优粘性的类，即为划分方法。&/p&&p&通常有两种：K 均值和 K 中心点&/p&&br&&p&1.1. K 均值聚类&/p&&br&K 均值聚类分析是最常见的划分方法，它使用质心来表示一个类。使用欧几里得凝聚距离，容易被异常值影响。&p&1.1.1 算法&/p&&blockquote&1. 选择 K 个初始质心，初始质心随机选择即可，每一个质心为一个类&br&2. 把每个观测指派到离它最近的质心，与质心形成新的类&br&3. 重新计算每个类的质心，所谓质心就是一个类中的所有观测的平均向量（这里称为向量，是因为每一个观测都包含很多变量，所以我们把一个观测视为一个多维向量，维数由变量数决定）。&br&4. 重复2. 和 3. &br&5. 直到质心不在发生变化时或者到达最大迭代次数时&/blockquote&&p&1.1.2. R 语言实现&/p&&ul&&li&1. 标准化数据&/li&&li&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&df &- scale(data[-1])
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&/li&&li&2. 决定聚类的个数&/li&&li&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&# 自编函数画碎石图，根据线性斜率变化的快慢判断聚类个数
wssplot(df)
# 用 NbClust 包中的 24 中指标来判断聚类个数
librar(NbClust)
set.seed(1234)
devAskNewPage(ask= TRUE)
nc &- NbClust(df,method= &kmeans&)
table(nc$Best.n[1,])
barplot(table(nc$Best.n[1,]))# 将指标分配画可视化为条形图
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&/li&&li&3. 进行 K 均值聚类分析&/li&&li&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&# 3 均值聚类分析，并尝试 25 个初始中心值的配置，择其优
set.seed(1234)
fit.km &- kmeans(df, 3, nstart=25)
# 查看各聚类中的观测数量
fit$km$size
# 查看三个聚类的质心
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&/li&&li&4. 与原类别型变量比较&/li&&li&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&# 使用 flexclust 包中的 randIndex 函数
library(flexclust)
randIndex(fit.km)
&/code&&/pre&&/div&如有聚类分析的数据是剔除某一类别型变量之后进行的，则要经过这一步，进行良好总分区之间的协定。兰德指数的变化范围从 -1（不同意）到 1（完全同意）。&/li&&/ul&&br&&p&1.2. K 中心点聚类&/p&&p&与 K 均值聚类不同，不用质心，而使用最具代表性的一个观测值来表示一个类，这个观测值被称为中心点。&/p&&p&1.2.1. 算法&/p&&blockquote&1. 选择 K 个中心点，随机选择即可&br&2. 计算观测到各个中心点的距离或相异性&br&3. 把每个观测分配到最近的中心点&br&4. 计算每个中心点到每个观测值的距离的总和（总成本）&br&5. 选择一个该类中不是中心点的点，与中心点互换（它成为中心点，中心点成为普通观测）&br&6. 重新把每个观测分配到距它最近的中心点，组合为一个类&br&7. 再次计算总成本&br&8. 如果总成本比步骤 4. 计算的总成本少，则把新的点作为中心点&br&9. 重复 5. 到 8. 直到中心点不再改变 &/blockquote&&p&1.2.2. R 语言实现&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&# 使用 cluster 包中的 pam() 函数
pam(x, k, metric=&euclidean&, stand=FALSE)
# x为数据矩阵或者数据框，k 表示聚类的个数，metric 表示使用的相似性/相异性度量方式，stand 是否有变量在该指标之前被标准化
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&br&&br&&br&&h2&2. 层次聚类分析&/h2&&p&层次聚类分析分为凝聚层次聚类分析和分裂层次聚类分析，两者是正好相反的过程，最常用到的是凝聚层次聚类分析，这篇总结只关注这一类。&/p&&p&其思想就是，把每一个单个的观测都视为一个类，而后计算各类之间的距离（用到 0.2. 中的方法），选取最相近的两个类，把他们合并为一个类。新的这些类再继续计算距离，合并最近的两个类。如此往复，直到只剩下一个类。将这个过程中的每一次合并都用树状图记录下来，这个树状图便包含了我们所需要的信息。&/p&&p&步骤可抽象为：&/p&&blockquote&1. 计算类与类之间的距离，用邻近度矩阵记录&br&2. 将最近的两个类合并为一个新的类&br&3. 根据新的类，更新邻近度矩阵&br&4. 重复2. 3. &br&5. 到只只剩下一个类的时候，停止&/blockquote&&p&2.1. 定义类之间的距离&/p&&p&观测与观测之间的距离在 0.2. 中已经说明了，有多种方式可以选择，其中最常用的就是欧几里得距离。&/p&&p&而类与类之间的距离，在初始的时候考虑观测之间距离是如何定义即可，因为这个时候所有类都只有一个观测。但当经过第一次合并之后，有的类就有多个观测了，这个时候类与类之间的距离应该如何定义呢？&/p&&p&一般有五种（下面把每个类中的观测抽象为一个点）：&/p&&blockquote&1. MIN（单联动）：一个类中的所有点与另一个类中的所有点计算距离，将距离最近的两个点之间的距离视为两个类之间的距离&br&2. MAX（全联动）：一个类中的所有点与另一个类中的所有点计算距离，将距离最远的两个点之间的距离视为两个类之间的距离&br&3. 组平均（平均联动）：一个类中的所有点与另一个类中的所有点计算距离，将计算得到的所有距离相加再除以组合数所得到的平均距离视为两个类之间的距离&br&4. 质心：将两个类的质心之间的距离，视为两个类的距离。所谓质心就是一个类中的所有观测的平均向量（这里称为向量，是因为每一个观测都包含很多变量，所以我们把一个观测视为一个多维向量，维数由变量数决定）。&br&5. ward 法：也一个类由质心代表，但它将两个类合并时所导致的 SSE
的增加来度量两个类之间的距离。&/blockquote&&p&这里插一句嘴，为什么层次聚类更适合小样本呢？就是因为，观测每多一个，在计算类之间距离的时候，次数就要多一倍，这个计算的复杂性是成阶乘上涨的，所以它一般用于小样本。但是，前人也研究出了一些聚类分析的可伸缩方法，这个是后话。&/p&&p&2.2. R 语言实现&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&d &- dist(x, method=)
# 选定点与点之间计算距离的方式并生成距离矩阵
fit &- hclust(d, method=)
# d 为之前生成的距离矩阵，method 为类与类之间的距离定义方式
plot(fit, hang=-1)
# 画出树状图
library(NbClust)
devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
nc &- NbClust(x, distance=, method= )
table(nc$Best.n[1,])
# 用于选择聚类的个数，看哪种聚类个数得到更多评判准则的赞同
clusters &- cutree(fit, k=5)
table(clusters)
# 展示 5 类聚类方案中每一类有多少观测
aggregate(x, by=list(cluster= clusters),median)
# 描述聚类
# x 为用于聚类的数据，或者为标准化之后的数据
plot(fit, hang=-1)
rect,hclust(fit, k=5)
# 画出树状图，并叠加5类方案
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&br&&br&&h2&3. 避免不存在的类&/h2&&p&利用 NbClust 包中的立方聚类规则可以帮助我们揭示不存在的结构。&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&plot(nc$All.index[,4], type=&o&, ylab=&CCC&)
# nc为 NbClust() 函数计算的到的结果
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&CCC 值为负并且对于两类或多类递减是，就是典型的单峰分布，表明没有类存在。&/p&
这一节主要总结数据分析中聚类分析的思想。聚类分析仅根据在数据中发现的描述对象及其关系的信息，将数据对象分组。其目标是，组内的对象相互之间是相似的（相关的），而不同组中的对象是不同的（不相关的）。组内相似性（同质）越大，组间差别越大，说明聚…
&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-b17d77fac85a418d13a7_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&1240& data-rawheight=&886& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1240& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-b17d77fac85a418d13a7_r.jpg&&&/figure&&b&&i&&u&原创&/u&&/i&&/b&
taoyan &a class=& wrap external& href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzI5MzQzMjU4Mw%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D7fc422af44b318bcc2af82%26chksm%3Dec73747edb04fdd33b95f503f02f6ea6efbca12c4f08ab%26scene%3D38%26key%3Dedbc4bce6abd56e993f1ad122d472b320a43c9dab1ef0fb347a1a26b63637f3ddd1da6aebb5fb2cbdf9f4d4aa%26ascene%3D7%26uin%3DMTk2ODYzMDIxNQ%253D%253D%26devicetype%3DWindows%2B10%26version%3Dpass_ticket%3D3IdomzF7uLFt7aVfekVfP1O%252FeOl1PgoMTohrS9DF%252Fx1ptjAmiHgypsQqKRPdv3nt%26winzoom%3D1%23%23& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&EasyCharts&/a&&p&上篇文章中提了一下如何通过&strong&ggpubr&/strong&包为ggplot图添加p-value以及显著性标记,本文将详细介绍。利用数据集&strong&ToothGrowth&/strong&进行演示&br&&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&#先加载包
library(ggpubr)
#加载数据集ToothGrowth
data(&ToothGrowth&)
head(ToothGrowth)
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&##
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&h1&&u&比较方法
&/u&&/h1&&p&&strong&R&/strong&中常用的比较方法主要有下面几种：&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-abf079f49d41fbab1b747e73f395c956_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&699& data-rawheight=&228& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&699& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-abf079f49d41fbab1b747e73f395c956_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&各种比较方法后续有时间一一讲解。&/p&&h1&&u&添加p-value
&/u&&/h1&&p&主要利用&strong&ggpubr&/strong&包中的两个函数：&/p&&br&&ul&&li&&p&compare_means():可以进行一组或多组间的比较&/p&&/li&&li&&p&stat_compare_mean():自动添加p-value、显著性标记到&strong&ggplot&/strong&图中&/p&&h2&&strong&compare_means()&/strong&函数
&/h2&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5cebdfedcd1fded411909e_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&683& data-rawheight=&349& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&683& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5cebdfedcd1fded411909e_r.jpg&&&/figure&&h2&&strong&stat_compare_means()&/strong&函数
&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-a774ffb88b_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&706& data-rawheight=&360& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&706& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-a774ffb88b_r.jpg&&&/figure&&b& 比较独立的两组&/b&&/h2&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3ac5eaee4c60_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&680& data-rawheight=&412& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&680& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-3ac5eaee4c60_r.jpg&&&/figure&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-b86d195bce378ab1abe5a2_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&483& data-rawheight=&205& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&483& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-b86d195bce378ab1abe5a2_r.jpg&&&/figure&&h2&&b&绘制箱线图&/b&&/h2&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&p &- ggboxplot(ToothGrowth, x=&supp&, y=&len&, color = &supp&,
palette = &jco&, add = &jitter&)#添加p-valuep+stat_compare_means()
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-d0a8c616a6a0ca_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&1240& data-rawheight=&886& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1240& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-d0a8c616a6a0ca_r.jpg&&&/figure&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&#使用其他统计检验方法
p+stat_compare_means(method = &t.test&)
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-0f15f29a278e_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&1240& data-rawheight=&886& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1240& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-0f15f29a278e_r.jpg&&&/figure&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-d5d2ed6e7a1_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&592& data-rawheight=&281& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&592& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-d5d2ed6e7a1_r.jpg&&&/figure&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&p+stat_compare_means(aes(label=..p.signif..), label.x = 1.5, label.y = 40)
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-aa69a5db9eec4d17368bc1_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&1240& data-rawheight=&886& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1240& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-aa69a5db9eec4d17368bc1_r.jpg&&&/figure&也可以将标签指定为字符向量，不要映射，只需将p.signif两端的..去掉即可&/p&&/li&&/ul&&br&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&p+stat_compare_means(label = &p.signif&, label.x = 1.5, label.y = 40)
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4d9eaac5b8_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&1240& data-rawheight=&886& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1240& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4d9eaac5b8_r.jpg&&&/figure&&h2&&b&比较两个paired sample&/b&&/h2&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&compare_means(len~supp, data=ToothGrowth, paired = TRUE)
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-dcd4fafbab32_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&764& data-rawheight=&116& class=&origin_im}