英语翻译及句子成分划分口诀说明

扫二维码下载作业帮
拍照搜题,秒出答案,一键查看所有搜题记录
下载作业帮安装包
扫二维码下载作业帮
拍照搜题,秒出答案,一键查看所有搜题记录
英语翻译怎么有两个do,它们的成份分别是什么?还有那个as是用来干什么的?rome 为什么大写?
作业帮用户
扫二维码下载作业帮
拍照搜题,秒出答案,一键查看所有搜题记录
1.这句话直译就是说:你在罗马就按照罗马人的习惯去做事,也就是“入乡随俗”.2.两个do都是做的意思:第一个do是主语的谓语,第二个do是Romans的谓语.如:when you are in Rome,do as the Romans do.此时第一个do是you的谓语.3.as的意思是:像,按照4.Rome是罗马,是城市名,所以大写.
为您推荐:
其他类似问题
在罗马,就做罗马人做的事。(入乡随俗)主语是You(省略掉了 在in Rome前)谓语是do句型是时间状语从句 而且这句话是一个并列比较结构
怎么有两个do,它们的成份分别是什么?还有那个as是用来干什么的?
答案如上述
When in Rome,do as the Romans do.这是一句省略掉主语的谚语。如果加上主语的话,原句应为:When you are in Rome, you should do as the Romans do.直译为:当你在罗马时,就应当照着罗马人一样做。句型为:主从复合句(when引导的时间状语从句,后半句是主句)怎么有两个do,它们的成份分别是什么?还有那个as是用来干什么的?...
as意思是“就像。。。一样”,所引导的从句意思是“就像罗马人做的一样”,第一个do是you的谓语,第二个do是the romans的谓语。
When in Rome(when引导的时间状语从句,省略了you are),do as the Romans do(由实意动词do引导的祈使句,相当于省略了主语you。as the Romans do为as引导的方式状语从句,第二个do是状语从句的谓语。意为:像····一样,正如····)意为:入乡随俗。(在罗马的时候,做跟他们一样的事情)...
祈使句。主语省略you 完整形式为:When(you are) in Rome,do as the Romans doas 是连词 译为 “正如,就像”句意为:入乡随俗怎么有两个do,它们的成份分别是什么?还有那个as是用来干什么的?as 连词,as the Romans do 译为像罗马人那样做,加上第一个do 便字面译为“做(事情)像罗马人那样做”
所以最后译...
as 连词,as the Romans do 译为像罗马人那样做,加上第一个do 便字面译为“做(事情)像罗马人那样做”
所以最后译为“入乡随俗”
扫描下载二维码药品说明书的翻译,药品英文说明书翻译,药品说明书翻译技巧,fda药品说明书翻译_教师联盟网
您现在的位置: >> 药品说明书翻译 >> 药品说明书的翻译,药品英文说明书翻译,药品说明书翻译技巧,fda药品说明书翻译
药品说明书的翻译,药品英文说明书翻译,药品说明书翻译技巧,fda药品说明书翻译
第一篇:药品说明书的翻译医药说明书翻译指导 INSTRUCTONS
第一节 《药品说明书》基本结构
《药品说明书》英文表达方式有: ? Instructions, ? Directions, ? Description ? 现在多用Package Insert,或简称 Insert, ? 也有用Leaflet或Data Sheets
? 包括下列内容:
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 药品名称 (Drug name) 性状 (Description) 药理作用 (Pharmacological Actions ) 适应症 (Indication) 禁忌症 (Contraindication) 注意事项 (Precaution) 副作用 (Side effects) 剂量和用法 (Dosage and administration) 包装 (Packing) 有效期 (Expiry date) 出厂日期 (Manufacturing date) 参考文献 (References)
一.药品名称 (Drug Name)
药品名称有商品名(Trade name) 、 通用名( Generic Name) 化学名(Chemical Name) 药品说明书上最常用的名称是商品名。有时在商品名之下(或后)又列有通用名或化学名. 例如: Rulide(罗力得)之后 列有(Roxithromycin,罗红 霉素); Minipress(脉宁平)之后列有(Praxosin HCl,盐酸 哌唑嗪)
1. 商品名(Trade name)
? 商品名是由生产厂家命名并向该国政府有关部门(国 家食品药品管理局) 注册的药品名. 商品名右上角 往往有一符号?, 意思是注册商标,是Register的缩 写。? 商品名因厂而异, 因国而异, 一种药物可以有几个, 几十个商品名, 因此仅根据商品名很难确定该药为 何种药物,需要查阅其化学结构.
? 药物说明书一开头,除了商品名外,还有时标有 “Issued to /for the medical profession only” 意思为 “仅供医学界专业参考”
2. 商品名译法
? 药品名称的中文翻译方法有多种,包括音译、意译、音 意合译、谐音译以及按药理作用或药物成分翻译。
? a. 音译 Penicilin 盘尼西林,Cediland (西地兰), Persantin(潘生丁), aspirin (阿司匹林) ? b. 意译 Chlorimycin 氯霉素;Tetracyclin 四环素; Cholic Acid 胆酸 ? c. 音意合译 Medemycin 麦迪霉素(-mycin 霉素) ? d. 谐音 Legalon利肝隆,Webilin胃必灵 ? e. 按药理作用或药物成分翻译
二.药品性状(Description)
药品性状:包括药品的外观、理化性质、成分、结 构、特征等。除了用Description外,还常用Property/P Physical and Characteristics (性状); 有些说明书介绍很简单,仅给出化学结构或成分, 标题为: ? Chemical structure(化学结构); ? Composition (成分) ? Active ingredients (有效成分) 等
1.结构特点:
此部分结构差异较大,长短不一。
介绍药物多用被动语态。
除了普通性和描述性词汇外,还常涉及到化学
化工词汇。由于是对药物性质的一般描述,故多用一般式。
Description ? Buflomedil Hydrochloride(丁咯地尔盐酸盐[脑功能改善药]), the active ingredient of Ikelan(麦道可兰(含buflomedil hydrochloride)&血管扩张药&), is a vasoactive( 血 管 活 性 的 ) and nerve protective drug. The empirical formular( 实 验 组 成 ) is C17H25NO4. HCl, representing a molecular weight of 343.8. Each ampoule ( 一 次 用 量 的 针 剂 , 安 瓿 ) of Ikelan injection contains 50mg Buflomedil Hydrochloride. It is a clear, colorless or light yellow solution(溶液). Each film coated tablet(薄膜衣片剂) for oral administration contains 150mg or 300mg of Buflomedil Hydrochloride. Each ml of the oral solution drops contains 150mg Buflomedil Hydrochloride.
Example 2 Properties This drug is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂).
? Example 3 ? Description
? Kirin Sterile Powder contains spectinomycin hydrochloride(盐酸奇放线菌素) which is an aminocyclitol antibiotics (卡那霉素B)produced by a species of soil microorganism designated as Streptomyces spectabilis(紫色团孢链霉菌).
例1.Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, odourless or almost odourless.
叶酸是淡黄色至橙色结晶粉沫,无臭或几乎无臭。例2.Intralipos 10% is a white opaque fat emulsion for intravenous injection, containing 10 W/V % of purified soybean oil.
脂肪乳剂(10%)是白色,不透明,供静脉注射用的 脂肪乳剂,含有10%(W/V)的精制大豆油。
例3.Ursosan Tablet 50mg is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodeoxycholic acid.
? 熊去氧胆酸片为白色素片,每片含50mg熊去氧胆 酸。
? 例4.Sterile pyrogen-free, orange red, freeze-dried powder in vials containing 10mg and 50mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose. ? (本品)为小瓶装,灭菌无热原,桔红色冻干粉沫, 每小瓶含有10mg盐酸阿霉素和50mg的乳糖。例5.It occurs as a white to off-white, crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents.
本品(炎痛息康)为白色至类白色结晶固体,难溶于 水、稀酸及大多数有机溶剂中。
? 例6.Pamine, chemically known as epoxytropine tropate methylbromide, has the empirical formula C18H24NO4Br and the molecular weight 398.3. 哌明的化学名称为环氧莨菪碱托品酸酯溴代 甲烷,实验式为C18H24NO4Br,分子量为 398.3。? 例7.Kanendomycin is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airtight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years. 卡内多霉素是一种很稳定的抗生素,其粉沫 置于密封容器中,在室温下保存二年以上,活 性不减。
? 例8.This product is prepared from units of human plasma which have been tested and found nonreactive for hepatitis associated (Australia) antigen.
? 本品由人血浆制备,此血浆业经检验, 并且证明对肝炎(澳大利亚)抗原无反应。
2. 常用词语
? (1) 性状部分常用词语表达
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? color 颜色 taste 味道 tasteless 无味 colorless 无色 crystalline 结晶的 solubility 溶解度 yellowish 淡黄色 bitter 苦味 whitish 微白色的 odour 气味 greenish 淡绿色的 odourless 无嗅 sterile 灭菌,无菌的 orange red 桔红色的 pyrogen-free 无热原的 soluble 可容的 insoluble
? brown 棕色 ? brownish 浅棕色的 ? transparent 透明的 ? opaque 不透明的 ? off-white 类白色 或 黄白色的 ? stable 稳定的 ? molecular formular ? molecular weight ? chemical structure injection solution tablet liquid powder solid
(2) 表示组成、来源、制备方法的常用表达 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? constituents 组成; prepare 制备, be derived from 由……衍生; be obtained from 由……制的; be prepared from 由……制备; obtained by 由……获得; consist of 由……组成; be composed of 由……组成;
possess 有(具有)
三. 药理作用 (Pharmacological Actions)
? 较详细的药品说明书一般要介绍药品的临床药理、体 外实验、药效、药物代谢、毒性和毒理作用等。该部 分常用的标题为: ? Pharmacological Actions 药理作用 ? Pharmacology 药理学 ? Pharmacological Properties 药理性质 ? Actions and properties 作用与性质 ? Mechanism of Action 作用机理 ? Mode of Action 作用方式 ? Clinical Experiments 临床实验 ? Pharmacology and toxicology 药理学与毒理学 ? Biological Activity 生物活性(若为抗生素类药品,常 用之)
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
有时还列出小标题,例如: Clinical Pharmacology 临床药理学; Clinical effect/ use 临床效果/用途; Pharmacodynamics 药效学; Pharmacokinetics 药物代谢动力学。
? 1.结构特点
? 该部分涉及到多学科的词汇,如 药理学(药效学, 药物代谢动力学)、生理学、毒理学、化学与微生物 学等专业的词汇,有时较难理解。? 此外,在本部分还经常遇到一些医学缩略词,如:
CNS(中枢神经系统)、EEG(脑电图)、LD50(半数
致死量)、ED50(半数有效量)、t1/2 (半衰期)等。该项一般用陈述句,句子结构有时比较复杂。
2.常用词语
(1)动词: ? ? ? ? ? Indicate 表明,提示; Maintain 维持; Demonstrate 显示; exert (action on) 起一作用 Exhibit 显示;
? ? ? ? ? ?
Inhibit 抑制; Accumulate 积蓄(积累); metabolize 代谢; Administer 给药; Excrete 排泄; Tolerate 耐受
(2)形容词:
? ? ? ? ? average/mean平均的; be effective against 对…有效; be related to与…有关; (be)sensitive to 对…敏感; (be)resistant to对…有耐药
(3)名 词
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Activity活性; Mechanism 机理; Absorption 吸收; Distribution 分布; Elimination 清除; Excretion 排泄, Serum concentration 血清浓度; Tolerance 耐受性;
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Clearance rate 廓清率; Toxicity 毒性; Plasma level 血浆浓度(水平); Half life 半衰期; Effect on…对…的作用; In vitro体外; in vivo体内。
常见句型举例
? 例1. Peak serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration. 肌注后约30~60分钟之间妥布毒素的血药浓度达 到高峰。? 例2. Nembutal Sodium exerts a depressant action on the CNS and shares the sedative-hypnotic actions typical of the barbiturates. 戊巴比妥钠对中枢神经系统产生抑制作用,并显 示戊巴比妥类特有的镇静催眠作用。
? 例3. 已发现制霉菌素(Nystain)在肠道内可 抑制酵母菌(yeast)的生长。Nystain has been found to inhibit the growth of yeast in the intestinal tract.
? 例4. 熊去氧胆酸的生物半衰期时3.5-5.8天 the biological half-life of ursodeoxycholic acid is 3.5-5.8 days
四.适应症
Indications
? ? ? ? 该项是药品说明书的重点,常用标题: Indications 适应症; Indications and Usage 适应症与用途; Major/ Principal Indications 主要适应症; ? Uses 用途; ? Action and Use 作用与用途。
? 1.结构特点
? 一般来说,该项仅列出疾病名称,或用短语 表示该药能治疗的疾病。
? 较详细的说明书亦用完整的句子表述该药能 治疗什么病,及对哪些细菌和微生物有效或 无效。由于疾病和细菌、病毒名称太多,请 查阅英汉医学词汇等工具书。
2.常用词语
? 疾病名称是适应症部分最常见的词汇.还涉及到微生 物(尤其是各种致病菌)方面的词汇。例如: (1)名词和名词短语:
? bacteria细菌;germs病菌;microbes, microorganisms 微生物;
? aerobes需氧菌;
? anaerobes厌氧菌;
? Gram-Positive bacteria革兰阳性菌; gram-negative bacteria革兰阴性菌;
? staphylococcus葡萄球菌:
? staph. Aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌;
streptococcus 链球菌; faecalis 粪链球菌; Escherichia coil 大肠杆菌 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 绿脓杆菌; Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎杆菌; Diplococcus pneumoniae肺炎双球菌; ? Cryptococcus隐球菌; ? virus病毒。
(2)形容词及词组:
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? acid-fast 耐酸的; resistant to 耐受; susceptible to 对……敏感的; be active against, be effective in/ for/ against 对……有效; have (has ) …action against … 对…有作用; be used to, be used in/for,be employed to 用于; be of value of,be intended to,be indicated in/for 适 用于; for/in the treatment of….. 用于治疗……; for/ in the management of…. 用于控制…….
表示与“其他药物合用”的结构有:
? be associated with in association with be combined with in combination with be compatible with in conjunction with concomitant with together with
? 1. 不完全句结构.仅列出疾病或微生物的名 称.例如: 例1 Angina pectoris, hypertension. 心绞痛, 高血压。
? 2. 由For(或In等)引出的短语,例如: 例2 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in association with other antitubercular drugs. 与其他抗结核药配 伍,治疗各种类型肺结核。
? 3. To+动词原形构成的短语,如:
例 3 To protect the liver cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the liver. 在服 用对肝脏有危害的药物期间,用以保护肝细胞。
? 4. 完整的句子结构或段落,有时结构很复杂;
例 4 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. 乃柏欣适用于治疗下列由敏感细 菌引起的感染:
? Example ? (1) Cedilanid is used for the treatment of all forms of heart failure and cardiac arrythmia. ? 西地兰可用于治疗各类心力衰竭和心率不齐 ? (2) Hyminal is also used for the treatment of insomnia due to organic disorder. ? 海米那也可用于由器质性疾病引起的失眠症。? (3) The tablets are effective for the prevention of anginal attack. ? 本片剂对预防心绞痛发作有疗效 ? (4) Clinically Persantin has proved effective in the treatment of coronary disease and heart condition ? 临床证明“潘生丁”治疗冠心病和心脏病有效。? (5) The drug is effective against various kinds of bacteria resistant to other drugs. ? 本药对于抗其他药物的各种细菌有效。
? (6) Kanamycin is effective both in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as acidfast bacteria. ? 卡那霉素在体内外对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌以及 耐酸菌均有效。? (7) This antibiotics has strong antibacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. ? 本抗菌素对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌有强的抗菌作 用。? (8) Vionactane has a specific tuberculostatic action against tubercle bacilli. ? “紫霉素”对结核杆菌具有特殊的抑菌作用。? (9) Possess…; manifests… ; ? show…… action against… ? displays…; exerts….
五.禁忌症
Contraindications
? 本部分最常用的标题是 Contraindications, ? 也可用 Restrictions on Use(用药限制) ? 在Restrictions on Use下面常列小标题, 如: ? Contraindications (禁忌症); ? Precautions / Note(注意事项); ? Warnings(警告)等。
? 1.结构特点
? 本部分段落较短,句子结构一般不复杂,常 用省略句和祈使句。? Example 1: Contraindications 禁忌症 The use of Kirin Sterile Powder is contraindicated in patients previously found hypersensitive to it. ? (对本品过敏者禁用)
常用的结构有:
contraindications are… 禁忌症是… be contraindicated in (for) … 对…禁忌 should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于… It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建议不用 于… must not be administered (given) to… 对…不得用 药 should be used with caution 慎用 be not recommended for… 最好不用于… none reported 未见报道 not known 不清楚
2. 常用词语及句式:
(1)禁用或慎用药物的疾病。例如: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cardiac failure 心力衰竭; Cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全; renal insufficiency 肾功能不全; impairment of the kidney, impairment of renal funcion 肾功能损伤; insufficiency of the liver 肝功能不全; liver/ hepatic damage 肝损伤; functional disorder of liver 肝功能(异常)障碍; hypertension 高血压; severe hypotension 重度低血压; severe anemia 重度贫血; Diabetes 糖尿病.
(2)禁用或慎用药物的人群、病人和情况
? ? ? ? 例如: pregnant women 孕妇; Pregnancy 孕期,妊娠期; the first/last/trimester /3 months of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初/后 3个月; Lactation 哺乳期; children under …years of age, …岁以下儿童; patient with… / who… …患者; breast Cfeeding 哺乳(的); Hypersensitivity 过敏(性); Allergic 过敏的; Anaphylactic 过敏的.
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
(3)常用句式
? ? ? ? ? ? allergic/ hypertensive/ anaphylactic to … 对…过敏 hypersensitivity test 过敏实验; Contraindications are… 禁忌症是… … be contraindicated in / for … 对…禁忌,禁用于… … should not be used/ employed in … 不得用于… It is advisable to avoid the use of.….建议不用 于… ? … must not be administered / given to … 不得用 于… ? … should be used with caution 应慎用… ? … be not recommended for… 最好不用于…
? 1) 省略句型,只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。
例1. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severe renal insufficiency. 对喹喏酮类过敏,严重肾功能不全。
? 2) 完整的句子或段落
例2. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics. 先锋5号禁用于 已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。
六.用法与剂量
应特别注意该部分中各种剂量单位的表示法、成人、儿童 和孕妇的剂量差别、服药时间以及剂量用法。常用的标题有: ?Dosage and Administration 剂量与用法; ?Application and Dosage 用法与用量; ?Administration 用法; ?Direction for Use 用法; ?method of Administration 用法; ?How to use用法; ?Route of Administration 给药途径; ?Dosage 剂量,用量; ?Dosology 剂量学。
1.结构特点
用法与剂量是药品说明书不可缺少的 内容,但祥略不一。? 应特别注意本项中关于给药对象、给 药方式、剂量、剂量单位、给药时间 等用词的准确性,尤其是剂量单位, 稍不小心,则差之千里。? 本部分常用祈使句和省略句,句中谓 语动词多用被动语态。
? Example 1. ? Dosage
? Adults (including elderly patients): ? The usual dosage is 1. 6 ~ 3. 2 g Timentin 6 ~ 8 hourly according to body weight. The maximum recommended dosage is 3. 2 g every 4 hours.
? Dosage in renal impairment: ? Mild impairment (Creatinine clearance & 30 ml/minute): 3. 2 g every 8 hours . ? Moderate impairment (Creatinine clearance l0~30 ml/minute): l. 6 g every 8 hours. ? Severe impairment (Creatinine clearance & 10 ml/minute): l. 6 g every 12 hours
? Children: ? The usual dosage of Timentin for children is 80 mg/kg bodyweight given every 6-8 hours. ? For premature infants and full term infants during the perinatal period, the dosage is 80 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 hours, increasing to every 8 hours thereafter. ? Children with renal impairment: ? As with the adult dosage, similar reduction should be made for children.
Example 2:Dosage and Administration
? Intramuscular administration: ? 3 ampoules (150 mg) daily, i. m. in 3 divided doses for a period up to 14 days. ? Intravenous administration: ? 50 to 400 mg daily (1 to 8 ampoules) in divided doses for a period up to 10 days, at regular time intervals. In case of slow intravenous infusion, Ikelan injectable solution should be dissolved in 500 ml isotonic solution of dextrose or Sodium Chloride. After dilution, it must be administered within 4 hours.
? Oral administration: ? The mean daily dose is 300 to 600 mg daily in two divided doses. ? Dosage adjustment is not required in patients with renal failure or ill patients under hemodialysis. ? Ikelan drops do not contain sugar, thus it can be administered to diabetic patients.
2. 常用词语
(1) 表示剂量 ? average/ maintenance dose 平均/维持/ 剂量 ? minimal/minimum dose 最小剂量; ? daily dosage 日剂量; ? multiple doses 多剂量; ? divided doses 分次剂量; ? overal dose / overdosage 过量; ? fatal/ lethal dose 致死量; ? single dose 一次剂量;
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
individual dose 单次剂量; indicated dose 有效剂量; standard dose 标准剂量 initial/starting / beginning dose 首次剂量; suggested/ recommended dose 推荐剂量; therapeutic dose 治疗剂量; maximum dosage 最大剂量; usual/ normal dose 常用/普通剂量; total dose 总剂量
(2)表示剂量单位 ? g = gram 克; ? mg = milligram 毫克; ? kg = kilogram 千克; ? mcg = microgram 微克; μg微克; ? L = liter/litre 升; ? ml = milliliter 毫升; ? I.U.= international unit 国际单位
(3)表示给药次数
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? daily/ per day/ a day/ every day 每日; at intervals of… 每隔…; every…….hours 每隔……小时; once(twice)a day 每日一(二)次; three times a day 每日三次; every other day 隔日; every two(three) days 每隔2(3)日; once(twice)a week 每周1(2)次; three times a week 每周三次; divided into…dose 分…次(服用/给药); in two or three divided doses 分二或三次服用.
(4)表示给药对象 ? newborn babies 新生儿; ? Baby 婴儿; ? Infants 幼儿; ? Adolescents 青少年; ? Children 儿童; ? debilitated patients 体弱患者; ? elderly patients 老年患者; ? senile patients 老年病人
(5)表示给药方式
? ①副词:
? ? ? ? ? ? intra-arterially 动脉内给药; intravenously 静注; Intragluteally 臀肌内给药; intrasmuscularly 肌注; intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔内给药; intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔内给药;
? Intrathecally 鞘内给药;
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Locally 局部给药; Topically 局部外敷; orally 口服; parenterally 肠道外给药; subconjunctivally 结膜下给药; Subcutaneously 皮下给药; Sublingually 舌下给药; Submucously 粘膜下给药
? ②介词短语:
? by aerosol 喷雾给药; ? by drip phleboclysis 点滴静脉输液; ? by enema 灌肠; ? by lumbar 腰椎给药;
? by phleboclysis静脉输液;
? by intramuscular injection(i.m.)肌肉注射; ? by intravenous injection (i.v.)静脉注射; ? by intra-articular administration关节内给药; ? by the intramuscular administration(route)肌 内给药;
? by the intranasal route鼻内给药; ? by the Intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜) 腔内给药; ? by the intravenous infusion(perfusion)静脉输 液; ? by the intrathecal administration 鞘内给药; ? by the sublingual administration 舌下给药; ? per os (by mouth) 经口;
? per rectum直肠给药;
? per recto直肠给药; ? per viginum 阴道给药
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
③ 动词: Take 服用, inhale(be inhaled)吸人; apply to 涂于,敷于; spray 喷雾; Swallow 吞服; Administer 给药,投药; give给药;use 用药;employ 用药; recommend/suggest 推荐给药; Suggest 推荐给药
常用句型:
? 例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily. 如果医生不另开处方,平均日剂量为每日3次、 每次1个胶囊。
? 例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg body weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meals. 日剂量最好每公斤体重10-15mg,分3-4次口服, 与食物共服。
? 例3 In severe chronic cases, treatment is started
with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continued with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route. 治疗严重的慢性疾病时,治疗从每日1-2支利胆 素注射剂开始,继续治疗时每隔一日1安瓶缓慢静 脉注射。
? 例4 …the recommended single dose is 1
ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. 建议一次剂量为1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或静脉注射 给药。
七.不良反应与副作用
? 本项主要指明药品的副作用、毒性作用、耐 受、过敏反应及停药等。常用的标题有: ? Adverse Reaction(s), ? Unwanted/ Untoward Reaction(s) 不良反应; ? Side effect(s), ? Unwanted/Undesirable effects, ? Side Reaction(s), ? By-E ? After-Effects.
1. 结构特点
句子结构一般不复杂,常用短语或省略句,有时也用 陈述句。Example 1 Adverse reactions ? FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE
? Sodium retention,congestive heart failure in susceptible patients,hypertension, potassium loss and hypokalemic alkalosis(低钾血症 性碱中毒) .
? MUSCULOSKELETAL ? Sodium myopathy,muscle weakness, osteoporosis,pathologic fracture, vertebral compression fractures and aseptic necrosis, ? GASTROINTESTINAL
? Peptic ulceration with possible perforation and hemorrhage, gastric hemorrhage, pancreatitis , esophagitis and perforation of the bowel.
? Example 2 Side-effects ? Side-effects are uncommon and typical of other injectable penicillins
? 副作用:该药副作用不常见,与其它注射青 霉素类有相似的副作用
2. 常用词语
(1)不良反应、副作用所导致的症状和体征 ? allergic / hypersensitive/ anaphylactic reaction(s) 过敏反应; ? allergy/ hypersensitivity过敏; ? dizziness眩晕; ? local reaction(s)局部反应; ? systematic reaction 全身反应; ? toxicity reaction 毒性反应; ? double infections 双重感染; ? flush潮红;nausea恶心;vomiting 呕吐; anorexia厌 食 ? skin reaction 皮肤反应; pruritus 瘙痒;rash皮疹; ? lethargy 嗜睡;spasm痉挛;coma昏迷; ? tiredness疲倦;diarrhea腹泻; ? loss of appetite 食欲减退; thirst口渴; ? restlessness不安;dyspepsia消化不良;
? 1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有:
Adverse Reaction(s)不良反应 Unwanted(Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反 应
? 2.“副作用”的常用的英语表示法有:
Side-effect (s) 副作用 Side Reaction (s) 副作
用 Unwanted(Undesirable) Effects 副作用 By-effects 副作用
? (2)表示停药的词语 ? abandon停(药); ? cessation/ stop停药,停止治疗; ? discontinue/ discontinuance, discontinuation停药,中断治疗; ? suspend暂停(用药); ? withdraw 停药,撤药; ? terminate 停(药)
(3)其它常见词汇 ? tolerance耐受; ? tolerability耐受性; ? (ir)reversible(不)可逆的; temporary暂时性的; ? transient一过性的,短暂的; ? spontaneously自行(性)地。
常用句型:
? 例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, restlessness, rash and dizziness. 环丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常报道的副作用有:恶 心、腹泻、呕吐、腹痛、头痛、不安、皮疹、头晕。? 例2 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued. 当不良反应发生时,它们往往是可逆的,停用激素 后副作用即消失。
? 例3 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough during the treatment. 最严重的副作用是骨髓损害,因此在治疗期间,要 经常监测白细胞计数。? 例4 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage. 这些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暂时降低剂量 便自行消失。
八.注意事项
? 该部分也是说明书的重要内容之一,主要强调用药 应注意的事项,以免引起副作用。如:药物单独和 合并使用的注意事项及其主要缺点;药物配伍、给 药及保存的注意事项等。常见标题有: ? Precautions 注意事项; ? Caution注意事项; ? Special notes/ Caution/ Precaution特别注意 ; ? Note注意 ; ? Warnings警告; 重要事项 ? Important for the patient(s)患者须知。
? 1. 结构特点 ? 该项内容常涉及许多专业词汇及缩写 词,其中一些词汇、结构和句型也用于 药理作用、适应症、禁忌症、剂量和用 法、副作用等项, ? 句型变化多,多用长句和难句,结构比 较复杂
常用句型:
? 例1 Ciprofloxacin could result in impairment of the patients ability to drive or operate machinery, particularly in conjunction with alcohol. 环丙沙星能损害人们驾驶汽车或操纵机器的能力, 尤其是在饮酒之后。
? 例2 Dosage should be controlled by periodic determinations of prothrombin time(PT) or other suitable coagulation tests. 必须定期检查凝血酶原时间(PT),或做其他相应 的凝血试验来控制剂量。
常用句型:
? Ursofalk capsules must be used under medical supervision. Ursofalk 胶囊必须在医生指导下用药
? OsyContain Tablets are NOT intended for use as a prn analgesic. OxyContain片不用于短暂的(临时的)疼 痛
? 2. 常用句式
? … should be used with caution in…应慎用… ? ... could result in... … 可能导致… ? ... should be administered under the supervision of the doctor / physician ... 应遵医嘱用药 ? The most serious risk associated with... is... 使用…最严重的危险是…. ? ... therapy should be discontinued when... 当…时,应终止…治疗 ? Dosage should be controlled by... 应通过…来控制剂量 ? Caution must be exercised in the case of hypersensitivity to... 对…过敏时须慎用 ? Caution should be exercised in the administration of... 用…应谨慎
? ... shou1d be kept out of the reach of children. …勿 使儿童接近 ? A close watch is kept on...... 要密切注意… ? Care must be taken of (or to do... )... 对…(或做…)须谨慎 ? Attention should be paid to... . 应注意… ? Caution is called for... 对…须谨慎 ? It is suggested / recommended that... 最好… ? It is important / essential / imperative that... 重要 (必要)的是…
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 该部分的常用标题为 Pack,Package和Supply。下列标题亦经常使用: Packing(s) 包装; How Supplied包装方式; Method of Supply包装方式; Packing for hospital 医院用包装; Hospital packs 医院用包装; Packaging 包装; presentation 包装; availability 包装; Mode / Form of Issue包装; package quality 包装量; trade packs /packagings 商品包装; Dispensing包装
? 1. 结构特点 ? 该部分内容比较简单,常用祈使句和省略句, 有时仅列出包装方式、容器及包装量。? 2. Example:
? Packaging ? 500 mg lyophilisate vials: 5 via1s + 5 solvent ampoules (for intramuscular and intravenous use). ? 500 mg enteric coated tablets: 10 tablets.
常用句型:
? 例1 Packing Bottle of 12 capsules 250 mg and 500 mg.Box of 12 capsules 250 mg in blister. Bottle for pediatric use (granulated): 20 gram granulated contain 1 gram ampicillin, The content of the spoon included in the packing corresponds to 100 mg ampicillin. ? 包装瓶装12粒胶囊,每粒含量250或500mg。盒装12粒胶囊(水泡眼包装),每粒含量250mg。瓶装儿童用颗粒剂:每瓶20克颗粒剂含有 1 g 氨 苄青霉素。附在包装内的一匙的量,相当于100 mg 氨苄青霉素。
? 例2 Packages:Box containing one 100 mg bottle 包装:盒装,每盒1瓶,每瓶100 mg。? 例3 Temaril 250:white, film-coated tablets marked on one side with 250, each tablet containing 291.5mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate (equivalent 250mg ciprofloxacin). 替马利尔250:白色的薄膜片,一面刻有“250mg” 字样、每片含 291.5mg 盐酸环丙沙星-水合物(相当 于250mg环丙沙星)。
贮存 (Storage )
? 常用的一些短语有:
store (keep) in a cool and dry place 存于于阴 凉干燥处 away from light 避光 away from children 勿让儿童接触 protect from light (heat) 避光(热) out of (the) reach of children 勿让儿童触及 prevent moisture 防潮
常用句型:
? 例1 store medicines carefully. Keep away from children. 注意保存.勿让儿童接触。
? 例2 Store below 25℃ protecting from freezing and light. 存于25℃以下,防冻,避光。? 例3 Store at controlled room temperature(15℃ 一30℃). Dispense in airtight, light-resistant container 避光保存。药片在使用前于纸盒中保 存。在恒温室温(15℃一30℃)下保存。调剂时, 使用密闭,避光容器。
? 例4 Ampoules and unopened nasal spray bottles should be stored in a refrigerator (2- 8℃). Once opened the nasal spray bottle must be kept it should be kept in the upright position and used for a maximum of 4 weeks. Like all drugs,Miacalcic should be kept out of reach of children.
? 安瓿或未开启的喷雾剂瓶应存于冰箱(2- 8℃) 中。喷雾剂瓶一旦开启。就应于室温下保存、药瓶 应直立存放,使用时间最多为4周。与其他药物一 样,密钙息应妥善保存,勿让儿童接触。
第十一节 其他项目
? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1、特点(Characteristics) 2、性质(Properties) 3、药代动力学(Phamacokinetics) 4、用药过量(Overdosage) 5、相互作用(Interactions) 6、有效期(Validity) 7、其他可能出现的项目。
1、特点(Characteristics)
? 主要内容是药物的药理作用特点、疗效、剂量及药物代 谢等。所以本项内的英语词汇及结构特点与“药理学”、 “剂量”等项内容相似。
? 例句: Characteristics: 1)Asverin is an entirely new and patented cough medicine. 2)Asverin being a non-narcotic, can be used as a common medicine. 3)Antitussive effect of Asverin is equal to or more powerful than that of codeine.
4)Asverin is provided with an expectoranting action which has been never found in any conventional antitussitive agents so far available in the market. 5)Asverin can be administered safely for a long duration without any side-effect.
2、性质(Properties)
? 本项内容与Characteristics 基本相同。? 例
Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite of folic acid which has been used for a long time in the chemotherapy of tumours. 氨甲叶酸(简称MTX)为甲酰四氢叶酸的 抗代谢物,长期以来一直用作治疗肿瘤的化疗 药物。
3、药代动力学(Phamacokinetics)
? 内容主要是代谢(metabolism),吸收 (absorption),分布与排泄(distribution and elimination)等
? 例 Ampicillin is stable in the presence of gastric acid and is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Its absorption, however, is diminished when it is taken together with food 氨苄青霉素在胃酸中稳定.而且易被胃肠道吸收然 而与食物共服,其吸收减少。
? 例 The absolute bioavailability of Miacalic following intramuscular or subcutaneous injection is approximately 70%. Its peak plasma concentration is attained within one hour and it has half-life of elimination of 70-90 minutes. Up to 95 % of the dose is excreted via the kidneys, 2 % as unchanged drug. The apparent volume of distribution is 0.15~ 0.31/kg and protein binding 30~40%.
肌注或者下注射后.密钙息的绝对生物利用率约为 70%。1小时内其血药浓度可达高峰,其半衰期为 70~90分钟。高达95%的剂量经由肾脏排出,2%以 其不变的药物原型排出。表观分布容积为0.15~ 0.31/kg、蛋白质结合率为 30~40%。
4、用药过量(Overdosage)
? 主要介绍用药过量所产生的后果(effect), 症状(signs and symptoms)及处理 (treatment)方法。其英语词汇和结构等与 “剂量与用法”,“副作用”,“注意事项” 等项目中的词汇和结构相似。
5、相互作用(Interactions)
? 本项内容主要是介绍药物合用时的注意 事项。
? 例 Temaril tablets should not be administered with 4 hours of medications containing magnesium,aluminum or iron salts as interference with absorption may occur. 在使用了含镁、铝或铁盐的药物之后的4小时 内不应使用环丙沙星片剂,因为可能影响吸收。
6、有效期(Validity)
药品的有效期或失效期有以下几种表示方法: ? validity 有效期 ? storage life 贮存期 ? Expiry(Exp.) date 失效(日)期 ? Shelf life 贮存期(贮藏期限) ? Expiring 失效期 ? Stability 稳定性 ? Expiration date 失效(日)期
常用句型:
? 例1 Expiry: 18 months (Expiry date is printed on the vial label.) 有效期:18个月(失效日期印在瓶签上)。
? 例2 Validity and storage: The solution will keep for five years if stored at a temperature below +20℃ 有效期及贮存法:于20℃以下可保存5年。
7、其他可能出现的项目。
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1) References 参考文献 Literature 参考文献 2) Clinical data 临床数据 3) Formula (Formulation) 分子式 4) Recommendations 建议 5) Remark (s) 注意 Attention 注意 6) Tolerance 耐受性 7) Information for the patients 患者须知 8) Further information 补充资料 9) Batch No 批号 10)Made in 由……制造 Produced by 由…生产 Manufactured(Manfd)by 由…制造 ? 11)Pharmaceutical Precautions 药品的注意事项
句子翻译练习
对药物性状的说明
It is a white or a faintly yellow powder to which appropriate amounts of water are added to pre pare an off white suspension for intramuscular use or a yellowish solution for intravenous administration. 它是一种白色至微黄色粉末,加适量水可配制成 近乎白色的悬浊液,供肌肉注射用,或配制成黄 色的溶液,供静脉注射用。
? 在药物作用方面 ? ? It is a bactericidal antibiotic which is resistant to most B-lastamases and is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gramnegative organism. ? 它是一种抗菌素,不但能抵抗大多数 B内酰铵 酶,而且抵抗各种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细 菌。
? It is indicated for the treatment of infection before the infecting organism has been identified or When caused by sensitive bacteria.
? 在感染的细菌未被确认出来,或由敏感 细菌引起感染时,适于用它来治疗。
? 用量用法方面
? Many infections will respond to 750mgt d s by i.m. or by i v.
? 许多感染可用肌肉注射或静脉注射 750毫升, 每日三次即可见效。
? It should not be used in patients with known sensitivity to the drug. ? ? 对该药物过敏者禁止使用。
? 不良反应 ? This drug is generally well tolerated. The commonest side effects associated with it are symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract. ? 该药耐受性良好,最常见的副作用与胃肠道 症状有关。
? The following adverse reactions may occasionally occur:dryness of the mouth,thirst,drowsiness,fatigue, dizziness,heartburn,anorexia, abdominal discomfort and exanthema. ? 偶尔可能出现下列副作用:口干、口渴、 发困、乏力、头晕、心部烧灼感、食欲 不振、腹部不适、药疹。
? 注意 ? An anesthetic effect on the oral mucous membranes may occur occasionally,but may be avoided by swallowing the drug quickly with water without crashing the tablet. ? 偶尔可能对口腔粘膜有麻醉作用,但若不嚼 碎药片,而以水送服,上述作用可以避免。
? Keep airtight in a dry and cool place. Away from light.
? 密封避光,置于干燥阴凉处保存。
? 剂型(How supplied)
? 10 mg vial containing 10 mg of …as a freeze powder 10 mg.
? 安瓿,内装 10mg……,冻干粉第一篇:药品说明书的翻译药品说明书英文翻译
进口药英文说明书的表达与法规
药品说明书”的英文表达方式有Instructons, Directions,Description 现在多用Package Insert,或简称 Insert,也有用Leeflet或 Data Sheets。Insert原意为“插入物,插 页”。药品说明书即为附在每种药品包装 盒中的一份用药说明。经过注册的进口药品一般是国家承认的有 效药物,其说明书是指导医生与患者合理 用药的重要依据,具有一定的法律效力。
相关法律法规
中华人民共和国药品管理法 药品包装、标签和说明书管理规定 进口药品管理办法 第六章 药品名称、包装、标签和说明书 第三十四条 进口药品必须使用中文药品名称,必须符合 中国药品命名原则的规定。第三十五条 进口药品的包装和标签,必须用中文注明药 品名称、主要成分以及注册证号,进口药品必须使用中文 说明书。第三十六条 进口药品的包装、标签和说明书,必须符合 中国《药品包装、标签和说明书管理规定》,并经国家药 品监督管理局批准后使用。一经批准,其内容不得擅自更 改。
进口药英文说明书的结构简介
①药品名称(Drug Names) ②性状(Description) ③药理作用(Pharmacological Actions) ④适应症(Indications) ⑤禁忌证(Contraindications) ⑥用量与用法(Dosage and Administration) ⑦不良反应(Adverse Reactions) ⑧注意事项(Precautions) ⑨包装(Package) ⑩贮存(Storage) ⑾其他项目(Others)
英文药品说明书中常见的药品名称有商品名( Trade Name或 Proprietary Name),通用名( Generic Name)和化学名(Chemical Name) ,其中最常见的是商品名。例:日本田边有限公司生产的熊去氧胆酸片,其 商品名为 Ursosan(Tablets):通用名为 Ursodesoxycholic Acid(熊去氧胆酸);化学名 为3α,7β dihydroxy-5β-Cholanoic acid(3α,7β 二羟基5β胆烷酸)。有时同一种药品,不同的厂 家使用不同的商品名称。
药品说明书中的标题药名用其商品名。有时在其 右上角(或在上角)有一(R)标记,例如 ADRIBLASTNA(R)(阿霉素),TEGRETOL( 痛痉宁)。“R”是Register(注册)的缩写,(R)表 示该产品已经本国的有关部门核准.取得了此项 专用的注册商标(Registered Trade Mark)。有 时在商品名之下(或后)又列有通用名或化学名. 例: Rulide(罗力得)之下列有(Roxithromycin ,罗红霉素) Minipress(脉宁平)之后列有(Praxosin HCI, 盐酸哌唑嗪); Nitro-Dur(护心贴片〕之下又列 有( Nitroglycerin,硝酸甘油)
药品名称的翻译
药品名称的翻译可采用音译、意译、音意合译及 谐音译意等方法。1、音译:按英文药品名歌的读音译成相同或 相近的汉语。如:Tamoxifen它莫西芬,Ritalin利 他林,Amcacin 阿米卡星。音译较为方便,但不 能表意。2、意译:按药品名称所表达的含意译成相应 的汉语。例如:cholic Acid 胆酸,Tetracyline四 环素;也可按其药理作用翻译.如:Minidiab灭糖 尿(治疗糖尿病药物),Natulan疗治癌(细胞生 长抑制剂),Uraly消石素(治疗尿路结石药物) 等。
药品名称的翻译
3、音意合译:药品名称中的一部分采用音译,另 一部分采用意译.例如:Coumadin香豆定( coumarin香 豆素),Neo-Octin新握克丁(neo新);Medemycin麦迪霉素(-mycin 霉素), Cathinone卡西酮(-one酮)。4、谐音译意:以音译为原则,选用谐音的汉字 ,既表音,又表意,音意结合。例如:Antrenyl 安胄灵,Doriden多睡丹,Legalon利肝隆, Webilin胃必灵.商品名称可以这样翻洋,而法定名 称则规定不可以这样翻译。
药品的化学名称
药品的化学名称反映出该药品的化学结构组成成 分,可借助英汉化学化工词典进行翻译。如果名 称很长,可以分解开来,分别查出各个组成部分 的名称,组合而成。例如:Catalin(卡他林)的化学名称是1- Hydroxy- 5-oxo-5H-pyrido(3,2-α)- Phenoxazine-3-carboxylic acid,译成汉语是1-羟 基-5-氧-5H-吡啶并(3,2-α)吩 嗪-3-羧 酸。如能掌握一些常用的酸、碱、盐、基因、化 合物的英文名称,以及常用的前缀、后缀等,翻 译时会顺利得多。例如:chloride氯化物,sulfate (sulphate)硫酸盐,acetyl 一乙酰基,amino氨 基,di-二,dihydro-二氢。nitro-硝基,-ester酯, -lactone内酯,-one酮、-oxide氧化物,- urea脲等等.
Description(性状)
在药品说明书及药典中一般都译为“性状”,其 内容主要是介绍外观、理化性质、组成成分、结 构、特征等。这一项最常用的标题是Description, 此外还可能有其他的表示法,如: Chemical Structure 化学结构 Composition 成分 Physical and Chemical Properties 理化性质 特点:这一项中的英语词汇除一部分化学专业 词汇外,多为常用词,借助英汉化学化工词典及 英汉词典即可通读。
性状项中常见的句型
例1.Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, odourless or almost odourless. 叶酸是淡黄色至橙色结晶粉末,无臭或几乎无臭。例2.Intralipos 10% is a white opaque fat emulsion for intravenous injection, containing 10 % W/V of purified soybean oil. 脂肪乳剂(10%)是白色,不透明,供静脉注射用的脂 肪乳剂,含有10%(W/V)的精制大豆油。例3.Ursosan Tablet 50mg is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodesoxycholic acid. 熊去氧胆酸片为白色素片,每片含50mg熊去氧胆酸。例4.Sterile pyrogen-free, orange red, freeze-dried powder in vials containing 10mg and 50mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose. (本品)为小瓶装,灭菌无热原,桔红色冻干粉末,每 小瓶含有10mg或50mg阿霉素盐酸盐与乳糖。
例5.It occurs as a white to off-white, crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents. 本品(炎痛息康)为白色至类白色结晶固体,难溶于水、稀酸及大 多数有机溶剂中。例6.Pamine, chemically known as epoxytropine tropate methylbromide, has the empirical formula C18H24NO4Br and the molecular weight 398.3. 哌明的化学名称为环氧莨菪碱托品酸酯溴代甲烷,实验式为 C18H24NO4Br,分子量为398.3。例7.Kanendomycin is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airlight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years. 卡内多霉素是一种很稳定的抗生素,其粉末置于密封容器中,在室 温下保存二年以上,活性不减。例8.This product is prepared from units of human plasma which have been tested and found nonreactive for hepatitis associated (Australia) antigen. 本品由人血浆制备,此血浆业经检验,并且证明对肝炎(澳大利亚) 抗原无反应。
性状中常用的词语
1、表示组成、制备的词及短语,如: be derived from 由……衍生 consist of 由……组成 be obtained 制得 contain 含有 be prepared from 由……制备 have (possess) 有(具有)
2、表示性质的一些词类,如: colo(u)r 颜色 stable 稳定的 taste 味道 molecular formular 分子式 odo(u)rless 无臭 的 molecular weight 分子量 crystalline 结晶的 structure 结构 solubility 溶解度 injection 注射剂 insoluble 不溶的 solution 溶液 odo(u)r 气味 tablets 片剂 colo(u)rless 无色的 derivative 衍生物 tasteless 无味的 liquid 液体 sterile 无菌的 powder 粉末 soluble 可溶的 solid 固体
药理作用(Pharmacological Actions)。其内 容主要包括药理作用、临床药理(Clinical Parmacology)、体外试验(in vitro experiments)、药物代谢(Metabolism)、药 效(Potency)及毒性(Toxicity)等。这一项常 用的标题是: Pharmacological Action 药理作用 Pharmacological Properties 药理性质 Pharmacology 药理学 Clinical Pharmacology 临床药理
其他的表示方法还有: Actions 作用 Actions and Properties 作用与性质 Clinical Effect (Use) 临床效果(用途) Mechanism of Action 作用机理 Mode of Action 作用方式 如果药品的一种抗生素,可能出现: Biological Action 生物活性 Microbiology 微生物学
药理作用常见句型举例
例1. Mean peek serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration. 肌注后约30~50分钟之间妥 布毒素的平均血药浓度达到高峰。例2. Nembutal Sodium exerts a depressant action on the CNS and shares the sedative-hypnotic actions typical of the barbiturates. 戊巴比妥钠对中枢神经系统产 生抑制作用,并显示戊巴比妥类特有的镇静催眠作用 例3. In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effectinve in improving and normalizing the alterated cerebral circulation and those disorders related to insufficient arterial flow in the limbs. 临床试验证实,本品疗效高,可改善已改变了的脑循 环,使之恢复正常,治疗与四肢动脉血流不畅有关的疾病 。
例4. Orbenin is stable to staphylococcal penicillinase, and highly effective against resistant staphylococci.It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route. 全霉林对葡萄球菌的青霉素酶稳定,对耐药葡萄球菌 十分有效。本品具杀菌、耐酸作用,且口服或肌注吸收良 好。例5. Nystain has been found to inhibit the growth of yeast like flora in the intestinal tract. 已查明制霉菌素在肠道内可抑制菌丛类酵母菌的生长。例6. Fenarol has proved to be effective as a striated muscle relaxant. 已证明芬那露是疗效很好的横纹肌松施药。
例7. Halcion is a potent short-acting hypnotic agent, which produces its hypnotic activity from the first night of administration. 好而睡是一种强力速效催眠药,它从服药后的第 一个夜晚开始产生催眠作用。例8. Therapeutically, ATP injection exhibits effects, especially such as activation of the function and metabolism of the nerve, and also coronary and peripheral vasodilation to increase the blood stream. 从治疗上看,三磷酸腺苷注射剂显示了非常好的 效果,特别是在活化神经的功能及代谢,以及舒 张冠状与外周血管以增加血流方面更是如此。
药理作用常用词及短语举例
动词 absorb 吸收 act 作用 cause (be cause by) 引起(由……引起) demonstrate 显示 exert (action on) 起……作用 exhibit 显示 inhibit 抑制 accumulate 积蓄 administrate 投药 excrete 排泄 result in 导致 indicate 表明 maintain 维持 produce 产生 protect (from) 保护(不变) reach 达到 show 显示,表明 treat 治疗 metabolize 代谢 promote 促进 prevent 阻止,预防 tolerate 耐受
形容词 (be) active (effective) against 对… 有效的 (be) related to 与……有关的 (be) sensitive to 对……敏感的 resistant to ……有耐药性的 average 平均的 minimum 最低(小)的 maximum 最高(大)的 normal 正常的
名词 ability 能力 activity 活性 distribution 分布 excretion 排泄 action 作用 clearance 廓清率 effect on 对…的作用 function 功能,作用 half life 半衰期 in vitro 体外 kidney 肾 mechanism 机理 serum concentration 血清浓 度 tolerance 耐受性 infection 感染 in vivo 体内 level 水平,浓度 plasm lever 血浆浓度(水平) toxicity 毒性
适应症最常用的有以下几种表示方法 Indications适应症 Indications and Usage 适应症与用途 Major(Principal)Indications 主要适应症 Uses用途 Action and Use作用与用途
本项中出现频率最高的是疾病名称以及微 生物(尤其是致病菌)的名称,如: angina pectoris 心绞痛 cancer癌 diabetes(mellitus)糖尿病 hypertension 高血压 gram-positive microorganisms(bacteria) 革兰氏阳性菌 gram-negative mcroorgansms (bacteria)革兰氏阴性菌 virus 病毒 E.coli 大肠杆菌
1、不完全句结构.仅列出疾病或微生物的名称.例如: 例1、Angina pectoris, Prinzmetal's angina, hypertension 心绞痛,变异性心绞痛,高血压。例 2 The following diseases caused by bacteria including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus,Streptcoccus, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae…… 用于治疗由革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌,如葡萄球菌、 链球菌。大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌……引起的下列疾病……
2 由For(或In等)引出的短语,例如: 例3 For prevention of the advance of cataract. 用于预防白内障进展。例 4 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tubercuosis in association with other antitubercular drugs. 与其他抗结核药配伍,治疗各种类型肺 结核。
To+动词原形构成的短语,如: 例 5 To prevent the formation of urinary calculi,especially in cases where they tend to recur. 用于预防尿路,特别是易发部位的结石的形成。例6 To protect the liver cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the liver . 在服用对肝脏有危害的药物期间,用以保护肝细 胞。
完整的句子结构或段落,有时结构很复杂; 例 7 Amikacin is useful in the treatment of infections from Gram-negative sensitive species,there included the Pseudomonas species;it may also be useful to treat infections caused by sensitive staphylococci, 阿米卡星可用于治疗革兰氏阳性敏感菌(其中包 括假单孢菌)引起的感染,也可用于治疗敏感葡萄 球菌引起的感染。例 8 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms: 乃柏欣适用于治疗下列由敏感细菌引起的感染:
例 9 Octinum D has proved effective in the prophylaxis and therapy of disorders arising from spasm of the smooth musculature. 新握克了已证实对平滑肌痉挛引起的病症有预 防和治疗作用。例10 Fungizone intravenous is especially intended to treat cryptococcosis…… 注射用凡疾送特别适用于治疗隐球菌病。…
例11 Kanamycin is active both in vitro and vivo against Gram-possitive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as acid-fast bacteria 卡那霉素在体外及体内对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴 性菌以及耐酸菌都有效。例12 Benemid is recommended for the treatmemt of gout and gouty arthritis, and to increase and prolong the plasma concentration of penicillins and cephalosporins during anti-infective therapy. 丙磺舒被推荐用于治疗痛风及痛风关节炎,及在 强化抗感染治疗时增加并延长青霉素类及头孢菌素 类的血浆浓度。
例 13 Information available at present suggests that Oncovin may be useful either alone or in conjunction with other oncolytic drugs for the treatment of acute leukaemias …… 据现有资料表明,硫酸长春新碱可单独使用,亦可与其 他溶瘤细胞药物合用,以治疗急性白血病…… 例14 Adriamycin is frequenly used in combination chemotherapy regiments with other cytotoxyc drugs. 阿霉素常与其他细胞毒药物合用于化疗方案。例 15 Concomitant therapy with other calcium antagonists,antihypertensives and alcohol may potentiate the hypotensive action of the drug. 与其他的钙桔抗剂、抗高血压药物及酒精饮料同时使用, 会增强本品的降低血压的作用。
本项中的常用词及短语举例
许多常用词及疾病名、微生物名词等与“药理作用”项类同,此外 还有以下词组与短语(例句参见前文)。be active against对……有效 be intended to…适用于…… be administared in …适用于… be of value of … 适用于…… be effective in (for,against)…对…有效 be recommended for 推荐用于…… be employed to …用于…… be used to(for,as)…用于…… be helpful in … 用于…… be useful in … 用于…… be indicated in(for)…适用于… for(in) the treatment(management)of… 用于治疗(控 制)
表示与“其他药物合用”的结构有: be associated with in association with be combined with in combination with be compatible with in connjunction with concomitant with together with
本项中最常用的英语表示法是Contraindications ,也有用Restrictions on Use(用药限制)的。一、本项中涉及到禁用(或慎用)某些药物的患者 或某种特殊情况,例如: 1、孕妇、妊娠期或哺乳期,幼童等: pregnant woman 孕妇 lactation 哺乳期 in pregnancy 妊娠期 children under …years of age …岁以下儿童 the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三个月
患有某些疾病或过敏的患者,如: allergic (hypersensitive) to… 对…过敏的 allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 过敏反应 allegy (hypersensitivity) to… 对…过敏 patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者
本项中常出现一些疾病名称
cardiac failure 心力衰竭 hypertension 高血压 cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心(肾)功能不 全 severe hypotension 严重低血压 impairment of kidney (renal function) 肾功能 损伤 diabetes 糖尿病 liver (hepatic) damage 肝损伤 severe anemia 严重贫血
省略句型,只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds. 孕期,对氨甲叶酸过敏,肝、肾功能障碍,血液 系统疾病(骨髓机能减退、白细胞及血小板减少、 贫血),传染病,口腔及胃溃疡,近期术后伤口等 忌用 例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severerenal insufficiency. 对喹喏酮类过敏,严重肾功能不全。
完整的句子或段落
其中常用的结构有: contraindications are… 禁忌症是… be contraindicated in (for) … 对…禁忌 should not be used (employed) in … 不得用 于… It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建议不用 于… must not be administered (given) to… 对…不 得用药 should be used with caution 慎用 be not recommended for… 最好不用于… none reported 未见报道 not known 不清楚
例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics. 先锋5号禁用于已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use. 如果不是临床需要,建议本品不要与环丙烷或氟溴氯乙 烷麻醉剂合用。例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of age. 若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起过敏反应,则应禁用。已知有 血液疾患及尿酸性肾结石的患者建议不要使用本品,二岁以 下儿童不得服用。
例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulssive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur. 接受大剂量安眠药的患者不应使用吩噻嗪化合物,对有 惊厥病史的患者应慎用,因为已知有发生过癫痫大发作。例7. Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction. 暴发性肝炎及胆管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧胆酸。
例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy. 除非根据医生的意见,认为需要治疗的患者的病情危及生命, 并且只有两性霉素治疗才可能使其有所改善之外,对本品过敏的 患者禁用本品。例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine. 5岁以下儿童禁用敌胺。例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended. 哺乳期妇女最好不用爱力生。例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero. 妊娠期禁用:香豆素禁用于孕妇,或可能已怀孕的妇女,因为 本品可能穿过胎盘屏障,引起子宫内胚胎致命的出血。
在 Restrictions on use 的项目中有时还有小标题 Contraindications 禁忌症 Precautions (Note) 注意事项 Warning 警告 Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠与哺乳
用量与用法
本项最常用的英语表示法有: Dosage and Administration 用(剂)量与用法 Route of Administration 给药途径(用法) Administration 用法 Direction for Use 用法 Method of (for) Administration 用法 Application and Dosage 用法与用(剂)量 Mode of Application 用法 Dosage 用(剂)量 How to Use 用法 Posology 剂量学
常用表示剂量的术语
average dose 平均剂量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量 daily dose 日剂量(一日量) multiple dose 多剂量
divided dose 分次剂量 overdose (overdose) 过量
fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次剂量 indicated dose 有效剂量 standard dose 标准(合适)剂量 initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推荐剂量
maintenance dose 维持量 therapeutic dose 治疗剂量
量 maximum dose 最大剂量(极量) usual (normal) dose 常用剂
常用的剂量单位表示法
g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升医学 全在.线提供 mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升
kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升
mcg=microgram 微克 I.U.=international unit 国际单位 ug 微克 body weight 体重 per square meter of body surface 每平方米体表面积
每次给药次数的表示方法
daily (per day, a day, every day ) 每日 every …hours 每隔…小时 intervats of … 每隔… once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一(二)次 every other day 每隔一日 three times a day (daily) 每日三次 three times a week 每周三次 once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一(二)次 Divided into … doses 分…次 in two or three divided doses 分为二或三次(个剂量 )
例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily. 如果医生不另开处方,平均日剂量为每日3次、每次1 个胶襄。例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg dody weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meets. 日剂量最好每公斤体重10-15mg,分3-4次口服,与食 物共服。例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily. 开始剂量最好为每日3次,每次半片美多巴250。例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, given in four equally divided and spaced doses. 儿童:常用总剂量为每日50-100mg/kg体重,均分为四 等份,等间隔给药。例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg given as a single daily dose. 推荐的首剂量为每20mg,一次服用。
adolescents 青少年 intant(s) 幼儿 adult(s) 成年人 male 男性
baby (babies) 婴儿 newborn baby (babies) 新生儿
children (child) 儿童 patient(s) 患者,病人 debilitated patients 体弱患者 pediatric 儿科的 elderly patient(s) 老年患者 pregnant women 孕妇 female 女性 senile patient(s) 老年患者(病人)
给药方式的表示法
intra-arterially 静脉内给药 by mouth (OS) 口服 intragluteally 臀肌内给药 by phleboclysis 静脉输液 intramuscularly 肌内给药 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射 intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔内给药 by intravenous (IV) injection 静脉注射 intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔内给药 by the intraarticatar administration 关节内给药 intrathecally 鞘内给药 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌内给药 intravenously 静脉内给药 by the intranasal route 鼻 内给药 locally 局部给药 orally 口服给药
给药方式的表示法
parenterally 肠道外给药 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜)腔内给药 subconjuntivally 结膜下给药 by the intravenous infusion (perfusion) 静脉输注 subcutaneously 皮下给药 sublingually 舌下给药 submucously 粘膜下给药 by the intrathecal administration 鞘内给药 by aerosol 喷雾给药 by the subligual administration 舌下给药 by drip phleboclysis 点滴静脉输液 per rectum 直肠 给药 by enema 灌肠 per vaginum 阴道给药 by lumbar 腰椎给药 pro recto 直肠给药
表示“投药”的常用动词
administer (或be administered、give、be given 、indicate、be indicated) 给药、投药 用药
use (或be used 、employ、be employed)
recommend (be recommended、suggest、 be suggested) 推荐给药
表示不同的用药方式的动词
take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于 spray 喷雾 inject 注射 swallow 吞服
例6 …the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. 建议一次剂量为1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或静脉注射给药。例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdivided into injections every 6-8-12 hours. 肌肉注射:每日每公斤体重给药25-50mg,每6-8-12小 时一次。例8 For adults give intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 divided doses. For intants give intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two divided doses. 成年人:肌肉注射,每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射; 婴儿:肌肉注射,每日10-20mg/kg体重,分2次注射。
例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid. 片剂(或糖浆)应于食间或饭后用少量液体送服。例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any convenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest. 把护心贴片紧贴在皮肤表面,护心贴片可贴在任何方 便的皮肤区域,最好是贴在手臂或胸部。例11 In general 1 to 3 metered doses should should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the every oneset of anginal pain. 一般应在心绞痛开始发作时就吸入,或向舌上或舌下 喷入1-3个规定的剂量。
其它的短语或句型
according to 根据 be adjusted 调整 depend on 依据 adapt to 适合,修改
on the basis of 在…基础上 vary from…to… 变化范围由…至…,因…而异
range from … to … 变化范围由…至… it is advisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建议…
例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients individually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar. 在周期性检验尿糖和血糖的基础上,调整剂量,使之适 用于不同的患者。例13 It si advisable to initiate therapy with massive doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals over 2-4 days. 建议开始治疗时采用大剂量,每日剂量为3x2片,饭后 服用,持续2-4日。例14 In severs chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continused with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route. 治疗严重的慢性疾病时,治疗从每日1-2支利胆素注射 剂开始,继续治疗时每隔一日1安瓶缓慢静脉注射。
例15 The number of injections required may vary from from patient to patient. 所需注射次数因患者而异。例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the individual metabolic state. 格路特利的剂量需由医生根据每个患者的代谢状况调 整。例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced. 在这种情况下,建议减少剂量。例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient. 维持剂量视患者对药物的反应而定。
不良反应这一项中包括药物的副作用、症状及体征 、毒性作用及耐受力、过敏反应、停药等。现分述 如下: 1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有: Adverse Reaction(s)不良反应 Unwanted (Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反应 2“副作用”的常用的英语表示法有: Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted( Undesirable) Effects 副作用 Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
常见的不良反应的症状及体征的词语
allergic (hypersensitive,anaphylactic)reaction(s) 过敏反应 allergy(hypersensitivity) 过敏 dizzziness 眩晕 gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道 fever 发热 local reaction(s) 局部反应 flush 潮红 skin reaction(s)皮肤反应 headache 头痛 symptom(s)症状 nausea 恶心 systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙痒 anorexia 厌食 rash 皮疹 blood count 白细胞计数 spasm 痉挛 blood pressure 血压 thirst 口渴 coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦 diarrhea 腹泻 vomiting 呕吐
毒性”、“耐受性”的英语表示法: toxicity 毒性 tolerance(tolerability) 耐受力,耐药性 tolerate(toleration) 耐受 “停药”的英语表示法举例: abandon 停药 discontinue (discontinuance,discontinuation) 停药,中断 (治疗) cease(cessation)(stop)停药(停止治 疗) don't use 勿使用(停药) suspend 停药 terminate 停止,结束 withdraw(be withdrawn,withdrawal)停药
其他一些常见的基本词汇及短语
acute 急性的 control(be controlled)控制 chronic 慢性的 diminish(reduce,reduction) 减少 common 常见的 disappear 消失 irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到,见到 mild 轻微的 give rise to 产生 normal 正常的 include 包括 rare(ly)罕见的(地) lead to 导致 reverside 可逆的 manifest 表明,显示
其他一些常见的基本词汇及短语
severe 严重的 observe(be observed)(被)观察到 temporary 暂时的 produce 产生 transient 一过性的,短暂的 react to 对……反应 appear(develop,happen,occur)出现(产生) result from 由……引起 be reported (被)报道 result in 导致 cause (be caused by) (由……)引起 treat(treatment) 治疗 special care(caution)should be exercised 特别小 心(注意)
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdomina pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus. 环丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常报道的副作用有:恶心、腹 泻、呕吐、消化不良、腹痛、头痛、不安、皮疹、头晕及瘙痒。例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine. 施乐凯的副作用根罕见,因为任何过量的钾都迅速由尿排 出。例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritatiion or hypersensitivity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases. 用推荐剂量治疗时,仅见个别的静脉刺激或过敏反应(皮 肤及粘膜反应)病例。
例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued. 当不良反应发生时,它们往往是可逆的,停用激素后 副作用即消失。例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough druing the treatment. 最严重的副作用是骨髓损害,因此在治疗期间,要经 常监测白细胞计数。例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage. 这些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暂时降低剂量便 自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy. 大剂量连续输注超过 5~7日(超过 200mg/m2/ 日),胃肠道并发症更为明显,偶尔可导致肠梗阻。停药 后副作用皆可逆转。例 8 In some patients nausea, dizziness,and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If sideeffects persist, lower doses should be administered 服用本品的头几天,有些病人可能会出现恶心、头晕 和呕吐,但不必停药。偶有血压下降的病例,为此,在治 疗开始前建议对门诊患者检测血压。若副作用持续不消失, 应减少服用剂量。
例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis.
较重的不良反应(远不及轻度不良反应常见) 包括抑制骨髓细胞生成,药物热及肝炎。例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
副作用:多数病例出现食欲减退、恶心,有 时呕吐。这些症状通常发生在治疗的最初几天, 以后逐渐消失。
“注意事项”也是药品说明书中的重要内容 之一。为了安全用药,厂商在本项中特别 强调应注意的事项,其中主要包括:正确 的剂量和用法,超过剂量时的应急措施, 用药对象,可能出现的较严重的副作用及 治疗方案,药物的配伍,药液的配制、使 用及保管等、方面的注意事项。
本项常用的英语表示法
Precaution(s) 注意事项 Special note (caution, precaution)特别注意 Caution(s) 注意事项 N.B. 注意 Noto 注意 Warning(s) 警告 有时也用: Important 重要事项 Important for the patients 患者须知
本项中常见的检查项目
blood count 血细胞汁数 Kidney (renal) function 肾功能 blood picture(hemogram) 血象 Liver (hepatic)function 肝功 blood level 血浓度 serum concentration 血 清浓度 blood pressure 血压 serum creatinine test 血清肌酸酐检验 clotting time 凝血时间 urine routine (examination) 尿常规 creatinine clearance 肌酸酐清除率
例1 Warnings and precautions: Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in epileptics and patients with a history of CNS disorders and only if the benefits of treatment are considered to outweight the risk of possible CNS side-effects. 警告和注意事项:癫痫病人及有中枢神经系统病史的患者慎用环 丙沙星,仅当认为疗效超过可能产生的中枢神经系统副作用的危险时 才可使用。例2 Ciprofloxacin could result in impainnent of the patients ability to drive or operate machinary, particularly in conjunction with alcohol. 环丙沙星能损害人们驾驶汽车或操纵机器的能力,尤其是在饮酒 之后。例3 Warnings: Vepeside should be administered under the supervision of a qualified physicain experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. 警告:泛必治应该在使用治疗癌症的化疗制剂方面有经验、有资 格的医生的监护下使用。
例4 The most serious risk associated with anticoagulant therapy with sodium warfarin are hemorrhage in any tissue or organ and less frequently, necrosis and/ or gangrene of skin and other tissues. The risk of hermorrhage is related to level of intensity and the duration of anticoagulant therapy. 用华注林钠进行抗凝治疗产生的最严重的危险就是组 织或器官出血,以及不大常出现的皮肤和其他组织的坏死 和(或)坏疽。出血的危险与抗凝治疗的药物浓度(水平) 及疗程长短有关。例5 The occurrence of a platelet count below 50,000/mm3 or an absolute neutrophil count below 500/mm3 is an indication to withhold further therapy until the blood counts have sufficiently recovered. }

我要回帖

更多关于 句子成分划分口诀 的文章

更多推荐

版权声明:文章内容来源于网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵权请点击这里与我们联系,我们将及时删除。

点击添加站长微信