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2018年中考英语 山西专版 复习课件+检测 第二篇 语法突破方案
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英语 云南专版 第2篇　语法突破方案 　语法互动（一）　名词 语法互动（一）┃ 名词
1.正确识别可数名词和不可数名词。
2.掌握可数名词复数的构成。
3.掌握名词所有格和名词作定语的用法。
4.名词在语境中的辨析。 中考考点 语法互动（一）┃ 名词 考点1　不可数名词
不可数名词:不能直接用数字计数的词,分为________ （表示构成世上万物的物质或材料的名称的词,如water, wood, milk等）和 ________ （表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽象概念名称的词,如fun, happiness, health等）。必须要记住的不可数名词: 1.概述 物质名词
抽象名词 语法互动（一）┃ 名词 语法互动（一）┃ 名词 （1）借助some, much, little, a little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等来表示。如:much water, some orange juice, a little milk
（2）借助容器来表示。如:一杯咖啡 ____________________,十袋
压缩包中的资料:
第二篇 语法突破方案/语法互动（一）　名词/语法互动（一）　名词.ppt
第二篇 语法突破方案/语法互动（一）　名词/语法综合演练（一）.doc
第二篇 语法突破方案/语法互动（七）　动词的时态和语态/语法互动（七）　动词的时态和语态.ppt
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All Rights Reserved[ID:4-3833506]湖南省邵阳市2017年中考英语试卷（解析版）
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==================资料简介======================2017年湖南省邵阳市中考英语试卷二、Ⅱ . 知识运用 （两部分，共10小题，每小题1分，计20分）A）语法填空 从A、B、C三个选项中选择最佳答案填空．（共10小题，每小题1分）21．（1分）This is ________ interesting story for the kids．（　　）A．an B．a C．/22．（1分）﹣Mom，please give me two ________．I want to make vegetable salad．（　　）A．tomato B．tomatoes C．tomatos．23．（1分）She is new here．I don’t know ________name．（　　）A．hers B．her C．she24．（1分）My little brother didn’t go to bed until he finished ________ his homework last night．（　　）A．do B．doing C．to do25．（1分）Mr．Smith said his son was as ________as his daughter．（　　）A．hard﹣working B．more hard﹣workingC．the most hard﹣working．
26．（1分）﹣Frank，where is your father？﹣He isn’t at home now．He ________New York．（　　）A．has gone to B．has been to C．goes to27．（1分）________Lily is only five years old，________she can swim very well．（　　）A．Though； but B．Because； so C．Though；/28．（1分）________ great basketball player Yao Ming is!I like him very much．（　　）A．What B．How C．What a29．（1分）﹣Gina，your new dress looks so nice．﹣________．（　　）A．No，no B．Thank you C．Yes30．（1分）﹣Li Ming，do you know ________？﹣Yes．He comes from Canada．（　　）A．Where does our new English teacher come fromB．Where our new English teacher comes fromC．C．Where did our new Englis
试卷类型：小/初/高考真题试卷
资料版本：通用
适用地区：湖南省邵阳市
文件大小：72.38KB
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专升本英语基本语法知识
专升本英语语法命题的若干规律规律 1 考查英语语法基础知识 尽管专升本英语的单项填空题的考点分布很广，但可以肯定的是，它主要涉 及的还是英语语法的基础知识， 只有具备一定的语法基础，同时兼顾一定的解题 方法和技巧，大部分考题都是可以做出来的。如： 1. Judy is going to marry the sailor she ______ in Rome last year. (2008 重庆卷) A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet【分析】B。根据句末的 last year 可知，空格处应用一般过去时。注：she met in Rome last year 为修饰 the sailor 的定语从句。 2. Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals ______ after an injury? (2008 江西 卷) A. himself B. him C. itself D. it【分析】C。同学们在初中英语中就学过，当主语和宾语指同一个人或事物 时，宾语必须要用反身代词，不能用宾格代词。注：heal oneself 在此指“自愈”。 规律 2 在语境中考查语法运用 近年来专升本英语单项填空的一个最大特点就是突出语境考查，即将具体的 语法知识置于特定的语境中进行考查，既考查运用语法知识的正确性，同时也考 查运用语法知识的得体性。如： 1. I thought you’d be late for the concert, ______ we ended up getting there ahead of time. (2008 湖南卷) A. but B. or C. so D. for【分析】A。比较空格前后两句的意思：前面说“我原以为你听音乐会会迟 到的”，后面说“结果我们提前赶到了”。很显然空格处应填一个表转折的连词， 这样才符合句子的语境。 2. You ______ be hungry already―you had lunch only two hours ago! (2008 浙 江卷)1A. wouldn’tB. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t【分析】B。做好此题要注意句子后半部的语境。既然 you had lunch only two hours ago（你两个小时前才吃过中饭），所以你现在“不可能”就饿了，所以答 案选 B。 规律 3 综合考查语法基础知识 这里说的综合考查语法知识，指的是一道考题同时考查两个或多个语法点， 如将时态考点与语态考点综合， 将时态考点与主谓一致考点综合，将非谓语动词 考点与并列句考点综合，将复合句考点与简单句考点综合，等等。如： 1. ―Did you go to the show last night? ―Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ______ invited. (2008 陕西卷) A. were B. have been C. has been D. was【分析】D。此题既考查时态的用法，同时又考查主语一致。根据问句中的 时态和 last night 这一短语可知，此处谈的是昨晚的事，故应用一般过去时，而 不用现在完成时。另外，根据英语语法，当两个或多个名词并列作主语，且受到 every 的修饰时，其后谓语动词要用单数。故答案选 D。 2. ―Do you have any problems if you ______ this job? ―Well, I’m thinking about the salary... (2008 湖南卷) A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered【分析】C。此题既考查时态，同时又考查被动语态。由于 if 引导的是条件 状语从句，所以要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态，故可 排除 B 和 D；再根据 offer sb sth（为某人提供某物）这一句式可知，sb 与 offer 之间为被动关系，故要用被动语态。 规律 4 在特定语境中考查边缘知识 这里所说的边缘知识，指的是一般语法上涉及得较少，许多同学在复习中接 触较少的知识点。 这类考点有的虽然一般语法书讲得较少，但并不意味着它在英 语中并不重要。如：21. When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have ______ for her, but now all her worries are gone. (2008 湖北卷) A. in need B. in time C. in preparation D. in store【分析】D。in store for 是习语，其意为“为??储备着”“等待着??”， 如：The runner kept some energy in store for spurting at the end. 那名赛跑的人为最 后的冲刺贮存精力。There’s a surprise in store for you. 你一定会大吃一惊的。 2. Elizabeth has already achieved success ______ her wildest dreams. (2008 陕西 卷) A. at B. beyond C. within D. upon【分析】B。beyond one’s wildest dreams 为习语，其意为“远远超出想象或 希望” 这可能是许多同学不太熟悉的一个用法， ， 并且它在教材中也没有出现过。 又如：The scheme succeeded beyond my wildest dreams. 这个计划超乎异常地成功 了。 3. Engines are to machines _______ hearts are to animals. (2006 山东卷) A. as B. that C. what D. which【分析】C。这是一个比较难的考题，就算是放到大学四、六级考试中也绝 对算是难题，一般的英语语法书也绝对没有涉及此问题，就是连最新出版的《牛 津高阶英汉双解词典》和《朗文当代高级英语辞典》的 what 词条下也找不到此 用法。现分析如：what 在此用作连词，其意为“好比”“犹如”“就像”，用 以引导相似状语从句。如：Air is to us what water is to fish. 我们离不开空气，就 像鱼儿离不开水一样。Reading is to the mind what food is to the body. 读书与思想 的关系就好比食物与健康的关系。 规律 5 在复杂语境中考查简单知识 有的知识点本来很简单，如果是单独进行考查，一般学生都不会出错，但是 如果将其置于一个较复杂的语境中， 许多考生就可能受复杂句子结构的影响而选 错。如： 1. ―Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street? (2008 辽宁卷)3―Victoria Street? ______ is where the Grand Theatre is.(www.yygrammar.com) A. Such B. There C. That D. This【分析】C。此题考查指示代词 that 的远指用法，这是同学们在初中就学过 的知识了。 但是， 由于命题者将这个本来很简单的知识点放到了一个比较复杂的 对话背景中， 分散了同学们对被考查知识点的注意力，所以许多同学在做此题时 选错了答案。请再看一个类似的例子：That day we visited an old house. That’s where he spent his last years. 那天我们去参观了一座老房子， 那就是他去世前几年 他住的地方。这类句式如果改用 this，则表近指，如：This is where the river is deepest. 这是河流的最深处。This is where we change from car to bus. 这就是我们 从小汽车换乘公共汽车的地方。 2. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it ______ all day. (2008 全国Ⅱ) A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining【分析】A。此题考查一般过去时的用法，但试题使用了虚拟语气作为命题 背景，且该虚拟语气谈的是过去情况（根据句中的 had been 和 could have had 可 知），句意为“要是（当时）天气好一点，我们就可以去野餐了”。该虚拟语气 的言外之意是“（由于天气不好）我们没有去野餐”。为什么没去呢？but 后说 的就是其原因：整天都在下雨。这里说的“下雨”，显然指的是过去的情况，故 用一般过去时。 规律 6 利用思维定势设置干扰项 同学们在对某个知识点或重要句式进行反复操练后，往往会形成一定的思维 定势。由于思维定势在很大程度上带有惯性，有时甚至是惰性，所以同学们在做 题时若不仔细读题，认真分析，很可能会受此影响，步入误区。如： 1. Nancy enjoyed herself so much ______ she visited her friends in Sydney last year. (2008 福建卷) A. that B. which C. when D. where4【分析】 本题很容易让考生受思维定势的负面影响， C。 见到 so 马上选择 that， 殊不知此题考查的是 when 引导的时间状语从句，句意为：南希去年拜访悉尼的 朋友时过得非常开心。如果选 A，则句意为：南希玩得如此开心以至于拜访了悉 尼的几个朋友。显然，意思不合逻辑。 2. ―Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time? ―Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society. (2008 宁夏卷) A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined【分析】 许多同学认为 since 总是要与现在完成时连用的， D。 所以误选了 A。 其实，本句中 since she join the Chinese Society 为 I have known Dr. Jackson since she joined the Chinese Society 之省略。 连词 since 所搭配的时态通常是： 主句用现 在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 3. ―They are quiet, aren’t they? ―Yes. They are accustomed ______ at meals. (2008 江苏卷) A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking【分析】D。此题设计得很巧妙。有的同学在排除选项 B 时，同时也会排除 选项 D，因为它们的结构太相似了。但事实上，正确答案正是 D。be accustomed to 的意思是“习惯于做??”，其中的 to 通常被认为是介词，后接名词或动名 词，但在现代英语中，其后也可接动词原形，即其中的 to 被视为不定式符号。 照此分析，好像四个答案都可以，但其实只有 D 最佳。因为根据语境分析(注意 其中的 are quiet, yes 等关键词)，此题应选一个否定式，故可排除 A 和 C。另外， 从语法上分析，非谓语动词的否定式总是将 not 置于非谓语动词之前，所以 C 应 改为 not to talk 才对；至于 D，由于其中的 to 是介词，其后接动名词 talking 作宾 语，动名词 talking 的否定式为 not talking，所以说 to not talking 是正确的。 规律 7 直接引用词典原句进行命题 近年来，专升本英语命题一直有个习惯，就是喜欢从一些原版英语词典上直 接引用例句进行命题。这点希望引起同学们的注意。下面请看几个例子：51. My neighbor asked me to go for ______ walk, but I don’t think I’ve got ______ energy. (2008 辽宁卷) A. 不填 B. the C. 不填; the D. the【分析】D。go for a walk 为固定表达，意为“去散步”；have got the energy 意为“有精力”。此题出自 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 的 the 词条， 词典上的原句为： like to go out this evening, but I don’t think I’ve got the energy. I’d 2. ―I’d like some more cheese. ―Sorry, there’s ______ left. (2008 浙江卷) A. some B. none C. a little D. few【分析】B。由于 cheese 不可数，故可排除 D；再根据句中的 sorry 可知， 此处应填表否定意义的 none。注：此题出自 Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 的 none 词条， 词典上的原句为： “I’d like some more cheese.” “I’m sorry there’s none left.” 3. He found it increasingly difficult to read, ______ his eyesight was beginning to fail. (2008 山东卷) A. though B. for C. but D. so【分析】B。for 在此表原因。又如：He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇了摇头， 因为他有不同想法。注： 此题出自 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 的 for 词条，词典上的原句为：He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.专升本英语语法 感官动词 + doing/( to) do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调&我看见了&这个事实)6I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调&我见他正干活&这个动作） 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题 1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正 在长的动作，因此用 see sb do sth 的句型。 2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 答案 A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用 see sb. doing sth 句型。独立主格 （一） 独立主格结构的构成： ： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二） 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关 系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。7He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆With 的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用 with 的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案 D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时， 其主语常常用 with 来引导。由于本句中名词&手&与分词&绑&是被动关系，因此 用过去分词，选 D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是 in 时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词） ， 也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand 前不能加 his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去 分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题： Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案 B. 本题中没有连词， 它不是复合句， 也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号， 且 we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或 with 的 复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由 于 permit 在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选 B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改 为 If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将 if 去掉，再将谓语动词改 为非谓语动词即可。8判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词 后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错: （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此 两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能 正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例 1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例 2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例 1 D，例 2 A 例 1 变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作 用，只有 the one 既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词， 所以应选 D。 而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题 中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语 时， 选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时， 应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。主谓一致中的靠近原则 1） 当 there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2）当 either? or? 与 neither? nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近 的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由 here, there 引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语 通常也和最邻近的主语一致。9Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.谓语需用单数 1） 代词 each 和由 every, some, no, any 等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含 有 each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Nights is a book known to lovers of English. &&天方夜谭&&是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看 作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough.指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1） 在代词 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 等词的单复数由其 指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。) All are present. (所有人都到齐了。) 2） 集体名词作主语时， 谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。 family, audience, 如 crew, crowd, class, company, committee 等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中 的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。 His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。 但集合名词 people, police, cattle, poultry 等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around? 3）有些名词，如 variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作 单数，有时看作复数。 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。10The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1） 用 half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与 of 后 面的名词，代词保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动 词多用单数形式。但由 more than? of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词 保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生 都来自这个城市。 It is (high) time that It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原 形，但 should 不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.虚拟语气 虚拟语气一直都被认为是英语学习中的一个难点，因此也便成为了各类考 试的热点。现就虚拟语气的一些问题归纳如下，以帮助解决拟语气这个语法难 点。 一、 动词 wish 后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 1． 用 wish 表示现在的祝愿和报歉。 其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语 be 和 were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： I wish they were at home this time. 2． 用 wish 表示对过去事情的遗憾。 其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时或 could+现在完成时。例：I wish I hadn' t hurt him so much。 3． 用 wish 表示对将来事情的愿望。 其句子结构为宾语从句的谓语为 would/could/might+动词原形。 I wish I 例：11might be able to come tomorrow 。二、 用在一般虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 （一） 表示与现在、过去、将来事实相反的假设 1． 与现在事实相反的假设。 其句子结构为： 从句：if+主语+动词的过去式（be 变 were）+其他 主句：主语+would(should, could, might)+动词原形+其他 例：If I were you, I would go with him. 2． 与过去事实相反的假设。 其句子结构为： 从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他 主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他。例：If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam. 3．表示对将来事实实现的可能性不大的假设。 其句子结构为： 从句：If+主语+should (were to )+动词原形+其他 主句：主语+would (could, should, might)+动词原形 例：If he were to go tomorrow. He might tell you.(二) 从句和主句要根据各自发所生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形 式 1． 从句表示过去，主句表示现在。 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now. 2． 从句表示将来，主句表示过去。 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night。 3． 从句表示过去，主句表示将来。 If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。 4．从句表示将来，主句表示现在。 If we shouldn' t have an exam this afternoon. I would go shopping now. 三、 可以引起与事实相反的方式状语从句，用虚拟语气 由 as if、as though 引起的与事实相反的句子，不论主句的谓语是现在时或 者说过去时，其谓语表示的时间概念和句子结构，都基本上与 wish 后的宾语从 句相同。例： John pretends as if he didn' t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well. (用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设) The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to12time 20 years ago. （用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实） They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形， 表示与将来事实相反)四、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面，其宾语从句的谓语用 “should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气 常用的此类动词有： 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示 “提议、 劝告、 建议” move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 的： 表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order 表示“主张”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist 例：The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 上述动词的名词形式，demand, desire, requirment, advice, order, decision, recommendation, suggestion, 以及 necessity, preference, plan, motion, idea 等名 词，其后的表语从句或同位语从句，也用“should+动词原形“表示虚拟语气。 现代英语，特别是美国英语，常省去“should”，例： The advice is that we (should) leave at once. He idea that we (should)visit Great Wall was warmly welcomed. 五、在“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中，主语从句的 谓语也用“should+原形动词“表虚拟语气美国英语中省去 should, 常用的形容词和过去分词有： 表示“要求”的：required, demanded, requested, desired, desirabl。 表示“建议”的：suggested, recommended, 表示“迫切、紧近、重要”的：imperative, urgent, necessary, essential, important, vital 表示“适当、较好”的：appropriate, advisable, better, preferable 表示“可能”的：probable, possible 表示“命令”的：ordered 例：It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time. It is required that nobody (should)smoke here. 六、由下列名词或短语引导，或含有某些词的从句中应用的虚拟语气 1． “Iest 以免、惟恐”引导的从句用“shuld+动词原形” 。 He took a map with him lest he (should ) lose his way there. 2． “whether 不管、无论”引导的让步状语从句，有时用动词原形。 All things, whether you know or don' t know, exist in the world. 3．用“would rather/had rather' would just as soon&表示“宁愿、但愿” ，13后面的宾语从句谓语用过去式或动词原形表示对将来的要求，用过去时表示对 现在的愿望，用过去完成时表示对过去做的事的懊悔。 Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die. I would rather you go tomorrow. I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past. 4．用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从 句的谓语用“would+动词原形” 。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. 5．在“It is（high/about）time+that”引导的定语从句中，定语从句的主谓 语用一般过去时，偶尔也可以用 would(或 should)+动词原形，或 had rather (would rather)+动词原形。 It is hihg (about)time that we left/should leave/ had better leave/had rather leave/ were leaving.(注意与“This is the first/second…time”后从句中用现在完成 时的区别。 6．用“without/but for/in the absence of ”表示“要不是”“如果没有” ， （相 当于 if it were not for…） 表示条件时， 句中一般用虚拟语气。 （也可用陈述语气） Without your help, I couldn' t finish my work on time. In the absence of water and air, nothing could live. 7．由“providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order that”引 导的条件从句或目的从句，根据情况，可用虚拟语气。 （有时也可用陈述语气） They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage. 8．在 if 引导的虚拟条件句中，若有 were, had, should, 在书面语中可省去 if ,将 were 等提到主语前，形成倒装。 Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you. Were it not for your help. I wouldn' t be succeed.关系代词的用法14(1) 如果先行词是 all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代词，关系代词一般只用 that，不用 which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very 等词修饰，关系代词常用 that,不用 which, who，或 whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中， 不能用关系代词 that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能 省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替 主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以 作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that 可指人或物，在从句中作表语， （指人作主语时多用 who）仅用于限 制性定语从句中。 (6) which 可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业 或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which 引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可 以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体， 关系代词用若是指 集体中的各个成员，则用 who。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用 that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如 果 先 行 词 是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或 whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you? “介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) “介词＋关系代词 “可以引导限制性定语从句， 也可以引导非限制性定语 从句。 介词＋关系代词 “ “结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用 whom 或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where 为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：15We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.. (3) 像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语 动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of.英语主语和谓语动词在数方面的一致关系 一、主谓一致 主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即语法形式一致，概念 一致（语言内容上一致） ，毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主 语一致） 。 1. 语法形式一致 （1）单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用 单数形式。复数主语，用 and 或 both…and 连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短 语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如： 1) The performance was very funny. 2) Serving the people is my great happiness. 3) Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce. 5) Both you and I are students. 6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 注 1：在 what 引导的主语从句中，如果主语补语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形 式。例如： What we have to learn are the pieces of language that produce inversion. 注 2：修饰语对主语的数不起影响。例如： The performance of the first three clowns was very funny. （2）由 as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结16构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的 影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如： 1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office. 2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV. 3) His sister no less than you is wrong. 4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students. 注：有时在 with 结构里，加上 both 之后，with 就具有 and 含义。例如： Grandpa Wang with his son, both looking very happy, are taking a walk in the park. (3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是 多数， 谓语动词仍要用单数形式。 这类代词有 either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody 等。例如： 1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。) 2) Everything around us is matter. (我们周围的所有东西都是物质。) (4)在 neither of 与 either of 的结构里， 一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式 也可用复数形式，但在美国的 TOEFL 考试内要求用单数形式。例如： 1) Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard. 2) Has either of them been seen recently? (5)当 and 连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and 后的名词前没有冠词， 谓语动词应该用单数形式；在 and 后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。 例如： 1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早饭供应黄油面包。) 2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黄油和面包。) （6） one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时， 当 谓 语动词要用单数形式。例如： 1)One of those students has passed the examination. 2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.17(7)form of, type of, kind of 结构的谓语视 form, type 与 kind 的单复数而 定.these/those kind/type of 后是复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： 1) The kind of books an author writes depends on the kind of man who he is. 2) Some new types of cars are now on show. 3)These kind of recorders are good. (8)由 one and a half + 复数名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。 例如： One and a half apples is left on the plate. (9) 由 the majority of + 名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例 如： 1) The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 2) The majority of criminals are non-violent. （10） plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of 等 + 可数与不 可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词 的单复数而定。例如： 1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring. 2）Half of the buildings have been painted completely. 3）There is plenty of water in the pail. 4）There are plenty of eggs in the box. 5）There is loads of milk on the farm. 6）There are loads of big red apples on the ground. 注：当名词前有其他量词修饰时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常取决于量词。例 如： 1）Row upon row of soldiers is marching towards us on the field. 2）A body of volunteers has been organized to aid the helpless in their struggle for survival. （11） all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of , the rest 等 + 名词作 由 主语时，谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致。例如：181）None of the books satisfy the students. 2）None of this meat is fit to eat. 3）All of the research work was designed by the chief engineer. 4）All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term. （12）由 more than one (或 more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词作 主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： 1）More than one student has passed the examination. 2）Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 注：如果 more than 后面是复数名词，则谓语动词要用复数。 例如：More than two hundred students have attended the lecture. （13）quantity of + 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式; quantities of + 可数与 不可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： 1）Great quantities of milk are needed in this city. 2）There is a large quantity of milk. （14）如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词” ，谓语动词的单、复 数形式取决于 of 后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如： 1）Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed. 2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. （15）定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如： 1）He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 2） “Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident. 注：当 one 之前有 the only 等限定词修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 例如： He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment. 2.概念一致（语言内容上一致）19（1）有些集合名词如 crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦乐队）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public 等，它们作主语 时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词 用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如： 1）His family is going to move. 2）His family are very well. 3）The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park. 注：如这类词后跟有定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则， 强调具体成员时，谓语动词用复数，关系代词用 强调整体时，谓语动词用 单数，关系代词用 which。例如： 1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. 2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. (2)有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要 用复数形式，如 people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如： 1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common. 2）The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. (3)有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如 news, means, works.还有许 多以 ics 结尾的学科名称，如 economics, physics, mechanics, politics 等，它们作 主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： 1）Politics is a complicated business. 2）Here is the news. (4)用 and 连接的单数主语，前面有 each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，谓语动词 要用单数形式。复数主语与 each 连用时，应不受 each 的影响，谓语动词仍用复 数形式。例如： 1) Each pen and each paper is found in its place. 2) Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 3) Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 4) The old workers and the young each have their own tools.20(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。 例如： 1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 2) Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk. (6)国家、单位和书报的名称，作为一个单一的概念，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 例如： 1）War and Peace is the longest book I’ve read. 2）General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽车公司最近关闭了 一家工厂。) （8）the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果 指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： 1) The blind are taught trades in special schools. 2) The departed was a good friend of his. 3.毗邻一致（就近原则） (1)由连词 or, neither…or, either…or, not only … also, nor 等连接的并列主语， 谓 语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如： 1) He or you have taken my pen. 2) Either you or he is no telling the truth. 3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed. (2)在 there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如： 1)There is a desk and four benches in the office. 2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 二、指代一致 指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。 1.人称一致 (1)当代词指代名词或另一个代词时，须在人称上与所指代的词保持一致。例如：211）I recognized one of the girls, but I didn’t speak to her. 2) That woman said that she was over fifty. 3) They asked whom they should apply to. (2)当代词指代集合名词时，用单数人称代词强调整体，用复数人称代词强调个 人。例如： 1) The committee have discussed their report on the disaster. 2) The audience are raising their hands to signify their approval. (3)当 everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody 等作主语时，相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如： 1) If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later. 2) Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 注：在非正式文体中，特别是在会话体里，常用代词的复数形式是为了故意不 具体说出所指的那个人的性别。例如： 1) Has anybody brought their camera? 2) No one could blamed themselves. (4)由 neither … nor, not only … but also, either … or, not … but, or 等连结的并 列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如： 1) Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 2) Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they? 2.性、数、格一致 (1)代词的性一般仅限于第三人称。例如： 1) China will always do what she has promised to do. 2) The boy stood at the door with his hat in his hand. (2) 当 or 或 nor 连接阳性名词或阴性名词时，代词一般和近者保持一致。例如： 1) Neither John nor Mary has got what she wanted. 2) If you should see Mary or Thomas, tell him the news.22(3)单数名词由 and 连接时，相应的代词一般用复数形式。例如： 1) Food and rent are more expensive than they used to be. 2) Jim and Mary spoke on the subject as if they were experts. 3.应注意的问题 (1)当句子的主语是 one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来 代替后面将出现的 one 或 one’s;当 one 在句子中泛指人时， 在反意疑问句中也可 用 you 来代替。例如： 1) One should never blame his friends when he friends when he finds himself in trouble. 2) One can’t be too careful, can you (one)?冠词 不定冠词的用法 冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词 的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词，另一种是不定冠词，还有一种 是零冠词。 不定冠词 a （an）与数词 one 同源，是&一个&的意思。a 用于辅音音素前， 一般读作[e]，而 an 则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。 1） 表示&一个&，意为 one；指某人或某物，意为 a certain。例如： A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。 2） 代表一类人或物。例如： A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。23Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。 3） 组成词组或成语， a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / 如 many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden 等。定冠词的用法 定冠词 the 与指示代词 this，that 同源，有&那（这）个&的意思，但意义较 弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如： Take the medicine. 把药吃了。2）上文提到过的人或事。例如： He bought a house. 子。 3）指世上独一物二的事物，如 the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 等。 4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如 the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形 容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词 only，very，same 等前面。例如： Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房That's the very thing I've been looking for. 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：那正是我要找的东西。They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师） They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师）7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如： She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。24例如： the People's Republic of China the United States 美国 中华人民共和国9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。10） 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如： the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）11） 用在惯用语中。例如： in the day, in the morning （afternoon，evening）, tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, the day afterin the sky （water，field，country） in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,in the middle （of）, in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre零冠词的用法 1） 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如： They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如： Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。254）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加 定冠词。例如： Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加 冠词。例如： We go to school from Monday to Friday. 课。 6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如： The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到 李将军那里。 7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如 have breakfast， play chess。 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如： I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。 我们从星期一到星期五都上9）当 by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如 by bus， by train。 10）有些个体名词不用冠词，如 school，college，prison，market，hospital， bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示 该名词的深层含义。例如： go to hospital go to the hospital 11）不用冠词的序数词； a. 序数词前有物主代词时。 b. 序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。 c. 在固定词组中，如 at（the）first, first of all, from first to last 等。 去医院看病 去医院 （并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）26冠词与形容词+名词结构 1） 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同的人或物。例如： He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。The black and the white cats are hers.2） 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一人或一物。例如： He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。冠词位置 1） 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意： a. 位于 such，what，many，half 等形容词之后。例如： I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。 Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时， 不定冠 词应放在形容词之后。例如： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。 So short a time 如此短的时间Too long a distance 距离太远了 c. quite，rather 与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当 rather，quite 前仍有 形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。 d. 在 as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不 定冠词放形容词后。例如： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，27可见到蛇还是发抖。 2） 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在 all， both，double，half， twice，three times 等词之后，名词之前。例如： All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。like to do 和 like doing 区别 like doing 和 like to do 都表示&喜欢做某事&,但动名词所表示的动作，在意义上 比较一般和抽象，时间观念不强，不指某一次动作;动词不定式则常指某个具体 的动作。如: She likes swimming.她喜欢游泳。 （经常性的爱好） She likes to swim this afternoon.她今天下午想游泳。 （特指某一次的动作） 另外,在搭配(使用方法)上,还有一点区别 （1） “ like to do ”一般与 “ would ” 搭配表示意愿。 例： I would like to swim with you . 我愿意和你去游泳。 Would you like to skate ? 你愿意去滑冰吗？ （2） like doing ” 表示爱好 “ 例： I like watching TV . 我喜欢看电视。 Do you like singing ? 你喜欢唱歌吗？动名词 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1）作主语。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2）作宾语 a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误28deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想 象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建 议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调 小一点，好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很， 刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。 b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如： admit to prefer?to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of be busy can't help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of burst out keep on insist on count on set about put off be good at take up give up be successful in 3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如： Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫 和照顾孩子。 比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如： a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台 a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池 有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如： boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点 a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机分词 分词作定语 不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及 物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作 定语。 分词作其他成分时， 也是如此。 分词作定语， 单个的分词作定语一般前置； 分词词组，个别分词如 given, left 等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。 例如： We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日29He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西 分词作定语相当于定语从句，如 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists. 典型例题 1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案 D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written 2）What's the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案 B. 主语 language 与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语， 修饰主语 language, spoken 与 language 有被动关系。 该句可以理解为： What's the language （which is） spoken in German? 分词作状语 分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一 个状语从句。例如： Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他 打了个电话。 As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树 会长得更好。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. 典型例题 1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案 B. Napoleon 与 follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed 除表达被动之 外 ， 还 有 动 作 正 在 进 行 之 意 。 followed by （ 被 ? 跟 随 ） 本 题 可 改 为 ： 。 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案 B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主 动。用现在分词。 3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案 C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表 被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选 C。它 相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，? 注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的30主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如： Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。 连词+分词（短语） 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when， while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。 例如： While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。 （waiting 和 saw 的主语相同） 分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如： I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。 'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。 分词作表语 表示主语的状态等。例如： She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。 分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking 一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从?判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说， 狗比猪跑得 快。 （speaking 不是 dogs 的动作） 分词的时态 1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如： Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。 典型例题 The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案 B. 此处没有连词，不能选 D，否则出现了两个谓语动词 worked 和 was preparing。 只能在 B，C 中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为 主动关系，应用现在分词。 2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：31While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用 having done。 Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 典型例题 ___ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案 C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作 （接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分 词的否定式的构成为 not +分词，故选 C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. 分词的语态 1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如： He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you?）他就是给你钱的那个 人。 He is the man stopped by the car. （= who was stopped by?）他就是那个被车 拦住的人。 2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如 gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 等。 例如： a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人 a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴动词不定式 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。 1） 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如： afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。 2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不 定式的结构。例如： ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如： I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。32I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如： decide know consider forget learn remember show, wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如： Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 不定式作补语 1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如： advise allow cause challenge command compel drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如； Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。 注意：有些动词如 make，have，get，want 等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词 作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是 be，不定式一般可 以省去。例如： consider find believe think declare（声称） appoint guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know 例如： We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。 （to be 不能省去） 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：C. 一般没有 consider+宾语+be 以外不定式的结构，也没有 consider+宾语 +doing 的结构，排除 A、B、D。consider 用动词 be 以外的不定式作宾补时，一 般要求用不定式的完成式，故选 C。 3) 有些动词可以跟 there +to be 的结构。例如： believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如： We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在 那里。33You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生 吧。 不定式作主语 不定式作主语，往往用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是 有必要的。 It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东 西，这显得太自私了。 但是， 用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时， 不能用 It is? to?的 句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如： （对）To teach is to learn. （错）It is to learn to teach. （错）To teach is learning. （错）Teaching is to learn. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用 时，常位于&形容词+动词不定式&结构的末尾。 It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用 for 或 of 的区别。 1） sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点， for 表示客观形式的形容词， 如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等：例如： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难 的。 2）of sb 句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态 度的形容词，如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如： It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 用 for 还是用 of 的另一种辨别方法： 用介词 for 或 of 后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语， 用介词前边的形容词作表语， 造个句子。如果通顺用 of，不通则用 for。例如： You are nice. （通顺，所以应用 of） 。 He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用 for。 ） 不定式作表语 不定式可放在 be 动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。34不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如： I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。 There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手 空空。不定式作状语 1）目的状语 常用结构为 to do , only to do 仅仅为了） in order to do, so as to do, so such） （ , （ ? as to?（如此?以便?） 。例如： He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子 后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。 3） 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。 She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。 4）表示理由和条件 He must be a fool to say so. You will do well to speak more carefully. 用作介词的 to to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的 to 都用作介词： admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to 开始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to省去 to 的动词不定式 1） 情态动词 （ 除 ought 外） 后。 2）使役动词 let, have, make 后， 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。 注意：被动语态中不能省去 to。例如： I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night. 3） would rather，had better 句型后 4） Why? / why no?句型后 5） help 后可带 to，也可不带 to, help sb （to） do sth：356） but 和 except 后。but 前是实义动词 do 时，后面出现的不定式不带 to。 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他 什么都信。 7） 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去： 8） 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think 等词后作宾补时，可以省去 to be。例 如： He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。 典型例题 1） ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选 D。 2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make 后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。动词不定式的否定式 在不定式标志 to 前加上 not。例如： Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看 见。 典型例题 1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此处用 的是否定词 never. 2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用 to 这个词，而不必 重复整个不定式词组。及物动词 do 后应有宾语，因此也 B，D 不对。不定式的特殊句型 too?to? 1）too?to 太?以至于?。例如： He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。 2） 如在 too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一 种委婉含义，意 为&不太&。例如： It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。 （谚语）363） 当 too 前面有 only, all, but 时，意思是：非常? 等于 very。例如： I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 不定式的特殊句型 so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do。例如： Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉 默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2） 表示结果。例如： Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 不定式的特殊句型 Why not &Why not +动词原形&表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：&为什么不???& &干吗 不???&。例如： Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 不定式的时态和语态 1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓 语动词的动作之后，例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如： I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻 烦。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。 3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。 4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如： She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道 她研究这问题有好几年了。 动名词与不定式 1）动名词与不定式的区别： 动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2）有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。 3）有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下 一节有专门讨论。一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去 完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等）371、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，hi s wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白 主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用 moved， 大家别忘了-ed 形容词和-ing 形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone w ished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It 作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it 本身是没有意思 的，注意 it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English well. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是 it is （was）…… that…，如果前面是 it iswas 后面往往选用 that，当然强调人的时候也可用 who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型 全部倒装句 （这种全部倒装题历年只考过一次，考得最多的都是下面的部分 倒装）381、Stop talking！There comes the teacher. 部分倒装句（如果选项里面有两个主谓倒装了，两个没有，我们一般要在倒 装里做选择） 1、So badly was he hurt in the accident that he had to be se nt to hospital. 2、Not only does he study well，but also he is always ready t o help others. 3、Mary has done well in the English exam. So she has. She always does well in the exam. 六、从句中选择关系词题（重点在定语从句，多看笔记，becausesinceno w thatasfor；so…that…such… that…） 1、It was in so friendly a way that he talked with us. 2、Oct.15，2005 is a day when we will take our English exam ination. 3、We want to buy the same book as you are reading. 4、The sun heats the earth，which is very important to living things. 七、虚拟语气（我们要记住与现在，过去，将来相反的三种情况，特别是与 过去相反的情况最常考，再有就是 wishas if 后面所接的三种情况，还有一个 常考点在 suggest，demand，require，order 等表示建议，要求，命令的词 后面加从句时，从句里谓语要用（should）+动词原形，如果是被动则用（sho uld +be +动词过去分词） 1、I would have done it better if I had had more time. 2、I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 3、I suggest that we （should ）adopt a different policy. 4、Had it not been for your help，we would never have been able to get over the difficulties. 八、情态动词题（除了掌握常见情态动词基本用法外，常考点在三种表推测 的情况，分别为 must 表对现在事情的肯定推测 ，can't 表对现在事实的否定 推测，must have +v-ed 表示对过去事实的肯定推测，而则表示过去应该做 某事而没有做）391、The ground is so wet，it must have rained last night. 2、She must be a doctor，I think. 3、I should have called you last week，but I was too busy th en. 九、几组形容词及副词区别题（注意比较级、最高级、倍数表达；likelypo ssibleprobable；worthworthy； too muchmuch too；alreadyyet 等） 1、His books are three time as many as my books. 2、The Nile river is the longest river in the world. 3、It is much too hot tonight. 4、The harder he worked，the happier he felt. 十、主谓一致题（往往出题者都是考谓语动词选单数这种情况，如 each， every，everyone 这样的词作主语以及 Mary，like many other girls like s listening to music 这样的题） 1、The moral of the officers and crew was very high. 2、 Each boy and each girl in the city is asked to go to school. 3、Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.（近位原则） 十一、动词及动词词组区别题（常考 raiserisearisearose；spendcostta kepayafford；woundinjurehurtdamage； findfindoutdiscoverinvent；h itstrikeringbeat；tellsayspeaktalk；joinjoin intake part in 等以及我所 讲过的动词短语） 1、Can you tell the difference between these two words 2、He joined the army three years ago. 十二、主句用将来时，从句则用一般现在时（或现在完成时）表将来题 1、They will leave the classroom when they have finished writ ing. 2、We will start to work as soon as our teacher comes.40十三、名词所有格以及名词后面有限定时则该名词前一定要加定冠词 the 题 （名词的格有以下两种情况， Tom'book， 以及 the books of our school， 特别是用 of 表示的所有格我们一定要习惯这种表达） 1、Beijing is the capital of China. 2、He can't have the expience of all of the world. 十四、常用介词区别题（如 on，in，except besides，within，without， through 等） 1、You should write in ink not with your pencil. 2、He pulled her into the train by the arm. 3、by bustrainair… On foot，on the farm，in the morningafter noonevening，at nightnoon 十五、常考代词题（常考的有 otherothers，anotherthe other；somet imessome timesometime；thatwhich；thatwhat，eitherneitheror；to oalsoeither；manymucha great deal ofa great number ofa great a mount of；a fewfewlittlea little；as long asas far as；so long asso far as ） 1、That you don't like him is none of my business. 2、The weather in the north is much colder than that in the s outh in January. 3、He must be a worker. I think so.专升本英语动词语法复习资料 要把握英语语法，要把握英语句子中“动词”的特点。英语句子最简单的结 构就是“主谓结构”（当然，有时候省略主语，如祈使句）。而其中的谓语就是 动词了（当然，包括系动词，如 Be 动词）。因此，动词是每个句子中都应该存 在的成分。以下则即简述动词的一些}