高三英语句子成分和句子结构讲解
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高三英语句子成分和句子结构讲解
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高三英语句子成分和句子结构讲解
文章来源莲 山课件 w ww.5 Y
句子成分主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east.&&&&&&&&& （名词）&&& &He likes dancing.&& && （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)&&Seeing is believing.&&&& （动名词）&&&&&& To see is to believe.&&&&&& &&& （不定式）&What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.& （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English.&&& &&&&&He is asleep.&&&& 表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。&&He is a teacher.&&&& （名词）&&&&&&&&&& &Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）&&&&He is asleep.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& （形容词）& His father is in.&&&& （副词）&&&&&& &&The picture is on the wall.&&&&&& ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come.&&&&&&&&&&&&& （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）,& feel（感觉） ...&&It sounds a good idea.&&&&&&&&&&&& &&The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet.&&&&&&&&& &&Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious.&&&&&&&& &&The food tastes good.The door remains open.&&&&&&&& &&&Now I feel tired.宾语：1）动作的承受者-----动宾I like China. （名词）&&&&&He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. &&I enjoy working with you.& （动名词）I hope to see you again.& （不定式）& &Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）&&& 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾Are you afraid of the snake?&&&& &&&Under the snow, there are many rocks.&&& 3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday.&&& &&&Give the poor man some money.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor.&& （名词）&&We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词）&We found nobody in.& ( 副词 )&Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）&Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）& 主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor.&&&&&&&&&& &&She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）& He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world.&& （数词）& He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词)& The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. &&（现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.&（过去分词）&&& I have an idea to do it well. &&&&&（不定式）You should do everything that I do. &&&（定语从句）状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。&& （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow.&&&&&&&& &&&&The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.&& &He studies hard to learn English well.He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.&I like some of you very much.&&&&&&&& If you study hard, you will pass the exam.&&He goes to school by bike.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Though he is young, he can do it well.& &&&& 句子结构
简单句的五个基本句型主语 ＋ 不及物动词& &&&&&She came．/ My head aches.&& 主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语& &&&&She likes English.主语 ＋ 系动词&& ＋主语补语&& &&&She is happy．主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语& &She gave John a book．She bought a book for me.主语 ＋ 宾补动词& ＋& 宾语& ＋& 宾语补语&She makes her mother angry． The teacher asked me to read the passage.（ There +be&&& &There lies a book on the desk.& ）
Exercises&&&&&&&&&&&
分析下列句子成分&
1. Our school is not far from my home.&&&&&&&& &2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest.&&&&&& &&&4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5. He broke a piece of glass.&&&&& &&&&6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．
7. ---I love you more than her，child ．&& &&&8. Tees turn green when spring comes.
9. They pushed the door open.&&&&&& &&&&10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.& &12.All the students think highly of his teaching
13. We need a place twice larger than this one.&&& &14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．16.We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．&18. She showed us her many of her pictures.&&&
19. The old man lives a lonely life.&
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.
24. Go back where you came from.&&&& &&25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
26. At last he got home, tired and hungry.&&&& &27. Would you please pass me the cup?
28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.& &29. Do you know the latest news about him?
30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
翻& 译& 练& 习：
主谓结构&&（ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）
1你应当努力学习。& &&&&&2她昨天回家很晚。 & 3那天早上我们谈了很多。 &&&&4会议将持续两个小时。
5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。&
6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。
7 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。&&&&&
8每天八时开始上课。&&&& &&&&9这个盒子重五公斤。
10五年前我住在北京。
主谓宾结构&（主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语& ）
1昨晚我写了一封信。&&&& &&&&2今天下午我想同你谈谈。&&&&&&&
3这本书他读过多次了。&&&&&4他们成功地完成了计划。
5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。&&& &&6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。
7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。
8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。&&&&&&&
9我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。&&&
10他不知道说什麽好。
主系表结构&（主语 ＋系动词＋表语 ）
1我的兄弟都是大学生。&& &&&&2冬季白天短，夜晚长。&&&&
3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 &&&&4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。&&&
5孩子们，请保持安静。&& &&&&6这本书是有关美国历史的书。
7她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。&&&& &&8他失业了。&&&
9树叶已经变黄了。 &&&&&&10这个报告听起来很有意思。
双宾语结构&（主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）
1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 &&&2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。&&&&4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？
5. 他把车票给列车员看。 &&&&&6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。&7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 &&8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。
9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？&&&10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？
复合宾语结构&（主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）
1我们叫她Alice. &&&&&&&2他的父母给他取名为John.
3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 &&&4他们把门推开了。
5他们把小偷释放了。 &&&&&6我们要使学校变得更美丽。
7他请我们参加做游戏。 &&&&&8我要你把真相告诉我。
9卫兵命令我们立即离开。 &&&&10明天我要找人来修理机器。
11每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 &12痛苦使得他叫喊起来。
13我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 &&&14他每个月理一次发。
15我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 &&16那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了
17她正在听人家讲故事。 &&&&&18男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。
19我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 &&&20他感到很难跟你交谈。
21我想乘船去那里更舒服些。 &&&&22我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。
23学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 24我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。
There be 句型
1今晚没有会。 &&&&&&&2这个村子过去只有一口井。
3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。
5天气预报说下午有大风。 &&&&6灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。
7战前这儿一直有家电影院的。 &&&8恰好那时房里没人。
9从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 10公共汽车来了。
11就只剩下二十八美元了。 &&&&12在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。
13铃响了。 &&&&&&&&14二月份有二十八天。
分析下列句子成分
1.&主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语&&&&&2.&主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语&&3.&主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语&&4.&主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语&&&&5.&主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语&&&&&6.&主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语7.&主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语&&&&&8.&主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语&&&9.&主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语&&10.&主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语&&&&11.&主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语&&12&主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语13.&主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语&&&&&14.&主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语&&&15.&主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语&&&&&16. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语&&&&&17.&主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语&&&&&18. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语19.&主语 ＋ 不及物动词&&&&&&20.&主语 ＋ 不及物动词&&&21. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语&&&&&22.&主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语&&&&23.&主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语&&&&&24. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词25.&主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语&&&&&26. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词&&&&27. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语&&28. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语&&&&&29.&主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语&&&&&30. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
翻& 译& 练& 习：
主谓结构&&（ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）
1You should study hard. 2 She went home very late yesterday evening. 3That morning we talked a great deal. 4The meeting will last two hours. 5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. 7The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8Classes begin at eight every day. 9This box weighs five kilos. 10& I lived in Beijing five years ago.
主谓宾结构&（主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语& ）
&1.I wrote a letter last night.& 2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.&3.He has read this book many times. 4.They have carried out the plan successfully.&5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.&7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia. 8.Jim cannot dress himself.&9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.10.He did not know what to say.
主系表结构&（主语 ＋ 系动词&& ＋主语补语 ）
1My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5 Children, keep quiet please. 6 This book is about the history of the United States. 7Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8He is out of work. 9The leaves have turned yellow. 10The report sounds interesting.
双宾语结构&（主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 ）
1Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6This term I have written three letters to my parents. 7My father has bought me a new bike.&8Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 9Will you please get me a new copy? 10 Shall I call you a taxi?
复合宾语结构&（主语 ＋ 宾补动词& ＋& 宾语& ＋& 宾语补语 ）1We call her Alice. &&&&&&2His parents named him John. 3All of us considered him honest. &&&&4They pushed the door open. 5They have set the thief free. &&&&6We will make our school more beautiful. 7He asked us to join in the game.&&&&8I want you to tell me the truth.9The guards ordered us to leave at once. &&10Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine. 11Every morning we hear him read English aloud. &12The pain made him cry out. 13We won’t let her go out at night. &&&14He has his hair cut once a month. 15I’ll get my recorder mended. &&&&16The terrible sound made the children frightened. 17She is listening to someone telling stories. &&18he boys were watching the soldiers drilling. 19I have never seen the word used that way before. 20He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 21I think it more comfortable to go there by ship. &22I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 23The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 24I thought it no use talking with that man
There be 句型
1There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight.2There was only a well in the village. 3There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. 4Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 5The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon. 66The light is on. There must be someone ion the office. 7There used to be a cinema here before the war. 8There happened to be nobody in the room. 9Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 10There comes the bus. 11There remained just twenty-eight dollars. 12In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree. 13There goes the bell. 14There are twenty-eight days in February
&文章来源莲 山课件 w ww.5 Y
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句子成分构成句子一定要有主谓宾吗?那么祈使句就没有主语的吗
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不是的,基本句型有主谓宾,主系表,主谓宾宾补,主谓直接宾间接宾...5种,而祈使句是省略了主语也算主谓宾.
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句子(Sentences)
一、句子的定义
句子的定义:句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头的第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。如: (1) The foundation of democracy is the will of the people to preserve liberty. 民主的基础就是人民维护自由的意愿。(2) What motives governed his actions? 是什么动机支配他的行动的？(3) This story is great! 这则故事太棒了！
二、句子的种类和类型
句子按其用途可分为四个种类:
1、陈述句(declarative sentence), 用以陈述事实。如:
(1) The daisy is a common flower in English fields.
雏菊在英格兰大地上是一种常见的花。
(2) I don’t care what she thinks.
我不在乎她想什么。
2、疑问句(interrogative sentences), 用以提出问题。如:
(1) Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he?
你朋友是个医生，对吗？
(2) When do we meet again?
我们什么时候再见面？
3、祈使句(imperative sentences), 用以表示命令、请求等。如:
(1) Have a good sleep and think it over.
好好睡一觉，再仔细考虑一下。
(2) Let the meat cook slowly.
把肉用文火煮。
4、感叹句(exclamatory sentences), 用以表示各种强烈的感情。如:
(1) What a delicious hamburger!
多美味的汉堡！
(2) The noise will deafen us all!
该噪音会使我们大家耳聋的！
句子按其结构可分为四种型式:
1、简单句(simple sentences),由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。如:
(1) The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.
这次火灾是由一根烟头造成的。
(2) He asked to see the chief of the tribe.
他求见这个部落的酋长。
2、并列句(compound sentences)，由两个或两个以上的分句组成。如:
(1) Cotton is falling in price, and buyers hold off.
棉花正在落价，可买主仍犹豫不决。
(2) Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pie.
亨利喜欢吃草莓馅饼，可他的妻子经常烤苹果馅饼。
3、复合句(complex sentences)，由主句和其他从句组成。如:
(1) I have to hurry to deposit this money before the bank closes.
我得赶在银行关门前把这笔钱存起来。
(2) He was an old man who wore thick glasses.
他年纪大了，戴着很深的眼镜。
4、并列复合句(compound complex sentences)， 即含有复合句的并列句。如:
(1) The ad said that the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.
广告说这件外衣卖20美元，可它实际上是22美元。
(2) I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 我问一个有妻子和三个孩子的人，他家谁做饭; 他回答说，谁先下班回来，谁就做饭。
三、句子的成分
句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫做句子的成分(members of the sentences)。总的来说，句子皆由两大部分组成。一是主语部分(subject group), 一是谓语部分(predicate group). 如:
1、The People’s Republic of China was born in 1949.
中华人民共和国成立于1949年。
句中的the People’s Republic of China即是主语部分，was born in 1949即是谓语部分。但句子的成分要比句子的两大部分更加明确具体，可分为主语、谓语(或谓语动词)、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分等。如:
2、The weather was quite nice.
天气相当好。(weather 是主语，nice 是表语，quite 是状语)
3、I need a quite room to study in.
我需要一间安静的屋子进行学习。(need是谓语或谓语动词，room是宾语，quite是定语)
4、In a fierce shootout five criminals were shot dead.
在一次猛烈交火中，五个罪犯被打死。(dead是主语补语)
5、Unfortunately, he had his watch stolen.
很不幸，他的表被偷了。(unfortunately是独立成分，stolen是宾语补语)
词类与句子的成分不同。前者纯指单词的分类，后者则指词类、短词、从句等在句子中的功能。词类中也只有具有实义的词类，如名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词和副词等，才可用作句子的成分。其他无实义的虚词，如冠词、连词和介词，则不可用作句子的成分。
四、英语语句基本结构分析：
&& 主谓宾结构：
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
例：The boy needs a pen.主语the boy，谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式)，宾语a pen.
&& 主系表结构：
主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。
联系动词（Link verb)：be动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been)；其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。
表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。
感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
例：Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩）/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy
&& There be 结构：
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
一、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 返回
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 返回
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.'
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句
比较状语从句 让步状语从句 条件状语从句 目的状语从句
三、直接宾语和间接宾语：
&&&特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.
四、宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 返回
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
五、同位语： 返回
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’)
六、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 返回
感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。
肯定词yes 否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概, acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。
七、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：
错句：Studying hard, your score will go up.
正确：(1) Studying hard, you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard, your score will go up.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).
分词独立结构常省略being, having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
Game (being) over, he went home.
He stands there, book (being) in hand.
独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡了。
The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
五、基本句式
句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语句子虽然千变万化，但就一个简单句来说，其基本结构不外乎以下五种：
1、主语 + 系动词 + 表语
Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.
主语 系动词 表语
The city will become rich.
主语 系动词 表语
在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be, look（看起来），sound（听起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好像），appear（显得，好像），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（变得，成为），turn（变得，成为），get（变得），go（变得）等表示状态和变化的词，而充当表语的词语则有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语和非谓语动词等。
2、主语 + 谓语
Building has started.
The train leaves at 7:40.
该句型中的谓语为不及物动词，其后不带宾语，但可以根据实际需要带上一个合适的状语，状语的位置可放在句首、句中或句尾，一般以句尾为多见。谓语动词的前面根据需要还可加上适当的情态动词或助动词。如果多个谓语动词并列，可用and, but等并列连词将它们连接起来。
在英语中，主语是动作的执行者，充当主语的词和结构有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式和从句等。充当谓语的词只能是动词。
谓语动词在人称和数上须与主语保持一致。
3、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
The boss employed five more workers.
主语 谓语 宾语
Few students like taking exams.
主语 谓语 宾语
动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词，若动词不及物则须在动词后再加上合适的介词，如What are you looking for?
在这类结构中，宾语是动作的承受者。常见的充当宾语的词语和结构有；名词、代词、非谓语动词和从句等。
4、主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语/主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + 间接宾语
He has fetched us some new textbooks.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
A car factory will bring the province more jobs.
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
此句型中的及物动词须跟两个宾语，间接宾语一般指人，直接宾语一般指物。间接宾语可以放在直接宾语的前面，也可放在直接宾语的后面，但间接宾语放在后面时需在其前面加上适当的介词。例：A car factory will bring more jobs to the province.
可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。
5、主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
The villagers didn’t allow them to do this.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
I will keep the box in the shade.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
该句型中的“宾语 + 宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”，其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语相当于汉语里的兼语式，它既充当前面谓语的宾语，又兼作其后宾语补足语的逻辑主语。
充当宾语补足语的词语和结构有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。
当主语、宾语、宾语补足语是由名词充当时，根据需要还可在其前面加上名词、数词、形容词，或在其后面加上副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等定语成分来修饰相关名词。
可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（强迫）, call, advise, persuade（劝服）, watch, see, hear, feel（认为，觉得）, consider（认为）, choose, elect（选）等。
上面句型中只列出了句子的主要成分，事实上，句子中还常常有定语、状语和同位语等修饰语，有时还有不充当句子成分的插入语等。例：
Professor Wang bought a new computer at a high price.
在句子中，不同的句子成分对词性有不同的要求。主语、宾语和同位语一般由名词、代词、动名词和动词不定式充当；谓语一般由动词充当；表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和插入语一般由动词以外的词或短语充当。
一般来讲，一个句子至少具有一个主语和一个谓语（或系表结构），但在上下文中有时可能会有省略现象。省略后的句子可能会缺少包括主语、谓语在内的一些句子成分。祈使句中的主语按要求也是应该舍去的。例：
“Do give her my regards.” “Of course I will.”
第一句是祈使句，动作执行人you已经舍去。第二句是省略句，根据上句I will后省略了give her your regards。
以上主要介绍的是简单句的基本句型，除简单句外，还有并列复合句和主从复合句等句式，但这些复合句实际上是由若干个简单句通过连词连接起来的，因此，写作复合句时仍可遵循简单句的结构形式。
例：My sister likes skating, but I don’t. (并列复合句)
I like to take a walk after I have my supper. (主从复合句)
练习：用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语，需要的话可加上适当的修饰语或插入语。
1、你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
2、我感到有一点累。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）
3、我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语 + 谓语）
4、这家医院创建于1950年。（主语 + 谓语）
5、他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
6、他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
7、顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
8、下学期谁教你们生物？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）
9、他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
10、什么促使你这样想的？（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）
参考答案：
1.Your story sounds very interesting.
2.I felt a bit tired.
3.My younger sister grew up in the country.
4.This hospital was set up in 1950.
5.He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.
6.He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.
7.By the way, has she paid you the money?
8.Who will teach you biology next term?
9.He always keeps his bedroom clean.
10.What made you think so?}