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spring integeration（3）
spring integration例子代码下载地址，以及如何导入eclipse并使用maven构建等请参看上一篇：
先看一下http-rest例子的readme
This sample demonstrates how you can send an HTTP request to a Spring Integration's HTTP service while utilizing Spring Integration's new HTTP P
This sample also uses Spring Security for HTTP Basic authentication. With HTTP Path facility, the client program can send requests with URL Variables.
It consists of two parts - Client and Server.
The following client program can be used to test the HTTP Path usage.
1. RestHttpClientTest. It uses Spring's RestTemplate to assemble and send HTTP request
Server is Spring Integration's HTTP endpoint configuration.
此示例演示了如何发送一个HTTP请求到一个Spring集成的HTTP服务，同时利用Spring&Integration的新的HTTP P
此示例还使用了Spring HTTP基本身份验证安全性。 HTTP Path，客户端程序可以发送请求的URL变量。
它由两部分组成 - 客户端和服务器。
客户端程序，可以用来测试使用HTTP path。RestHttpClientTest。它使用Spring的RestTemplate的组装和发送HTTP请求
服务端是Spring集成的HTTP端点配置。
仍然先看web.xml
先是配置几个变量，指定spring配置路径和log4j的配置路径
&context-param&
&param-name&contextConfigLocation&/param-name&
&param-value&
&!-- Spring application context declaration --&
/WEB-INF/config/web-application-config.xml
&/param-value&
&/context-param&
Key of the system property that should specify the root directory of this
web app. Applied by WebAppRootListener or Log4jConfigListener.
&context-param&
&param-name&webAppRootKey&/param-name&
&param-value&rest-http.root&/param-value&
&/context-param&
Location of the Log4J config file, for initialization and refresh checks.
Applied by Log4jConfigListener.
&context-param&
&param-name&log4jConfigLocation&/param-name&
&param-value&/WEB-INF/classes/log4j.properties&/param-value&
&/context-param&
然后配置spring的listener,用于启动WebApplicationContext
&listener&
&listener-class&org.springframework.web.util.Log4jConfigListener&/listener-class&
&/listener&
- Loads the root application context of this web app at startup,
- by default from &/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml&.
- Note that you need to fall back to Spring's ContextLoaderServlet for
- J2EE servers that do not follow the Servlet 2.4 initialization order.
- Use WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContext)
- to access it anywhere in the web application, outside of the framework.
- The root context is the parent of all servlet-specific contexts.
- This means that its beans are automatically available in these child contexts,
- both for getBean(name) calls and (external) bean references.
&listener&
&listener-class&org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener&/listener-class&
&/listener&
接着是filter，包含指定字符的，和security的，用于认证。
&filter-name&charEncodingFilter&/filter-name&
&filter-class&org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter&/filter-class&
&init-param&
&param-name&encoding&/param-name&
&param-value&UTF-8&/param-value&
&/init-param&
&init-param&
&param-name&forceEncoding&/param-name&
&param-value&true&/param-value&
&/init-param&
&filter-mapping&
&filter-name&charEncodingFilter&/filter-name&
&url-pattern&/*&/url-pattern&
&/filter-mapping&
&filter-name&springSecurityFilterChain&/filter-name&
&filter-class&org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy&/filter-class&
&filter-mapping&
&filter-name&springSecurityFilterChain&/filter-name&
&url-pattern&/*&/url-pattern&
&/filter-mapping&
最后才是用于spring mvc的DispatcherServlet，指定配置文件为contextConfigLocation的 /WEB-INF/config/web-application-config.xml
&servlet-name&Spring Integration Rest HTTP Path Usage&/servlet-name&
&servlet-class&org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet&/servlet-class&
&init-param&
&param-name&contextConfigLocation&/param-name&
&param-value&&/param-value&
&/init-param&
&load-on-startup&2&/load-on-startup&
&/servlet&
&servlet-mapping&
&servlet-name&Spring Integration Rest HTTP Path Usage&/servlet-name&
&url-pattern&/*&/url-pattern&
&/servlet-mapping&
Spring 配置
先看：web-application-config.xml
这个配置里引入了security-config.xml 和&applicationContext-http-int.xml两个配置
并且使用context:component-scan指定自动扫描加载注解的位置。
&beans xmlns=&http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans&
xmlns:xsi=&http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&
xmlns:context=&http://www.springframework.org/schema/context&
xsi:schemaLocation=&
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd&&
&import resource=&security-config.xml& /&
&import resource=&classpath:META-INF/spring/integration/applicationContext-http-int.xml&/&
&context:component-scan base-package=&org.springframework.integration.samples.rest&/&
我们主要看一下applicationContext-http-int.xml
先配置一个int:annotation，查到其作用是Enables annotation support for Message Endpoints，也就是开启消息端点的注解支持吧。
&int:annotation-config/&inbound gateway's 和 inbound adapter 都需要指定这个，用于其path属性。
&bean class=&org.springframework.integration.http.inbound.UriPathHandlerMapping&/&接着指定两个channel通道，一个用于请求一个用于响应。
&!-- Inbound/Outbound Channels --&
&int:channel id=&employeeSearchRequest& /&
&int:channel id=&employeeSearchResponse& /&下面就是gateway（能翻译为网关么？？）了，使用http inbound-gateway来通过http接受信息，关联上之前的两个通道，指定path路径，通过路径解析出参数id.
&!-- To receive messages over HTTP, you need to use an HTTP Inbound Channel Adapter or Gateway.
&int-http:inbound-gateway id=&inboundEmployeeSearchRequestGateway&
supported-methods=&GET, POST&
request-channel=&employeeSearchRequest&
reply-channel=&employeeSearchResponse&
mapped-response-headers=&Return-Status, Return-Status-Msg, HTTP_RESPONSE_HEADERS&
view-name=&/employee&
path=&/services/employee/{id}/search&
reply-timeout=&50000&&
&int-http:header name=&employeeId& expression=&#pathVariables.id&/&
&/int-http:inbound-gateway&
配置一个ContentNegotiatingViewResolver，其作用主要是使用内容协商来实现多视图，可以参考http://www.cnblogs.com/zhaoyang/archive//2315428.html这个帖子，详细讲解。大意就是说使用它来支持返回json xml等多种内容形式。
其中用于将对象转为xml的为marshaller，它的contextPath=&org.springframework.integration.samples.rest.domain&，就是对这个包下的进行转换。
&bean class=&org.springframework.web.servlet.view.ContentNegotiatingViewResolver&&
&property name=&order& value=&1& /&
&property name=&defaultContentType& value=&application/xml&/&
&property name=&favorParameter& value=&true&/&
&property name=&ignoreAcceptHeader& value=&true& /&
&property name=&mediaTypes&&
&entry key=&json& value=&application/json& /&
&entry key=&xml& value=&application/xml& /&
&/property&
&property name=&defaultViews&&
class=&org.springframework.integration.samples.rest.json.view.ExtendedMappingJacksonJsonView& &
&property name=&objectMapper& ref=&jaxbJacksonObjectMapper&/&
&bean class=&org.springframework.web.servlet.view.xml.MarshallingView&&
&constructor-arg ref=&marshaller&/&
&/property&
&!-- 将java bean 转换为xml string并利用ContentNegotiatingViewResolver来提供输出
As stated in the introduction, a marshaller serializes an object to XML, and an unmarshaller deserializes XML stream to an object. --&
&oxm:jaxb2-marshaller id=&marshaller& contextPath=&org.springframework.integration.samples.rest.domain& /&
&bean id=&jaxbJacksonObjectMapper& class=&org.springframework.integration.samples.rest.json.JaxbJacksonObjectMapper&/&
用于json的定义一个ExtendedMappingJacksonJsonView
MappingJacksonJsonView输出会返回{model类名:{内容}} 的json格式， 例如期望的返回是 {success:true,message:”return ok”};&
但实际返回的却是 {&jsonResult&:{&success&:true,&msg&:&return ok&}}&
原因是MappingJacksonJsonView中对返回值的处理未考虑modelMap中只有一个值的情况，直接是按照mapName:{mapResult}的格式来返回数据的。&
修改方法如下代码，重载MappingJacksonJsonView类并重写filterModel方法，处理一下map.size为1的情况。
代码如下：
public class ExtendedMappingJacksonJsonView extends MappingJacksonJsonView {
@SuppressWarnings({&rawtypes& })
protected Object filterModel(Map&String, Object& model){
Object result = super.filterModel(model);
if (!(result instanceof Map)){
Map map = (Map)
if (map.size() == 1){
return map.values().toArray()[0];
最后定义一个service-activator,关联上两个通道，并关联employeeSearchService的getEmployee方法即可。
&int:service-activator id=&employeeServiceActivator&
input-channel=&employeeSearchRequest&
output-channel=&employeeSearchResponse&
ref=&employeeSearchService&
method=&getEmployee&
requires-reply=&true&
send-timeout=&60000&/&
把配置看明白了，代码就很简单了，看下JAVA代码，
Employee.java
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
@XmlType(name = &&, propOrder = {
&employeeId&,
@XmlRootElement(name = &Customer&)
public class Employee {
private Integer employeeId;
public Employee() {}
public Employee(Integer employeeId, String fname, String lname) {
this.employeeId = employeeId;
this.fname =
this.lname =
//get and set ...
EmployeeList
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
@XmlType(name = &&, propOrder = {
&employee&,
&returnStatus&,
&returnStatusMsg&
@XmlRootElement(name = &EmployeeList&)
public class EmployeeList {
@XmlElement(name = &Employee&, required = true)
private List&Employee&
@XmlElement(name = &returnStatus&, required = true)
private String returnS
@XmlElement(name = &returnStatusMsg&, required = true)
private String returnStatusM
* @return the employee
public List&Employee& getEmployee() {
if (employee == null){
employee = new ArrayList&Employee&();
EmployeeSearchService
@Service(&employeeSearchService&)
public class EmployeeSearchService {
private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EmployeeSearchService.class);
* The API &code&getEmployee()&/code& looks up the mapped in coming message header's id param
* and fills the return object with the appropriate employee details. The return
* object is wrapped in Spring Integration Message with response headers filled in.
* This example shows the usage of URL path variables and how the service act on
* those variables.
* @param inMessage
* @return an instance of &code&{@link Message}&/code& that wraps &code&{@link EmployeeList}&/code&
@Secured(&ROLE_REST_HTTP_USER&)
public Message&EmployeeList& getEmployee(Message&?& inMessage){
EmployeeList employeeList = new EmployeeList();
Map&String, Object& responseHeaderMap = new HashMap&String, Object&();
MessageHeaders headers = inMessage.getHeaders();
String id = (String)headers.get(&employeeId&);
boolean isF
if (id.equals(&1&)){
employeeList.getEmployee().add(new Employee(1, &John&, &Doe&));
}else if (id.equals(&2&)){
employeeList.getEmployee().add(new Employee(2, &Jane&, &Doe&));
}else if (id.equals(&0&)){
employeeList.getEmployee().add(new Employee(1, &John&, &Doe&));
employeeList.getEmployee().add(new Employee(2, &Jane&, &Doe&));
if (isFound){
setReturnStatusAndMessage(&0&, &Success&, employeeList, responseHeaderMap);
setReturnStatusAndMessage(&2&, &Employee Not Found&, employeeList, responseHeaderMap);
}catch (Throwable e){
setReturnStatusAndMessage(&1&, &System Error&, employeeList, responseHeaderMap);
logger.error(&System error occured :&+e);
Message&EmployeeList& message = new GenericMessage&EmployeeList&(employeeList, responseHeaderMap);
* The API &code&setReturnStatusAndMessage()&/code& sets the return status and return message
* in the return message payload and its header.
* @param status
* @param message
* @param employeeList
* @param responseHeaderMap
private void setReturnStatusAndMessage(String status,
String message,
EmployeeList employeeList,
Map&String, Object& responseHeaderMap){
employeeList.setReturnStatus(status);
employeeList.setReturnStatusMsg(message);
responseHeaderMap.put(&Return-Status&, status);
responseHeaderMap.put(&Return-Status-Msg&, message);
}这些代码就都很简单，一目了然，不用怎么解释了。
其中几个组件关系如下图所示：
run as --& run on server --&选择tomcat运行
用junit运行RestHttpClientTest，就可以得到数据。
final String fullUrl = &http://localhost:8080/rest-http/services/employee/{id}/search&;
EmployeeList employeeList = restTemplate.execute(fullUrl, HttpMethod.GET,
new RequestCallback() {
public void doWithRequest(ClientHttpRequest request) throws IOException {
HttpHeaders headers = getHttpHeadersWithUserCredentials(request);
headers.add(&Accept&, &application/xml&);
}, responseExtractor, employeeSearchMap);
public void testGetEmployeeAsJson() throws Exception{
Map&String, Object& employeeSearchMap = getEmployeeSearchMap(&0&);
final String fullUrl = &http://localhost:8080/rest-http/services/employee/{id}/search?format=json&;
HttpHeaders headers = getHttpHeadersWithUserCredentials(new HttpHeaders());
headers.add(&Accept&, &application/json&);
HttpEntity&Object& request = new HttpEntity&Object&(headers);
ResponseEntity&?& httpResponse = restTemplate.exchange(fullUrl, HttpMethod.GET, request, EmployeeList.class, employeeSearchMap);
logger.info(&Return Status :&+httpResponse.getHeaders().get(&X-Return-Status&));
logger.info(&Return Status Message :&+httpResponse.getHeaders().get(&X-Return-Status-Msg&));
assertTrue(httpResponse.getStatusCode().equals(HttpStatus.OK));
jaxbJacksonObjectMapper.writeValue(System.out, httpResponse.getBody());
可以获取到xml内容，也可以得到json内容，上面为测试类的主要代码。
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阅读：2114PPA会计事务所---TFN Declaration 税号声明表填写教程
PPA会计事务所---TFN Declaration 税号声明表填写教程
迎来羊年，迎来了4月份。在此PPA会计事务所预祝莘莘学子在新学期里取得优异的成绩，同时给在课余时间里打工的同学们提个醒，保护好自己的税号，认真仔细填写雇主/老板提供的表格。下面就详细地讲解一下打工最常见的TFN
Declaration 税号声申明表的填写。 在申请到税号之后，老板都会在第一天上班的时候，给你填写这张Tax File
Number Declaration
税号声明表格。在此PPA会计事务所提醒广大学生/求职人员，千万不要小看这份不起眼的表格，它可能会关系到你工作的税金和相关权力，所以大家要留心填写每一项的内容。特别是有两份工作的朋友，一点要注意表格里的内容，作出正确的选择。因为有的项目填错或填反了是会直接影响你的经济收入的！
首先，此表格一式四页，第一，二页是填写时的注意事项，第三，四页是具有复写功能的表格。TFN
Declaration是全澳统一规格的，正规打税的工作，老板在你正式入职前都需要员工填写，以便声明你个人税号的基本资料，工作状态及税务申报意愿，雇主会根据这份你自己填写的声明，向ATO帮你缴纳薪资所得税（也就是我们说的tax withholding）。一般情况下，在各大ATO办公室，邮局还有Newsagency
都可以免费领取此表格。其次，此表格分两大主要部分：---Section A Tobe completed by the
PAYEE---A部分由雇员填写----共11 项 加签名---Section B Tobe completed by the
PAYER---B部分由雇主填写（老板填写的）----共6 项加签名Section A 1.
TFN， 直接填入税号的九位数字即可2.
姓名，请务必与护照相同3.
在申请税号到填写这份表格期间，如果没有改名字，本题跳过即可。4.
生日，依序填入日/月/年，请依照护照填写5.
澳洲地址6.
你是以什么形式受雇的，此题为单选（学生基本上是casual）·
Full-timeemployment
全职员工·
Part-timeemployment
兼职员工·
Labourhire
Superannuationor annuity income
stream退休俸人员·
Casualemployment
临时雇员7.
请问你是税务居民么（请自我判断）如果本题是NO，那么第八题一定是NO，意思是说，你如果不是税务居民，就是统一税率32.5%，也没什么免税门槛（持有学生visa半年以上的基本都是YES）8.
请问你要向这个雇主申请免税门槛么？如果你有一份以上的工作，且在别处有已经申请了免税门槛，那么请不要在这个工作也申请，除非多份工作的累积收入低于免税门槛，今年的免税门槛是$18200.9.
请问你想申请澳洲老人税率减免么？--留学生---NO10.
请问你想申请特殊区域，配偶，海外服役的税率减免么？--留学生---NO11.
有a，b两项（a）请问你在澳洲有高等教育贷款的债务么？--留学生---NO（b）请问你在澳洲有任何银行贷款么？--留学生---NO
最后签名及日期，将填好的表格转交给老板/雇主，他们会将SectionB 填写完整后，邮寄给所在地的ATO ，你就会在税务局有完整的备案了。
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Copyright2017.杨邱自媒体资讯站，让大家及时掌握各行各业第一手资讯新闻！From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Look up , , , , or
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Integration may refer to:
, the use of a "pre-integration complex" of genetic material and proteins to insert a viral genome into a host genome
, performed by a specific class of recombinase enzymes ("integrases")
, trade unification between different states
and , in microeconomics and strategic management, styles of ownership and control
, in which states cooperate through regional institutions and rules
, a declaration that a contract is the final and complete understanding of the parties
A step in the process of
, a farm management system
Integrated architecture, in an
approach such as DoDAF
, an electronic circuit whose components are manufactured in one flat piece of semiconductor material
, an approach to design which brings together specialisms usually considered separately
, use of a team including multiple disciplines (e.g. customer, engineer, support, testing)
, engineering practices for assembling large and complicated systems from units, particularly subsystems
Indefinite integration, the computation of
, the computation of a definite integral
, computing an integral with a numerical method, usually with a computer
, a method for computing the integral of a product of functions
, a method for computing integrals, by using a change of variable
, the computation, mostly on computers, of antiderivatives and definite integrals in term of formulas
, in statistics, a summary statistic for a time series
, in social science, a movement of refugees and underprivileged people into the mainstream of a society
, including desegregation and other changes in social opportunity and culture
, ending a separation of races, particularly in the context of the American civil rights movement
of students with disabilities
, an annual technology and cultural festival managed by the Indian Statistical Institute
, the process of ending the separation of two groups, usually races
, involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g. a research project)
, a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes
page lists articles associated with the title Integration.
led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
: Hidden categories:A/RES/25/2625 - Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements
&&United Nations
A/RES/25/2625&
General Assembly
Twenty-fifth session
Agenda item 85
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly
[Adopted on a Report from the Sixth Committee (A/8082)]
2625 (XXV). Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolutions 1815 (XVII) of 18 December
(XVIII) of 16 December
(XX) of 20 December
(XXI) of 12 December
(XXII) of 18 December
(XXIII) of 20 December 1968 and 2533 (XXIV) of 8 December 1969, in which it affirmed the importance of the progressive development and codification of the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among States,
Having considered the report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States, which met in Geneva from 31 March to 1 May 1970,
Emphasizing the paramount importance of the
for the maintenance of international peace and security and for the development of Friendly relations and Co-operation among States, Deeply convinced that the adoption of the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the
on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the United Nations would contribute to the strengthening of world peace and constitute a landmark in the development of international law and of relations among States, in promoting the rule of law among nations and particularly the universal application of the principles embodied in the Charter,
Considering the desirability of the wide dissemination of the text of the Declaration,
1.Approves the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, the text of which is annexed to th
2.Expresses its appreciation to the Special Committee on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States for its work resulting in the elaboration of the D
3.Recommends that all efforts be made so that the Declaration becomes generally known.
1883rd plenary meeting
24 October 1970
Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations
The General Assembly,
Reaffirming in the terms of the
that the maintenance of international peace and security and the development of friendly relations and co-operation between nations are among the fundamental purposes of the United Nations,
Recalling that the peoples of the United Nations are determined to practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours,
Bearing in mind the importance of maintaining and strengthening international peace founded upon freedom, equality, justice and respect for fundamental human rights and of developing friendly relations among nations irrespective of their political, economic and social systems or the levels of their development,
Bearing in mind also the paramount importance of the
in the promotion of the rule of law among nations,
Considering that the faithful observance of the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among States and the fulfillment in good faith of the obligations assumed by States, in accordance with the Charter, is of the greatest importance for the maintenance of international peace and security and for the implementation of the other purposes of the United Nations,
Noting that the great political, economic and social changes and scientific progress which have taken place in the world since the adoption of the Charter give increased importance to these principles and to the need for their more effective application in the conduct of States wherever carried on,
Recalling the established principle that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means, and mindful of the fact that consideration is being given in the United Nations to the question of establishing other appropriate provisions similarly inspired,
Convinced that the strict observance by States of the obligation not to intervene in the affairs of any other State is an essential condition to ensure that nations live together in peace with one another, since the practice of any form of intervention not only violates the spirit and letter of the Charter, but also leads to the creation of situations which threaten international peace and security,
Recalling the duty of States to refrain in their international relations from military, political, economic or any other form of coercion aimed against the political independence or territorial integrity of any State,
Considering it essential that all States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations,
Considering it equally essential that all States shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the Charter,
Reaffirming, in accordance with the Charter, the basic importance of sovereign equality and stressing that the purposes of the United Nations can be implemented only if States enjoy sovereign equality and comply fully with the requirements of this principle in their international relations,
Convinced that the subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a major obstacle to the promotion of international peace and security, Convinced that the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples constitutes a significant contribution to contemporary international law, and that its effective application is of paramount importance for the promotion of friendly relations among States, based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality,
Convinced in consequence that any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and territorial integrity of a State or country or at its political independence is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter,
Considering the provisions of the Charter as a whole and taking into account the role of relevant resolutions adopted by the competent organs of the United Nations relating to the content of the principles,
Considering that the progressive development and codification of the following principles:
The principle that States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations,
The principle that States shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered,
The duty not to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter,
The duty of States to co-operate with one another in accordance with the Charter,
The principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples,
The principle of sovereign equality of States,
The principle that States shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the Charter,
so as to secure their more effective application within the international community, would promote the realization of the purposes of the United Nations,
Having considered the principles of international law relating to friendly relations and co-operation among States,
1.Solemnly proclaims the following principles:
The principle that States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations
Every State has the duty to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. Such a threat or use of force constitutes a violation of international law and the
and shall never be employed as a means of settling international issues.
A war of aggression constitutes a crime against the peace, for which there is responsibility under international law.
In accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, States have the duty to refrain from propaganda for wars of aggression.
Every State has the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate the existing international boundaries of another State or as a means of solving international disputes, including territorial disputes and problems concerning frontiers of States.
Every State likewise has the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate international lines of demarcation, such as armistice lines, established by or pursuant to an international agreement to which it is a party or which it is otherwise bound to respect. Nothing in the foregoing shall be construed as prejudicing the positions of the parties concerned with regard to the status and effects of such lines under their special regimes or as affecting their temporary character.
States have a duty to refrain from acts of reprisal involving the use of force.
Every State has the duty to refrain from any forcible action which deprives peoples referred to in the elaboration of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of their right to self-determination and freedom and independence.
Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing or encouraging the organization of irregular forces or armed bands including mercenaries, for incursion into the territory of another State.
Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in acts of civil strife or terrorist acts in another State or acquiescing in organized activities within its territory directed towards the commission of such acts, when the acts referred to in the present paragraph involve a threat or use of force.
The territory of a State shall not be the object of military occupation resulting from the use of force in contravention of the provisions of the Charter. The territory of a State shall not be the object of acquisition by another State resulting from the threat or use of force. No territorial acquisition resulting from the threat or use of force shall be recognized as legal. Nothing in the foregoing shall be construed as affecting:
Provisions of the Charter or any international agreement prior to the Charter regime and valid und or
The powers of the Security Council under the Charter.
All States shall pursue in good faith negotiations for the early conclusion of a universal treaty on general and complete disarmament under effective international control and strive to adopt appropriate measures to reduce international tensions and strengthen confidence among States.
All States shall comply in good faith with their obligations under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, and shall endeavour to make the United Nations security system based on the Charter more effective.
Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as enlarging or diminishing in any way the scope of the provisions of the Charter concerning cases in which the use of force is lawful.
The principle that States shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered
Every State shall settle its international disputes with other States by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered.
States shall accordingly seek early and just settlement of their international disputes by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means of their choice. In seeking such a settlement the parties shall agree upon such peaceful means as may be appropriate to the circumstances and nature of the dispute.
The parties to a dispute have the duty, in the event of failure to reach a solution by any one of the above peaceful means, to continue to seek a settlement of the dispute by other peaceful means agreed upon by them.
States parties to an international dispute, as well as other States shall refrain from any action which may aggravate the Situation so as to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, and shall act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
International disputes shall be settled on the basis of the Sovereign equality of States and in accordance with the Principle of free choice of means. Recourse to, or acceptance of, a settlement procedure freely agreed to by States with regard to existing or future disputes to which they are parties shall not be regarded as incompatible with sovereign equality.
Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs prejudices or derogates from the applicable provisions of the Charter, in particular those relating to the pacific settlement of international disputes.
The principle concerning the duty not to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter
No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State. Consequently, armed intervention and all other forms of interference or attempted threats against the personality of the State or against its political, economic and cultural elements, are in violation of international law.
No State may use or encourage the use of economic political or any other type of measures to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it advantages of any kind. Also, no State shall organize, assist, foment, finance, incite or tolerate subversive, terrorist or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another State, or interfere in civil strife in another State.
The use of force to deprive peoples of their national identity constitutes a violation of their inalienable rights and of the principle of non-intervention.
Every State has an inalienable right to choose its political, economic, social and cultural systems, without interference in any form by another State.
Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as reflecting the relevant provisions of the Charter relating to the maintenance of international peace and security.
The duty of States to co-operate with one another in accordance with the Charter
States have the duty to co-operate with one another, irrespective of the differences in their political, economic and social systems, in the various spheres of international relations, in order to maintain international peace and security and to promote international economic stability and progress, the general welfare of nations and international co-operation free from discrimination based on such differences.
To this end:
States shall co-operate with other States in the maintenance of internationa
States shall co-operate in the promotion of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and in the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination and all forms of r
States shall conduct their international relations in the economic, social, cultural, technical and trade fields in accordance with the principles of sovereign equality and non-
States Members of the United Nations have the duty to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the United Nations in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter.
States should co-operate in the economic, social and cultural fields as well as in the field of science and technology and for the promotion of international cultural and educational progress. States should co-operate in the promotion of economic growth throughout the world, especially that of the developing countries.
The principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples
By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the , all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and every State has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.
Every State has the duty to promote, through joint and separate action, realization of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter, and to render assistance to the United Nations in carrying out the responsibilities entrusted to it by the Charter regarding the implementation of the principle, in order:
To promote friendly relations and co-operation among S and
To bring a speedy end to colonialism, having due regard to the freely expressed will of t
and bearing in mind that subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a violation of the principle, as well as a denial of fundamental human rights, and is contrary to the Charter.
Every State has the duty to promote through joint and separate action universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the Charter.
The establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that people.
Every State has the duty to refrain from any forcible action which deprives peoples referred to above in the elaboration of the present principle of their right to self-determination and freedom and independence. In their actions against, and resistance to, such forcible action in pursuit of the exercise of their right to self-determination, such peoples are entitled to seek and to receive support in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter.
The territory of a colony or other Non-Self-Governing Territory has, under the Charter, a status separate and distinct from the territory of the St and such separate and distinct status under the Charter shall exist until the people of the colony or Non-Self-Governing Territory have exercised their right of self-determination in accordance with the Charter, and particularly its purposes and principles.
Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as authorizing or encouraging any action which would dismember or impair, totally or in part, the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent States conducting themselves in compliance with the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples as described above and thus possessed of a government representing the whole people belonging to the territory without distinction as to race, creed or colour.
Every State shall refrain from any action aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and territorial integrity of any other State or country.
The principle of sovereign equality of States
All States enjoy sovereign equality. They have equal rights and duties and are equal members of the international community, notwithstanding differences of an economic, social, political or other nature.
In particular, sovereign equality includes the following elements:
Each State enjoys the rights inherent
Each State has the duty to respect the personality of other S
The territorial integrity and political independence of the S
Each State has the right freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic
Each State has the duty to comply fully and in good faith with its international obligations and to live in peace with other States.
The principle that States shall fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the Charter
Every State has the duty to fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by it in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.
Every State has the duty to fulfil in good faith its obligations under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law.
Every State has the duty to fulfil in good faith its obligations under international agreements valid under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law.
Where obligations arising under international agreements are in conflict with the obligations of Members of the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations, the obligations under the Charter shall prevail.
General Part
2.Declares that:
In their interpretation and application the above principles are interrelated and each principle should be construed in the context of the other principles. Nothing in this Declaration shall be construed as prejudicing in any manner the provisions of the Charter or the rights and duties of Member States under the Charter or the rights of peoples under the Charter, taking into account the elaboration of these rights in this Declaration.;
3.Declares further that: The principles of the Charter which are embodied in this Declaration constitute basic principles of international law, and consequently appeals to all States to be guided by these principles in their international conduct and to develop their mutual relations on the basis of the strict observance of these principles.}