2014年职称英语理工类考试同义词组辨析（54）_中大网校
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2014年职称英语理工类考试同义词组辨析（54）
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55.arise from, come from, grow from, result from, rise from ，spring from，stem from 这些短语都表示 &产生于、起因于& 的意思。
arise from 是 &由&&引起& 的直接因果关系：His illness arose from malnutrition. 他的疾病由营养不良引起。
come from 表示来源，话意很丰富，但一般都不存在直接的因果关系：Much of the butter eaten in England comes from
New Zealand. &英格兰境内食用的黄油很多来自新西兰。
grow from表示一个渐变的过程：His troubles grew from his bad temper. &他的麻烦是由他的坏脾气酿成的。
result from 是表示起因的常用短语，指一种自然而然的因果关系：Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower. 因疏忽引起的任何损坏应由借用者负责赔偿。
rise from 跟result from 的用法相近，rise 原指河流等的发源，比喻地表示起因：The quarrel rose from misunderstanding.&这场争吵是出于一场误会。&
spring from 的用法跟come from 相近，表示来源：Tears sprang from her eyes. 她泪如泉涌。stem from 直接传达来源的意义：Her interest in flowers stems from her childhood in the countryside. 她对花的兴趣源自在乡间度过的童年时光。
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多频同义词替换总结
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　　Advantage : benefit, positive aspect, strength, 好处
　　Disadvantage : weakness, drawback, negative aspect, fault不利
　　Casual : arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的
　　Effective : efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的
　　Criticize : reproach, blame, 批评
　　Flaw : weakness, defect 缺点
　　A capability, power, caliber能力
　　Dishonest : deceptive 不诚实的
　　Fair : equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的
　　Success : achievement, feat 成功
　　Reason : factor, contributor, origin, 原因
　　Result : outcome, consequence, implication结果
　　Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为
　　Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致
　　Disaster : catastrophe 灾难
　　Pollute : contaminate 污染
　　Poisonous : toxic 有毒的
　　D fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降
　　Increase : rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升
　　Growing : increasing, rising, 上升的
　　（实习编辑：张晓宇）
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Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges
Definition of Culture
We all communicate with others all the time―in our homes, in our workplaces, in the groups we belong to, and in the community. No matter how well we think we understand each other, communication is hard. Just think, for example, how often we hear things like, "He doesn’’t get it," or "She didn’’t really hear what I meant to say." "Culture" is often at the root of communication challenges. Our culture influences how we approach problems, and how we participate in groups and in communities. When we participate in groups we are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together.
Culture is a complex concept, with many different definitions. But, simply put, "culture" refers to a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of. For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. When we think of culture this broadly, we realize we all belong to many cultures at once.
Our histories are a critical piece of our cultures. Historical experiences―whether of five years ago or of ten generations back―shape who we are. Knowledge of our history can help us understand ourselves and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups within our society have related to each other is key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication.
Six Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Differences
As people from different cultural groups take on the exciting challenge of working together, cultural values sometimes conflict. We can misunderstand each other, and react in ways that can hinder what are otherwise promising partnerships. Oftentimes, we aren’’t aware mat culture is acting upon us. Sometimes, we are not even aware that we have cultural values or assumptions that are different from others!
--Different Communication Styles
The way people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I’’ll consider it" to "definitely so," with many shades in between.
Another major aspect of communication style is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes not only facial expr it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some white Americans typically consider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friends. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm to a loud discussion than would members of some American ethnic or non-white racial groups.
--Different Attitudes Toward Conflict
Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is n but people often are encouraged to deal directly with conflicts that do arise. In fact, face-to-face meetings customarily are recommended as the way to work through whatever problems exist. In contrast, in many Eastern countries, open conflict is experienced as embar as a rule, differences are best worked out quietly. A written exchange might be the favored means to address me conflict.
--Different Approaches to Completing Tasks
From culture to culture, there are different ways that people move toward completing tasks. Some reasons include different access to resources, different judgments of the rewards associated with task completion, different notions of time, and varied ideas about how relationship-building and task-oriented work should go together.
When it comes to working together effectively on a task, cultures differ with respect to the importance placed on establishing relationships early on in the collaboration. A case in point, Asian and Hispanic cultures tend to attach more value to developing relationships at the beginning of a shared project and more emphasis on task completion toward the end as compared with European-Americans. European-Americans tend to focus immediately on the task at hand, and let relationships develop as they work on the task. This does not mean that people from any one of these cultural backgrounds are more or less committed to accomplishing the task, or value relati it means they may pursue them differently.
--Different Decision-Making Styles
The roles individuals play in decision-making vary widely from culture to culture. For example, in the U.S., decisions are frequently delegated―that is, an official assigns responsibility for a particular matter to a subordinate. In many Southern European and Latin American countries, there is a strong value placed on holding decision-making responsibilities oneself. When decisions are made by groups of people, majority rule is a common approach in the U.S.; in Japan consensus is the preferred mode. Be aware that individuals’’ expectations about their own roles in shaping a decision may be influenced by their cultural frame of reference.
--Different Attitudes Toward Disclosure
In some cultures, it is not appropriate to be frank about emotions, about the reasons behind a conflict or a misunderstanding, or about personal information. Keep this in mind when you are in a dialogue or when you are working with others. When you are dealing with a conflict, be mindful that people may differ in what they feel comfortable revealing. Questions that may seem natural to you―What was the conflict about
What was your role in the conflict
What was the sequence of events ―may seem intrusive to others. The variation among cultures in attitudes toward disclosure is also something to consider before you conclude that you have an accurate reading of the views, experiences, and goals of the people with whom you are working.
--Different Approaches to Knowing
Notable differences occur among cultural groups when it comes to epistemologies (认识论)―that is, the ways people come to know things. European cultures tend to consider information acquired through cognitive means, such as counting and measuring, more valid than other ways of coming to know things. Compare that to African cultures’’ preference for affective ways of knowing, including symbolic imagery and rhythm.
Asian cultures’’ epistemologies tend to emphasize the validity of knowledge gained through striving toward transcendence (卓越). {Nichols, 1976) Recent popular works demonstrate that our own society is paying more attention to previously overlooked ways of knowing.
Conclusion
An appreciation of patterns of cultural difference can assist us in processing what it means to be different in ways that are respectful of others, not fault-finding or damaging.
Anthropologists Avruch and Black have noted that, when faced by an interaction that we do not understand, people tend to interpret the others involved as "abnormal", "weird" or "wrong". (Avruch and Black, 1993) This tendency, if indulged, gives rise on the individual level to prejudice. If this propensity is either consciously or unconsciously integrated into organizational structures, then prejudice takes root in our institutions―in the structures, laws, policies, and procedures mat shape our lives. Consequently, it is vital that we learn to control the human tendency to translate "different from me" into "less than me". We can learn to do this.
We can also learn to collaborate across cultural lines as individuals and as a society. Awareness of cultural differences doesn’’t have to divide us from each other. It doesn’’t have to paralyze us either, for fear of not saying the "right thing". In fact, becoming more aware of our cultural differences, as well as exploring our similarities, can help us communicate with each other more effectively. Recognizing where cultural differences are at work is the first step toward understanding and respecting each other.
Communication challenges result from differences in_______________. culture
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热门相关试卷
最新相关试卷rise from是什么意思及用法
沪江词库精选rise from是什么意思、中英文句子翻译、英语短语。
中文释义： 从…站起身来,从…兴起
The rock rises sheer from the water.
崖石矗立水面。
One who rises above the winds and dust—rises from rank and file
As the water jets from the nozzle, the hose rises up, much like a snake.
当水从管口射出时，该管就会隆起来，活像一条蛇。
From June to September the Nile rises and submerges the whole valley.
从六月到九月，河水暴涨，淹没了整个流域.
Rise from oBscurity
To rise from obscurity
rise from the gutter
从恶劣环境中奋斗出来
Smoke rising from the chimney
从烟囱里冒出的烟
The rising of Jesus from the tomb
To rise from cotton garments
动辙发怒,一碰就火冒三丈
v. 死而复生
自鸣得意,得意忘形
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托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍
托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍
作者/编辑：佚名
介词在里出现非常频繁，它的搭配众多且意义丰富，。在整个中学阶段，介词的搭配是们感到较为棘手的问题之一。在多年英语中，笔者了常用介词的各种搭配，这里把它们归纳起来，供同学们复习备考参阅。 五、FROM 1.动词+from a)动词+ from。from表示“来源、原因、起始”等：come from来自, date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出, fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信, learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回，rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受，《》()。例如： All the characters in the book are drawn from real life. 书中所有的都来自于真实的。 Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower. 因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。 He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。 b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place。from表示“来源、免于”等：borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做, prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到, remove from移动；除去, save from保全；拯救, separate from分离开来, stop from阻止。例如： He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。 Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。 2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多：be absent from缺席, be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hid
托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍2　　　　〖预览〗 　　2014年高考倒计时，小编为大家整理2014年高考英语高频词汇200词，供2014年高考考生参考。 　　1.acceleratevt.加速,促进 　　2.absolutea.绝对的,无条件的;完全的 　　3.liberala.慷慨的;丰富的;自由的 　　4.transportvt.运输,运送n.运输,运输工具 　　5.milda.温暖的,暖和的;温柔的,味淡的 　　6.tendera.温柔的;脆弱的 　　7.nuisancen.损害,妨害,讨厌(的人或事物) 　　8.insignificanta.无意义的,无足轻重的;无价值的 　　9.exportn.出口(物)v.出口,输出 　　10.importn.进口(物)v.进口,输入 　　11.imposevt.把...加强(on);采用,利用 　　12.religionn.宗教,宗教信仰 　　13.burstvi./n.突然发生,爆裂 　　14.disposevi.除掉;处置;解决;处理(of) 　　15.blastn.爆炸;气流vi.炸,炸掉 　　16.consumev.消耗,耗尽 　　17.splitv.劈开;割裂;分裂a.裂开的 　　18.spitv.吐(唾液等);唾弃 　　19.spillv.溢出,溅出,倒出 　　20.extincta.绝灭的,熄灭的 　　8……【】托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍3　　　　〖预览〗托福听力不同于四六级听力，其中的一些词汇并非我们常常会使用到的，因此适当累积常用的美国本土化词汇能够帮助我们更好的听懂托福听力。　　1. a big shot = an important person 大腕儿，大亨　　2. a breath of fresh air 使人耳目一新的人　　3. Achilles’ heel 致命弱点；个性的瑕疵　　4. be all ears 洗耳恭听　　5. be all eyes 目不转睛　　6. a wet blanket 讨人嫌的人　　7. chip in = contribute money　捐献，集资　　8. sell like hot cakes = sell very well or very quickly 畅销　　9. get butterflies in ones stomach = get nervous 紧张不安　　10. two thumbs up 举双手赞成　　11. be the apple of ones eye = be very precious to sb. 非常珍贵　　12. pull one s leg = tease someone 开某人玩笑　　13. break one s back 辛勤工作　　14. twenty-four seve……【】
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