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当前位置：>>>关于如何写好research proposal的写作心得......
51Due论文网分享论文写作技巧，这次给留学生们讲解的是如何写好一篇research proposal，如何写好一篇research proposal是每个学术研究者都应该了解的，首先research proposal就是对读者陈述你的研究对象以及研究成果，告诉读者你的研究主题、研究目的、你的研究成果及其意义。因此写出一篇好的research proposal你的研究成果就相当于成功了一半。
如何写出一篇好的research proposal呢？其实这并没有想象当中的难，只要留学生们了解research proposal的写作结构并按照结构来写，每个人都可以写出一篇优秀的research proposal。
一般来说，research proposal的写作结构主要包括Topic and title（主题）、Abstract（摘要）、Introduction/Background to the research（引言/研究背景）、A research problem statement/research question (s) or hypothesis（研究问题说明/假设）、Analysis of the problems （问题分析）Review of Related Literature（文献综述）、Methodology（方法论）、Results（结果）以及Discussion（讨论）这几个部分。
1. research proposal的Topic and title部分（主题和标题）
在research proposal写作时，你的主题应该是简明扼要的。它可清楚明确地让读者知道你的研究主题是什么。当然， 想要更好的话，你最好可以想出一个内容详实而且又吸引人的标题。这样的一个标题不仅可以激发读者的阅读兴趣，还可以让读者完全喜欢上你的研究计划。
2. research proposal的Abstract部分（摘要）
Abstract可以说是对你的research proposal的一个小结。它的字数不长，一般在300字左右。其内容主要包括你所研究的问题、研究的理论基础、以及你所用的研究方法和研究结果的。主要是对这些方面进行简单的总结。
3.Introduction/Background to the research部分（引言/研究背景）
Introduction的主要目的其实是为了你所研究的问题提供相关的背景知识。在Introduction部分，你需要简要说明你的研究主题和研究目的，同时提供一定的研究背景作为你的理论基础，从而使读者知道为什么你的文章是值得阅读的。还有就是说明你的研究对象并阐述你的研究中的关键问题。
4. A research problem statement/research question (s) or hypothesis部分（研究问题说明/假设）
在这一部分，你需要具体说明你的研究问题是什么，你的研究主题、研究目的、研究结果及其意义。当然，如果你还没有确定你的研究结果，你可以在这一部分做一个假设的说明，之后在Results（结果）部分说明你的研究成果。
5. research proposal的Analysis of the problems部分 （问题分析）
既然你已经确定了你的研究主题，那么你就需要对你研究的问题进行方面的分析。你需要收集大量的有关数据以及资料来分析你的研究问题。一般我们可以通过数据统计和数据分析来得出相关的结论。除此之外，你还需要对你的研究问题进行深入的探讨和研究。从统计学、历史学以及文学等各个有关你的研究问题的领域中去分析问题。
6. research proposal的Review of Related Literature部分（文献综述）
其实，Review of Related Literature这一部分也可以归为到Introduction中，但是大多数专家学者都更喜欢把这部分单独列出，这样可以让他们更全面地回顾文献知识。这一部分可以让读者确保你的问题不是你凭空捏造的，他们可以知道你的文章的参考来源，也可以知道你对这个研究问题的掌握与了解。同时，读者也可以知道你有较好的整合现有文献的能力和从文献中获得创新想法的能力。这些都为你的研究问题奠定了一个好的基础。
7. research proposal的Methodology部分（方法论）
Methodology部分是在research proposal写作中是非常重要的，因为它可以间接地告诉读者你是如何解决你的研究问题的。这一部分主要会介绍你的研究计划和你所采用的研究方法，并描述你在完成你的研究活动中的采用的方式方法。这可以让读者更真实地了解你的研究过程，更有权威性和说服力。
8. research proposal的Results部分（结果）
很显然，你在proposal阶段是没有得到确切的结果的，但是你需要收集一些数据和一些想法来分析和解答你的研究问题或者是你事先建立的假设。
9. research proposal的Discussion部分（讨论）
这是research proposal写作中的最后一部分，这也是说服读者的重要一部分。你需要想读者传达你对你的研究的一种热情和信心，当然这不需要夸大。但是还有，可能因为你的时间或者资金限制，又或者是你的研究领域早期发展还不成熟，因此你还需要说明一下你的研究可能存在的局限或者不足。
最后，大家还要注意的是写一篇优秀的research proposal写作一定要有深度和专业度噢。希望以上的介绍会对留学生们对如何写research proposal有很好的认识。-N怎样写一篇好的RESEARCH+PROPOSAL_百度文库
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　　每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关就是Research Proposal。Research Proposal大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；Research Proposal既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
　　How to write a research proposal?
　　能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
　　文章作者 Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to write a research proposal?全文转载如下：
　　Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.
　　A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.
　　Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.
　　The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.
　　The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.
　　This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.
　　Title:
　　It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.
　　Abstract:
　　It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.
　　Introduction:
　　The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.
　　If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.
　　Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.
　　However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.
　　The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:
　　1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.
2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.
3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.
4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.
5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.
6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)
7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.
8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)
　　Literature Review:
　　Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.
　　The literature review serves several important functions:
　　1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.
2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.
3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.
4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.
5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.
6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.
7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.
8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).
　　Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:
　　* Lacking organization and structure
* Lacking focus, unity and coherence
* Being repetitive and verbose
* Failing to cite influential papers
* Failing to keep up with recent developments
* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers
* Citing irrelevant or trivial references
* Depending too much on secondary sources
　　Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.
　　There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.
　　It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)
　　Methods:
　　The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.
　　The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.
　　You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.
　　Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.
　　Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)
　　For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:
　　1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?
2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?
3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?
4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?
　　Results:
　　Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.
　　Discussion:
　　It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.
　　Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing
　　1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.
2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.
3. Failure to cite landmark studies.
4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.
5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.
6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.
7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.
8. Too much rambling — going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)
9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.
10. Too long or too short.
11. Failing to follow the APA style.
12. Slopping writing.
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