you ask me of my bush school的高考英语短文改错错

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【三维设计】(通用版)2017届高三英语二轮复习 第一板块 语法填空与短文改错 题型二 短文改错.doc 141页
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题型二 短文改错对应学生用书P8短文改错主要考查语法基础知识,语篇通常取材于考生自己的习作或类似于考生的随笔,且话题常见,篇章结构的难易程度符合高中生的认知水平,即通俗易懂,基本上无生僻的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语法结构。短文词数通常与书面表达一样,也是100词左右。[感悟高考]A(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetothatIlive.Thoughnotverybig,buttherestaurantispopularinourarea.Itisalwayscrowdedwithcustomersatmealtimes.Somepeopleevenhadtowaitoutside.Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.Everydayhemakessurethatfreshvegetablesorhighqualityoilareusingforcooking.Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsbecomingrichintheshortperiodoftime.Instead,hehopesthatourbusinesswillgrowsteady.答案:第一句:that→where第二句:去掉but第四句:had→have第五句:honest→honesty第六句:or→using→used第七句:dreams后加the→a第八句:our→steady→steadilyB(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Thesummerholidayiscoming.MyclassmatesandIaretalkingabouthowtododuringtheholiday.Wecanchosebetweenstayingathomeandtakeatrip.Ifwestayathome,itiscomfortablebutthereisnoneedtospendmoney.Butinthatcase,wewilllearnlittleaboutworld.Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenyourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.Someclassmatessuggestwecangotoplacesofinterestnearby.Ithoughtthatitisagoodidea.Itdoesnotcostmany,yetwecanstilllearnalot.答案:第二句:how→what第三句:chose→take→taking第四句:but→and第五句:world前加the第六句:your→knowledges→knowledge第七句:去掉can或can→should第八句:thought→think第九句:many→muchC(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.Theywerealsothebestandworseyearsinmylife.Atthefirst,IthoughtIkneweverythingandcouldmakedecisionsbyyourself.However,myparentsdidn'tseemtothinksuch.Theyalwaystellmewhattodoandhowtodoit.Atonetime,Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn'tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbefreelyfromthem.IshowedthemIwasindependentbywearstrangeclothes.NowIamleavinghometocollege.Atlast,Iwillbeonmyown,butIstillwanttohavemyparentstoturntowheneverneedhelp.答案:第一句:year→years第二句:worse→worst第三句:去掉first前面的yourself→myself第四句:such→so第五句:tell→told第六句:freely→free第七句:wear→wearing第八句:college前面的to→for第九句:need前加I[全国卷3年考情分析]考查点年份卷别 错词 多词、缺词
名词 冠词 代词 介词 形容词 副词 时态 语态 非谓语 连词 引导词 情态动词 主谓一致 冠词 代词 介词 时态 副词 连词
卷Ⅰ 1 1 1 / / 1 1 1
正在加载中,请稍后...短文改错Thismorningmyparentstookmysisterandmetothezoo.Atthenoonwehadapicniconthegrass.Ieattoomuch,soIcouldn’tfinishmysandwich.AsIdidn’tknowwhattodowithit,Iaskedmysisterforadvices.Shepointedatthenotice,thatsaid,“Nolitter.”Andsheaskedmethrowthesandwichintothelitter-basket.JustthenIsawanelephantcomingslowtowardsus.Suddenlyanideacameintohermind.IcouldfeedtheelephantbymysandwichandIdidsointheend.Seenthis,mysistersmiledandsaid,“Whatcleveryouare!”第一处:去掉第二个the第二处:eat—ate第三处:advices---advice第四处:that---which第五处:throw前加to第六处:slow---slowly第七处:her---my第八处:by---with/on第九处:seen---seeing第十处:What---How河南省新县高级中学2013届高三第三轮适应性考试英语试题答案
第一处: 去掉第二个the 第二处: eat—ate 第三处: advices---advice 第四处: that---which 第五处: throw前加 to 第六处: slow---slowly? 第七处: her---my 第八处: by---with/on第九处: seen---seeing 第十处: What---How相关试题正确教育旗下网站
题号:675276试题类型:改错题 知识点:可数名词及其单复数,零冠词,并列连词,从属连词,情态动词&&更新日期:
短文改错。&&&&A boy who was cleaning the shoes in the street said to a young man passed by, "Let me clean your boots. It just spends you only a penny." But the man refused. Then the boy told him that he will clean his boots fornothing. The man agreed, and soon one of boot shone brightly. Then he put the other boot on the box, and the boy refused to clean it if he was paid two pence for his work. The young man refused pay for anything andwent away. But the well-cleaning boot made the dirty one so bad that he could not walk on. He returned backand gave the boy two pence. ________________________________________________________________________________________
难易度:中等
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可数名词:
是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
可数名词复数的规则变化:&
1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/;&
map-maps bag-bags car-cars
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词
bus-buses watch-watches
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾 的词 
license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词  
变y 为i再加es
baby-babies另外: 1)以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:  如:two Marys the Henrys&&&&& monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays   比较:层楼:storey---storeys  story---stories 2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photos  piano---pianos&b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes  3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs&& safe---safes  gulf---gulfs; b. 去f, fe 加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves& wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; c. 均可,如:handkerchief:& handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 可数名词复数的不规则变化: 1)child---children foot---feet  tooth---teeth&& mouse---mice  man---men woman---women & 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。& 如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2)单复同形 如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin  但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: && a dollar,  a meter, two meters 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如:staff& people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a staff& a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,&the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。& 如:The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。  "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.  &&一千零一夜&&是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes&; 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); two pairs of trousers 6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼 复合名词的复数形式: && 名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 1)用复数作定语。 如:sports meeting 运动会& students reading-room 学生阅览室 & talks table 谈判桌 &&& the foreign languages department 外语系 2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如:men workers  women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。 如:goods train (货车)& arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)& a ten-mile walk 十里路  two-hundred trees 两百棵树&&&&&&&&&&& a five-year plan 一个五年计划  &
可数名词单复数知识体系:
不同国籍人的单复数:
零冠词的概念:
名词前没有定冠词、不定冠词、或任何限定词的现象。
零冠词的用法:
零冠词是指名词前面没有不定冠词、定冠词,也没有其他限定词的现象,零冠词的用法如下:1、表示抽象概括意义时,不可数名词和复数名词使用零冠词:例:Books are my best friends. 书是我的好朋友。&&&&&&& Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。比较:The water in this river is undrinkable. 这条河的水不可饮用。 2、专有名词通常使用零冠词:例:Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer. 鲁迅是一位伟大的中国作家。 &&&&&&& London is the capital of England. 伦敦是英国的首都。 &&&&&& China is a developing socialist country. 中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家。 3、按照习惯下列各类名词使用零冠词: 1)季节、月份、星期以及节假日等名词:例:Summer begins in June in this part of the country. 这个地区夏天从六月份开始。 &&&&&&& We have no classes on Sunday. 星期日我们不上课。 &&&&&&& There are a lot of people shopping at Christmas. 在圣诞节有很多人购买东西。2)三餐饭菜的名词:例:have supper 吃晚饭 &&&&&&& come to dinner 去吃饭 3)语言、运动、游戏等名词:例:She speaks Chinese. 她说汉语。 &&&&&&& He plays football. 他踢足球。 &&&&&&& Let's have a game of chess. 咱俩下盘棋吧。4)在某些意义有改变的名词前要使用零冠词:例:He has gone to school. (tolearn) 他去上学了。 &&&&&&& They are in church just now. (to worship) 现在他们在做礼拜。同样,in hospital是“住院(治疗)”,in prison是“服刑”,等等。注意:如果在这类名词前加冠词,则表示去那里干与之无关的事:例:go to the school 可理解为去学校看望人,而不是“学习”。 4、在表示职位、头衔、身份等名词前:例:Professor Wang 王教授 &&&&&&& Doctor Tompson 汤普生医生 &&&&&&& President Lincoln 林肯总统 &&&&&&& Dean of the English Department 英语系主任
零冠词的特殊用法:
1、用于物质名词前。物质名词表示泛指或一般概念时,通常用零冠词: 如:Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。 &&&&&&& Blood is thicker than water. 水浓于水(即亲人总比外人亲)。表示泛指或一般概念的物质名词前,即使有一描绘性修饰语,仍用零冠词: 如:Don't eat rotten food. 不要吃腐烂的食物。注:(1)若特指,物质名词前可用定冠词: 如:Is the water in the well fit to drink? 这井里的水能喝吗?&&&&&&&&&(2)表示一种、一杯、一场、一阵、一份等这样的概念时,可用不定冠词: 如:This is a very good wine. 这是一种很好的酒。 &&&&&&& A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。 &&&&&&& It was very cold and a heavy snow was falling. 当时天气很冷,正在下大雪。 2、用于抽象名词前。抽象名词表示泛指或一般概念时,通常用零冠词: 如:Do you like music? 你喜欢音乐吗? &&&&&&& Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。表示泛指或一般概念的抽象名词前,即使有一描绘性修饰语,仍用零冠词: 如:I like light music very much. 我非常喜欢轻音乐。注:(1)若特指,抽象名词前可用定冠词: 如:I like the music of Mozart. 我喜欢莫扎特的曲子。 &&&&&&& (2)若表示一种、一类、一方面、那种、这种等这之类的概念时,可用不定冠词: 如:He lives a happy life. 他过着幸福的生活。 &&&&&&& Physics is a science. 物理是一门科学。 &&&&&&& (3)表示动作的一次、一例、一番等时,可用不定冠词: 如:Let me have a look. 让我看一看。 &&&&&& (4)表示与抽象名词意义相关的具体的人或事,可用不定冠词: 如:The book is a delight to read. 这书读来很有趣。 3、用于专有名词前。在通常情况下,专有名词前用零冠词: 如:Smith lives in London. 史密斯住在伦敦。注:若特指,专有名词前有时也可用定冠词: 如:The Smith you're looking for no longer lives here. 你找的那个史密斯不住这儿了。& 4、用于复数名词前。复数名词表示类别时,通常用零冠词: 如:Teachers should be respected. 教师应该受到尊重。泛指不定量的人或物,也用零冠词: 如:We are students of ClassFive. 我们是五班的学生。注:若特指,复数名词前应用定冠词: 如:The teachers should attend the meeting 教师应参加会议。 5、用于单数可数名词前。单数可数名词前用零冠词,主要有以下情况: (1)用于表示家庭成员或nurse, cook, teacher等名词前: 如:Mother is not at home.妈妈不在家。 &&&&&&& Ask nurse to put the child to bed& 叫保姆孩子抱到床上去睡觉。 &&&&&&& Teacher was satisfied with our work. 老师对我们的工作很满意。 (2)用于动词turn(变成),go(变成)后作表语的名词通常用零冠词: 如:He was a teacher before he turned writer. 他在成为作家之前是教师。&&&&&&& He has gone socialist. 他成了社会主义者。 (3)在让步状语从句的倒装句式中,单数可数名词通常用零冠词: 如:Child as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然是个孩子,但已经很懂事了。 &&&&&&& Teacher though he is, he can't knowe verything. 他虽然是老师,但也不可能什么都懂。 (4)单数可数名词用作呼语,通常用零冠词: 如:How is she, doctor? 医生,她怎么样? &&&&&&& Can you drive me to the station, driver? 司机,请送我去车站,好吗?(5)在某些独立结构中通常用零冠词: 如:The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着书。 &&&&&&& He was sitting in the chair, pipe in mouth. 他坐在椅子里,嘴里叼着烟斗。 (6)在“kind[sort]of+名词”这一结构中,名词通常用零冠词: 如:This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书很有趣。 &&&&&&& He is the sort of person I really dislike. 他这种人我真不喜欢。注:注意以下两句在含义上的差别:&& && Whatkindofcarisit?这是什么牌子的车? &&&&& Whatkindofacarisit?这种车质量如何? (7)当单数可数名词含义抽象化具有形容词意味时,通常用零冠词: 如:The man was more animal than man. 那个人与其说是人,不如说是畜生。&&&&&&&&&I was fool enough to accep this offer. 我接受他的提议真是太傻了。 &&&&&& Are you man enough for this dangerous job? 你有勇气敢做这项危险的工作吗?
零冠词用法口诀:
下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前;专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭;复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。 以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况,即: ①名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。 ②专有名词和不可数名词前。 ③表示学科的(如:maths、Chinese、physics)名词前。 ④球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。 ⑤复数名词表示泛指(一类人或事)时。 ⑥节日、季节、星期、月份前。 ⑦表示颜色(如:It's red/yellow.)、语种(如:speak English/Japanese)和国家的非全称名词(如:We live in China. They come from America.)。 ⑧在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。 ⑨某些习惯短语中(如:inbed、go to school 等)。
零冠词知识体系:
零冠词用法拓展:
(1)节假日、星期、月份、季节等通常用零冠词: 如:We had a good time on Christmas Day. 我们在圣诞节过得很愉快。 &&&&&&& Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。 &&&&&&& He was born in September, 1988. 他出生在1988年9月。注:①我国用Festival构成的传统节日通常用定冠词:如:the Spring Festival春节&&&&&&& the Mid-autumn Festival [theMoonFestival]中秋节&&&&&&&&&②若表示特指或心目中的专指,星期、月份、季节等名词前可用定冠词:&&如:He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。&&&&&&&& &He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来,星期一就走了。 &&&&&&& ③表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义时,节日、星期、月份、季节等名词也可用不定冠词:&如:My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。&&&&&&&&&She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday. 她在一晴朗的星期日来看了我。&&&&&&&&&We had a nice Christmas. 我们过了一个愉快的圣诞节。 &&&&&&& ④当季节名词不强调时间而强调季节的内涵时,通常用 the:&如:Winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(单纯指冬天的时间)&&&&&&&&The winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(暗示寒冷) (2)某些表示自然界时间变化现象的名词,与某些介词(如at, after, before, till, until, towards, from等) 构成短语时,通常用零冠词: &如:at day-break 在天亮时&&&&&&&& before&dawn 在天亮前 &&&&&&& &at dusk 在黄昏时&&&&&&& &after sunset 在日落后 &&&&&&&& after sunrise 在日出前&&&&&&&& until sundown 直到日落 &&&&&&& &towards dark 天快黑时&&&&&&&& at midnight 在半夜 &&&&&&& &from dawn till dusk 从早到晚当day, night, evening, morning, afternoon 等表示抽象的时间概念时,通常用零冠词: 如:Night fell. 天黑了。 &&&&&&& Evening came on. 夜幕来临。 &&&&&&& It was late afternoon before he reached home. 傍晚时候他才到家。 (3)球类、三餐、茶点等名词前,通常用零冠词: 如:We play basketball in the afternoon. 我们下午打篮球。 &&&&&&& What do you have for breakfast? 你早餐吃什么? &&&&&&& They were at tea when I called. 我来访时他们正在喝茶(吃茶点)。注:①球类名词若不是作为一项体育活动看待,而是作为一个实实在在的东西来看待,则可以用冠词: 如:The basketball is mine. 这个篮球是我的。 &&&&&&& He bought a basketball. 他买了一个蓝球。 &&&&&&& ②三餐饭被特指可用定冠词,若受形容词修饰且非特指,可用不定冠词: 如:The supper she cooked was delicious. 她做的晚餐很可口。 &&&&&&& We had a good lunch at Uncle's. 我们在叔叔家吃了顿丰盛的午餐。 (4)当名词后接有数词表示顺序时,名词前通常用零冠词: 如:Lesson10 is more interesting than Lesson11. 第10课比第11课更有趣。 &&&&&&& There's a picture of a ship on page15. 在第15页有张一艘船的照片。(5)公园、广场、学校、语言等名词前通常用零冠词: 如:Hyde Park 海德公园&&&&&&& Central Park(纽约) 中内公园 &&&&&&& Zhong shan Park中山公园&&&&&&& Tian AnMen Square天安门广场 &&&&&&& speak English 说英语&&&&&&& Beijing University 北京大学注:当语言名词表特指意义或指某一语言中的对应词时,通常用定冠词: 如:the English spoken in America and Canada 在美国和加拿大讲的英语 &&&&&& What's the English for this? 这个东西用英语怎么说? 另外,在语言名词后加上language一词时,也要用冠词:the English language。 (6)表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词,若表示相关的活动时,通常用零冠词: 如:go to school (bed, church, town, class, college, etc)去上学 (睡觉,做礼拜,进城,上课,上大学,等) &&&&&&& in bed (school, class, college, church, prison, hospital,etc) 在睡觉 (上学,上课,上大学,做礼拜,坐牢,住院,等) &&&&&&& be sent to hospital (prison) 被送往医院住院或治疗(关进监狱) &&&&&&& School is over at twelve. 12点放学。注:①若不是指活动,而是指具体的实物,则要用冠词。比较: 如:go to the bed到床边去 (侧重指“床”这个实体) &&&&&&& go to bed 上床睡觉(侧重指与“床”有关的活动,即睡觉)&&&&&&& be in the school 在这所学校里 (侧重指“学校”这个地点)&&&&&&& be in school 在上学(侧重指与“学校”有关的活动,即读书) &&&&&&& ②但是cinema, theatre是例外,它们表示相关活动时,其前要用定冠词:如:He often goes to the cinema (theatre). 他经常去看电影(看戏)。 &&&&&&& I prefer the cinema to the theatre. 我喜欢看电影,不喜欢看戏。 ③有时定冠词和零冠词的选择与英美英语的不同习惯有关: 如:in hosptital (英) 住院&&&&&&& in the hospital (美) 住院 &&&&&&& go to university (英)上大学&&&&&&& go to the university (美)上大学 &&&&&&& at table (英)在吃饭&&&&&&& at the table(美)在吃饭 (7)某些用介词by构成的方式的短语通常用零冠词: ①表示乘坐交通工具: 如:by bus 乘公共汽车&&&&&&& by bike(bicycle) 骑自行车 &&&&&&& by plane/byair乘飞机&&&&&&& by ship(boat) 坐船 &&&&&&& by land 走陆路&&&&&&& by sea 从海路 ②表示用通讯或通信等方式: 如:by phone 用电话&&&&&&& by telegram 用电报 &&&&&&& by letter 用信件&&&&&&& by post 用邮寄 &&&&&&& by radio 用无线电&&&&&&& by hand 用手工 (8)表示正式的或独一无二的头衔或职位等,在用作宾语、表语、补语或同位语时,通常用零冠词: 如:John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。 &&&&&&& He is head of the foreign languages department. 他是外语系主任。注:尽管有时也有用定冠词的现象,但以零冠词为普通。 (9)单数可数名词紧密联系的平行结构,通常用零冠词: 如:They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。 &&&&&&& Please pass me pencil and paper. 请把纸笔递给我。 &&&&&&& Boy and girl came up to me together. 一个男孩和女孩一起向我走来。 (10)有些短语用零冠词和定冠词均可,只是含义不同: 如:out of question 毫无疑问&&&&&&& out of the question 不可能,不值得考虑的 &&&&&&& keep house 料理家务&&&&&&& keep the house 呆在家里不外出 &&&&&&& in charge of 负责,管理,主管&&&&&&& in the charge of 在…的管理(负责)之下 (11)许多习语用零冠词: 如:catch fire 着火&&&&&&& give way 让路&&&&&&& lose heart 灰心 &&&&&&& move hosue 搬家&&&&&&& send word 捎信&&&&&&&&take place 发生 &&&&&&& by chance 偶然&&&&&&& catch sight of 看见&&&&&&& make use of 利用
并列连词的概念:
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, notonly...butalso, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then 等等。
并列连词与并列结构:
并列连词引导两个并列的句子。 1)and与or:判断改错: (错) They sat down and talk about something. (错) They started to dance and sang. (错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (对) They sat down and talked about something.(对) They started to dance and sing.(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析:第一句:and连接两个并列的谓语,所以talk应改为talked。&&&&&&&&&&& 第二句:and连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang应改为sing。&&&&&&&&&&& 第三句:and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering。注意:and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。(or也有此用法) 如:Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. &&&&&&& One more effort, and you'll succeed.=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed. 2)both...and 两者都 如:She plays(both) the piano and the guitar. 3)not only...but(also), as well as 不但…而且 如:She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar. 注意:not only…but also关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。 如:Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 4)neither...nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。 如:Neither you nor he is to blame.
比较so和such :
so与such的用法由不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。 构成:so+adj. &&&&&&&&&&& such+a(n)+n. &&&&&&&&&&& so+adj.+a(n)+n. &&&&&&&&&&& such+n.(pl.) &&&&&&&&&&& so+adj.+n.(pl.) &&&&&&&&&&& such+n.(pl.) &&&&&&&&&&& so+adj.+n.[不可数]&&&&&&&&&&&&&such+n.[不可数] 如:so foolish&&&&&&& &such a fool&&&&&&&&&&so nice a flower& &&&&&&& such a nice flower& &&&&&&& so many/few flowers& &&&&&&& such nice flowers&&&&&&& &so much/ little money. &&&&&&& such rapid progress &&&&&&& so many people &&&&&&& such a lot of people 注:so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于many,但a lot of为名词性的,只能用such搭配。 so...that与such...that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。
并列连词用法点拨:
1、表示并列关系: 1)or意思为“否则”。 如:I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 2)either...or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 如:Either you or I am right. 2、表示转折或对比关系: 1)but表示转折,while表示对比。 如:Some people love cats, while others hate them. 典型例题:—Would you like to come to dinner tonight? —I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy. &&& A. and&&& B. so&&& C. as&&&&D. but 答案:D。but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and,结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。 2)not...but...意思为“不是……而是……” not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 如:They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones) of a human being. 3、表示原因关系: 1)for 判断改错: (错)For he is ill, he is absent today. (对)He is absent today, for he is ill.& for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。
并列连词知识体系:
比较and和or的用法:
1)并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。 2)但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点: 如:There is no air or water in the moon. &&&&&&& There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。典型例题: —I don't like chicken___fish. —I don't like chicken, ___I like fish very much. A. and;andB. and;butC. or;butD. or;and 答案:C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。判断改错: (错)We will die without air and water. (错)We can't live without air or water. (对)We will die without air or water. (对)We can't live without air and water.
从属连词的概念:
连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词。
英语从属连词用法分类详解:
1、引导时间状语从句的从属连词:&(1)表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when, while, as, whenever: 如:He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。&&&&&&&&&We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。 &&&&&&& The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。 (2)表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after: 如:Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。 &&&&&&& He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。 (3)表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till: 如:He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。 &&&&&&& Most men worked until[till] they're 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。 (4)表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等: 如:Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。 &&&&&&& I recognized her the moment(that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。 &&&&&&& I want to see him the minute(that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。 &&&&&&& I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。 &&&&&& Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。 (5)表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次): 如:Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候,他好像有病。 &&&&&&& Next time you're in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。 &&&&&&& Do look me up next time you're in London. 你下次到伦敦来,一定来找我。 &&&&&&& Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他,他都不在。 &&&&&& You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词,(the)next time, (the)last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 2、引导条件状语从句的从属连词:这类连词主要有if, unless, as[so] long as, incase等: 如:If anyone calls tell them I'm not at home. 要是有人打电话来,就说我不在家。 &&&&&&& You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。 &&&&&&& As[So] long as you need me, I'll stay. 只要你需要我,我就留下。 &&&&&&& In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记,请提醒我一下。 【注】在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的if之后可能用will,但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词): 如:If you will wait a moment, I'll fetch the money. 请等一下,我就去拿钱。 3、引导目的状语从句的从属连词:主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等: 如:We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。 &&&&&&& Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚,以便让他们能明白你的意思。 &&&&&&& Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些,免得把婴儿吵醒。 &&&&&&& He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。 4、引导结果状语从句的从属连词:主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等: 如:We're all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了,终于能开会了。 &&&&&&& It's so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题,我们没有一个人能回答。 &&&&&&& He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。 【注】so that中的that在口语中通常可以省略。 5、引导原因状语从句的从属连词:主要的有because, as, since, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that)等: 如:He couldn't got to school because he had a cold. 他因患感冒而未能去上学。 &&&&&&& Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion. 大家都到了,我们就开始吧。 &&&&&&& Seeing that it is 8o'clock, we'll wait no longer. 由于时间已到8点,我们将不再等了。 &&&&&&& Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了,最好还是留下吧。 6、引导让步状语从句的从属连词:主要有although, though, eventhough, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等: 如:Although[Though] he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。 &&&&&&& Though[Even though] it's hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活,但我乐意干。 &&&&&&& Even if you don't like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒,也尝尝这杯吧。 7、引导方式状语从句的从属连词:主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way等: 如:Do it as[like] he does. 像他那样做。 &&&&&&& He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。 &&&&&&& They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 &&&&&&& Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do.没有人像我这样爱你。 8、引导地点状语从句的从属连词:主要有where, wherever, everywhere等: 如:There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。 &&&&&&& Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。 &&&&&&& Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。 9、引导比较状语从句的从属连词:主要有than和as…as: 如:It's easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。 &&&&&&& They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。 10、引导名词性从句的从属连词:主要有that, if, whether: 如:It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。&&&&&&&&Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。 &&&&&& Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。 &&&&&& She didn't say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。
从属连词知识体系:
用作从属连词的六类名词结构:
英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词,用以引导状语从句,且主要是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类: 一、the+瞬间名词: 其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等,其意为“一……就……”,相当于as soon as。如:The minute he saw her he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。&& Telephone me the moment(that) you get the results. 你一有结果,马上给我打电话。&I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累,一合上眼就睡着了。 Sheputdownthereceiverthesecondsherecognizedmyvoice.她一听出是我的声音,马上就放下电话听筒。 注:其中的瞬间名词后可接that,也可省略。另外,有的个别副词(如directly/immediately等)也可表示类似意思。如: Immediately the meal was over,he switchedon the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。
二、the+季节名词: 其中的季节名词包括spring,summer,autumn,winter,其意为“在……的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。如:His wife left him thes pring he went abroad.在他出国的那年春天,他的妻子离开了他。 He sold his house and went to the souththe summer he lost hisjob.在他失业的那年夏天,他卖掉房子去了南方。 He was sentto prison the winter his third daughter was born.在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天,他被关进了监狱。 She got married the autumn she graduated from college.她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。 三、the+时间名词:其中的时间名词主要包括hour,day,night,week,month,season,year等,其意为“在……的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。如: The hour he wa sin her office,he felt very sad.当他在她办公室的时候,他感到很伤心。 The day here turned home,his father was already dead.他回家的那一天,他的父亲已经死了。 The night I wenttoseeher,shehadleftforBeijingtoattendanimportantmeeting.就我去看她的那个晚上,她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。 Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill.史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。 They ear helivedinthecountry,he learned alot.他在乡下呆的那一年,他学到了不少东西。 四、the+序数词+time 其中的序数词包括first,second,third,fourth等,其意为“当第几次……的时候”。如: My girlfriend beat me at pokert he first time weplayed.我头一次和女朋友打扑克,她就把我赢了。 These cond time I saw her,she looked like an old woman.我第二次见到她时,她看上去像一个老太婆。 The third time I went there,I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty.我第三次去那儿时,我发现他们都离开了,所有的办公室都是空的。 注:1.next,last也具有类似序数词的性质,因此也具有以上用法。如: Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor.下次你进来,请关门。 Thelasttimewetalkedhesaidheneededanothertwodays.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。 2.thefirsttime,thesecondtime,thethirdtime等用作连词引导时间状语从句时,其前通常要有定冠词,而(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime引导状语从句时,其中的冠词可以省略,如下面这道上海高考题,其答案是C,不是A:I though ther nice and honest______Imether. A.first time& B.fo rthe first time C.the first timeD.by the first time 五、不定代词+time 其中的不定代词主要包括each,every,any等。如:Every time I ringher,the phone is engaged.我每次给她打电话,电话都占线。 Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money.每次我见到他,他不是向我诉苦,就是要向我借钱。 He felt nervous each times he spoke to him.每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。 AnytimeyoucometoLondondolookmeup.你无论什么时候到伦敦来,一定要来看我。 注意:everytime,eachtime,anytime用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词,它与the first time,these cond time,the third time等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。 六、其他名词结构以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句,有些其他结构还可引导其他性质的状语从句,如the way可用于引导方式状语从句,表示“像……一样”。如: The didn’t do it the way we do now.那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。 Joyce looked at me the way alotof girls did.乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。 注:这样用的theway与as用法相似。如:Hold itin both hands,the way(=as)Mummy does.用两只手捧住,像妈妈那样。
情态动词的概念:
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。
几组词的辨析:
1、need和dare的用法:need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。 (1)用作情态动词:&如:—Need I come? 我需要来吗?&&&&&&&& —Yes, you must. 需要。 &&&&&&&& You needn′t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。&&&&&&&&&&I don′t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。&&&&&&&&&&She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。 &&&&&&&& How dare you say I′m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平? &&&&&&&& Not one of them dared mention this.他们谁也不敢提这件事。 (2)用作实义动词: 如:You don′t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。 &&&&&&& We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。 &&&&&&& The table needs painting(to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。 &&&&&&& We should dare to give our own opinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。 &&&&&&& He did not dare(to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。 &&&&&&& I dare day he′ll come again. 我想他会再来的。2、can和be able to:(1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式。 如:Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。 (2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。 如:He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn′t feel like it that day. &&&&&&& 他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。 &&&&&&& Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。 3、must和have to:must表示主观意志,而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式,除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间,在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。 如:I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。 &&&&&&& We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。 4、would和used to:(1)usedto表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,而would只表过去的情况。如:People used to think that the earth was flat. &过去人们认为地球是平的。(现在人们不这么认为。)&&&&&&& &She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country. &&&&&&& 在乡下时,她总是在早晨去散会儿步。(可能现在仍有散步的习惯。) (2)used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。 如:He used to∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。 &&&&&&& She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。
情态动词的基本用法:1、can(could): 1)表示能力,could主要指过去时间。 如:Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。 &&&&&&& Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗? 2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。 如:The temperature can fall to–60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至-60℃,也就是零下60℃。 &&&&&&& He can′t(couldn′t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。&& &&&&&&& You mustn′t smoke while you′re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.& &&&&&&& 在林子里走时勿吸烟,那样可能会引起火灾。 3)表示允许。 如:Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗? &&&&&&& He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。 4)表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。 如:Where can(could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢? &&&&&&& He can′t(couldn′t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。 &&&&&&& How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心? 5)比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。 如:Can(Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗? &&&&&&& I′m afraid we couldn′t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。 2、may(might): 1)表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。 如:You may take what ever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。 &&&&&&& He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。 &&&&&&& May(Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式:如:Yes, please./Certainly. /Please don′t./You′d better not./No, you mustn′t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。 2)表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。 如:He may be at home. 他可能在家。 &&&&&&& She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。 &&&&&&& He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。& 如:They might be having a meeting, but I′m not sure. 他们有可能在开会,不过我不肯定。 3、must:1)表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。 如:We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。 &&&&&&& You mustn′t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。 &&&&&&&& —Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗? &&&&&&&& —No, you needn′t./No, you don′t have to.不必。(这种情况下,一般不用mustn′t) 2)表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。 如:He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。 如:She′s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot o fmoney. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。 4、shall:1)表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。 如:Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗? &&&&&&& Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗? &&&&&&& What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么? 2)表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。 如:You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令) &&&&&&& You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺) &&&&&&& He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告) 如:Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心) 5、will:1)表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。 如:I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。 &&&&&&& None is so blind as those who won′t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。 &&&&&&& If you will read the book, I′ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。 2)表请求,用于疑问句。 如:Will you close the window? It′s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗?有点冷。 &&&&&&& Won′t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗? 3)表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。 如:Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。&&&&&&& The door won′t open. 这门打不开。 &&&&&&& The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.& &&&&&&& 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点,看着车辆行人通过。 6、should:1)表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。 如:You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。 &&&&&&& You shouldn′t waste anytime. 你不应该浪费时间。 2)表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。 如:The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。&&&&&&& &&&&&&& They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。 7、would:1)表意愿。 如:They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。&&&&&&&&&I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。 2)表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。 如:Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗? &&&&&&& Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗? &&&&&&& They wouldn′t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。 3)表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。 如:Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。8、ought to:1)表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。 如:You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲,应当管他。 &&&&&&& You oughtn′t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。 2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。 如:Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。 &&&&&&& There′ it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。 9、used to:表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。 如:He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。 &&&&&&& There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。 &&&&&&& I usedn′t (didn′t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。 &&&&&&& Used you(Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?情态动词的其他用法:首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形:句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 如:We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。 &&&&&&& May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? &&&&&&& Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗? &&&&&&& You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。
情态动词知识体系:
情态动词表推测的三种句式: 1、在肯定句中一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许)。如:He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。&&&&&&&&&It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。 2、否定句中用can't/couldn't (不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。如:It can't/couldn't be the headmaster. He has gone to America.& 这不可能是校长,他去美国了&&&&&&& He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 3、疑问句中用can/could(能……?)。如:Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?&&&&&&& Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗?注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。情态动词表推测的三种时态:1、对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词+动词原形”。如:She must/may/might/could arrive before 5.& 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。 &&&&&&& She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.&&&&&&& 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。 2、对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词+be”,“情态动词+bedoing”或“情态动词+动词原形”。如:He must/may/might/could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。&&&&&&& He can't(couldn't)/may(might) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。&&&&&&& Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can(could) he be late for the opening ceremony? &&&&&&& 布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢? 3、对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词+have+过去分词”。如:It must/may/might/ could have rained last night. The ground is wet. 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。&&&&&&& The door was locked. He can(could) not/may(might) not have been at home. 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。&&&&&&& &&&&&&& Can/Could he have gotten the book?难道他找到书了吗?注:情态动词should/ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have+过去分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。如:It's seven o'clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. &&&&&&& 现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)&&&& &&&&&&& She should/ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital.(虚拟)&&&&&&& 她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。& &&&&&&& Tom should not/ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.(虚拟)&&&&&&& 汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。
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