9张图片论学好一门外语的重要性_九个头条网——更少更重要
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9张图片论学好一门外语的重要性
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虽然我们在看国外影视剧时，常常会因为自己盯着字幕看，而感叹学好外语的重要性。但是总是看完后就放弃了，当以下事情发生时，或许你才会深深地觉悟。&网友爆料，这是一个外国人第一次到北京拍的照片，敢问兄台，不知还能否站起来。
文章来源：猜你感兴趣
&热门励志故事成年人学不好外语，可能是用力太猛 | 科学人 | 果壳网 科技有意思
成年人学不好外语，可能是用力太猛
学外语 从零开始学外语
网上学外语
相声学外语
学外语软件 学外语的网 外语
广东外语外贸大学
英语 外语学习
本文作者:Kelly Dickerson
（/译）许多成年人学习外语学得很痛苦，但这并不是因为他们不下功夫——一项新的研究提示，问题可能正是在于他们学得太过用力了。
科学家们早就怀疑成年人优秀的认知功能可能反而是学习新语言的劣势，小孩子在这方面则占了上风。一项新的研究发现，如果成年人被告知要竭尽全力去学好一门新语言的句子结构和语法，他们会比没有被告知“会有测验喔”的人学得更少。
“这项研究最令人吃惊的地方就在于，努力可能反而会影响学习成果。”麻省理工学院麦戈文研究院脑部研究的博士后研究员艾米·芬恩（Amy Finn）说， “要知道，高级认知功能在其他几乎所有事情上都是更好的。”
努力反而更困难？
为了测试成年人怎么学习外语，芬恩和她的研究小组招募了22名以英语为母语的志愿者，然后让他们听一段10分钟“外语”录音——这种“外语”是虚构的语言。这门假语言的单词由9个双音节单词组成，这些单词按发音结构分成三类。实验要求参与者一边听一边涂色分类，这样他们会全神贯注地去关注语言本身。
研究者随后对参与者进行了测试，来看看他们究竟学了多少：每个参与者都必须在两个单词或者两个句子中进行选择，看看哪个更像是刚听到的那种语言。
实验中采用的人造语言的结构。图片来源：Finn AS, et al. (2014) PLoS ONE 9(7): e101806.
在研究的第二部分，66名以英语为母语的志愿者做了相同的测试。但是这次，研究者告诉三分之一的参与者试着学习词汇；另外三分之一去学习不同单词的种类（比如说学习外语中的名词）；剩下的三分之一则被告知要尽量学习类别中出现的不同句式（就像是学习一门外语中更复杂的语法规则）。
为了确保参与者全程都保持集中，实验采用了与第一组研究中涂色不同的手段——研究者要求这些参与者在每次觉得自己认识了一个单词或者一个语法句型时就按下按钮。
研究者发现，集中精力努力学习有助于成年人掌握基本词汇，但是却成为了他们学习语法的阻碍。第二个试验中，被告知尽全力学习的小组，比第一个试验中边听边涂的小组多学对了20%的单词。但是第一个小组在复杂语法的测试中反倒领先第二个小组20%。
不过，这并不意味着希望掌握双语的人应该不那么努力地学习。“我觉得，如果有成年人从这个实验中得出‘哦，我该停止努力’这样的结论，那就太糟了。”芬恩说，“在搞清学习机制的路上，我们还有很长一段要走。”
两套记忆系统
以往的研究表明，学习新的语言对大脑有益，并且可以预防阿兹海默病。但成年人普遍会发现，年纪稍大一点，学外语就会有点困难了。芬恩说，儿童学习起语法来要容易得多，因为他们学习的方式与成人不同。
人类有两套影响学习的记忆系统：陈述性记忆（Declarative Memory）是对事实或者词汇之类基本认识的记忆。而程序记忆（Procedural Memory），用芬恩的话来说，就是一个人“不劳而获”的记忆。程序记忆是人养成习惯和习得技巧的方式，比如骑自行车。在很多时候，这种学习是无意识的。
人们用早期发育的程序记忆系统来学习复杂的东西，比如语法规则。帮助人们学习词汇的陈述性记忆系统，则需要更多时间完成发育。儿童有程序记忆系统，并且不受陈述性记忆系统的干扰，所以他们学习起语法来比成年人要快。
芬恩表示，要理解成年人怎么学习语言，还需要更多研究。在未来的实验中，她计划用磁线圈制造电流来影响脑波。这样的影响可以短暂地让人的前额叶皮质停止工作。这部分大脑在陈述性记忆中起到关键作用。芬恩想要知道抑制它的功能是不是能够帮助成年人提高学习外语的能力。芬恩也计划使用更复杂的人造语言，赋予虚构的单词意义，使之更接近现存的语言。（编辑：Calo）
文章题图：
Live Science,Why Adults Struggle to Pick up New Languages
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我从文中得到的结论是：词汇死记硬背，语法潜移默化。所以，跟词典学词汇，跟美剧学语法……
学霸一般都有着学渣的生活。。。。。
果壳科技编辑
引用文章内容：“我觉得，如果有成年人从这个实验中得出‘哦，我该停止努力’这样的结论，那就太糟了。”楼下共勉啊...
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果壳科技编辑
引用文章内容：“我觉得，如果有成年人从这个实验中得出‘哦，我该停止努力’这样的结论，那就太糟了。”楼下共勉啊...
果断停止努力了
果壳科技编辑
引用 的话：果断停止努力了= =||。。
学霸一般都有着学渣的生活。。。。。
就语言学本身而言，小孩子确实比成人更容易入手。其实道理也很简单，母语相对于其他知识的获得，是不同的。在语言学里叫习得，习得与学得最大的不同是，我们先天就从上一代中遗传了一部分语言知识（例如语法规则、句法规则），通过后天的语言刺激（当然语言刺激也是有时间界限的，一般而言是在5岁之前。这也能解释为什么狼孩被解救之后，依然无法学会人语），就能get这份技能！
语言学习其实是相当繁冗复杂的，语言学作为一门学科依然有许许多多的现象无法解释（国内的语言学研究更是如此，并且各个“研究大师”也往往相互攻伐，谁也提不出一个有效具体的语言研究方案，这对于学习者而言更是痛苦万分）。语法作为语言三要素之中最为稳定的一部分，是先天就存在于人脑中的，一个例子就是当三四岁的孩子学会某些词语后，有时会说出一些断断续续的句子，显然这并不是大人教的。由此而言，成年人的理性思维对于语言学习来说，其实并不是最重要的部分。而所谓的“努力学习”不过是利用自己更多的时间精力来提高思维能力，因此事倍功半也就不奇怪了。
虽然开始外语学习的年纪越小，收到的成果愈大（理论而言）。但对于国内的双语幼儿园来说，效果却并没有想象的好！正如前文所说，语言刺激也是语言学习的重要一部分，先不说国内幼师的外语水平如何，单单是课上的几十分钟“中英混用”对孩子的语言刺激成效几何还有待商榷。
总结说吧，儿童虽然相对于成年人来说，有更多的学习优势，但却并不一定有成年人的学习环境。对于外语学习，短时成效更大的其实还是一个具备理性思维的大人。他们会利用最大的周围环境来尽快的获得外语技能。（以便提升逼格。）
有究研示显在字句中语词颠倒并不影响人的解理。
跟之前一篇文章矛盾啊，你值得拥有
我从文中得到的结论是：词汇死记硬背，语法潜移默化。所以，跟词典学词汇，跟美剧学语法……
其实也不是难吧，从小学习语言与后天学习语言是两种不同的方式。从小学习多半偏向经验学习（？），在不断的听说中学习运用，然后再学习书写【回想一下我们小时候只会说不会写；然后学习第二外多半使用的是一种科学方法（？），从一个语言的起源、读音、书写来学习，当然会感受到难度
我只想说，幸亏我一直都没努力。
难怪我外语在努力也没随便学学的数理化学得好T-T
金属材料在读博士生
是这样的吗？自从出国以后外语学习，我一点都不努力。结果是现在导师们甚至考虑是不是让我去上英语班了……
我曾经学英语、历史以外的学科，都不费劲。。。现在英语这关还没过呢。。。
果断放弃治疗_(:з」∠)_
引用 的话： 就语言学本身而言，小孩子确实比成人更容易入手。其实道理也很简单，母语相对于其他知识的获得，是不同的。在语言学里叫习得，习得与学得最大的不同是，我们先天就从上一代中遗传了一部分语言知识（例...引用 的话： 就语言学本身而言，小孩子确实比成人更容易入手。其实道理也很简单，母语相对于其他知识的获得，是不同的。在语言学里叫习得，习得与学得最大的不同是，我们先天就从上一代中遗传了一部分语言知识（例...记得没错的话，所谓5岁狼孩学不会人语，是和旅鼠自杀一样被编出来的，果壳以前辟谣过。
不知道念用在哪就知道拿着字典生背单词意思都是耍流氓。
引用 的话：有究研示显在字句中语词颠倒并不影响人的解理。人的解理。。。。。细思恐极啊
引用文章内容：在未来的实验中，她计划用磁线圈制造电流来影响脑波。这样的影响可以短暂地让人的前额叶皮质停止工作。这部分大脑在陈述性记忆中起到关键作用。这样能过伦理吗。。
Festival F*ck what exist ！
想学一门小语种来着，看了这个果断放弃语言学校，自己找部小语种连续剧看就好了。
我赶脚学习环境也很重要，之前一直学不好，主要是不喜欢学，用的地方也少。毕业后工作岗位上用的也不多。直到开始不停的背包旅行，发现不会说话好累啊，意识到了这东西有用，并且真的能用上后，找个合适的语言环境，成年人也能学的很快。给一家荷兰人做过家教，还有跟一个法国学生语言交换。都要用英文沟通，于是渐渐的口语还能对付。在没有特意学习英文的情况下。所以说语言环境还是大要素，为什么学英文，当然是为了方便沟通。但如果身边的人用汉语就可以沟通，为什么还要费力去学习呢，呵呵，应试教育没办法讲了，但就成年人来说的话，如果没大环境，又不需要用。那么学这个，确实只能是给自己充电而已吧。我是实际主义，有用才学。其实还有，多看美剧，真的能提高听力口语，而且还轻松，可能就是楼主的不用力过猛吧。
引用文章内容：麻省理工学院麦戈文研究院脑部研究的博士后研究员艾米·芬恩（Amy Finn）说……（脑补成）研究员Amy Farrah Fowler说……
可能说的是“欲速则不达”吧！不过相对于儿童那种好奇心下的学习能力，成年人再怎么努力，效果肯定没法跟他们比啊！
游戏程序员
怪不得没学好啊，太用功了，唉 O(∩_∩)O哈哈~
应用数学专业
听外语MOOC高效学习——我就这么理解文章吧
通过后天的语言刺激（当然语言刺激也是有时间界限的，一般而言是在5岁之前。我能说我5岁之前只会家乡话，根本就没接触过普通话吗？可是现在普通话说的很流利，说家乡话却结结巴巴的……这个怎么解释捏？
以前就是使劲啃，结果啃了也记不住。后来想着反正也记不住，就遇到生词查单词，查了就记下来，下次遇到用的时候不会继续查单词...语法的话错了我朋友会纠正我，再错再纠正...反正错多了慢慢也就记住了...关键还是学以致用，练得再多没有实战都是白搭...实战多了也能总结出经验...学啥都得循序渐进，健身还得按量累积呢...一口也吃不成胖子嘛...找到自己的方式就好，别人的经验套自己身上未必有用。
确实，不断的接触美剧，也更了解了一些英语
我一直觉得，听力特别用力去听有时候反而比放松了听，或者无意识地听听懂的少还有阅读我也是在开始随意读一些科普文章，而不是抱着TPO一个单词一个单词抠之后进步比较快。难道原因就是这个？
引用 的话：通过后天的语言刺激（当然语言刺激也是有时间界限的，一般而言是在5岁之前。我能说我5岁之前只会家乡话，根本就没接触过普通话吗？可是现在普通话说的很流利，说家乡话却结结巴巴的……这个怎么解释捏？用进废退？
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can you learn a second language in 6 months?
&视频链接：
Have you ever held a question in mind for
so long that it becomes part of how you think?
你是否曾经把一个问题留在心中很久，结果它已经成为你的一种思路？
Maybe even part of who you are as a
甚至可能已经成为你自己的一部分？
Well I've had a question in my mind for
many, many years and that is: how can you speed up
我思考了一个问题很多很多年，就是：你怎样才能加快自己学习的速度？
Now, this is an interesting question
because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at
那么，这是一个很有趣的问题，因为如果你可以加快自己的学习的速度，你就可以花更少时间在学校里。
And if you learn really fast, you probably
wouldn't have to go to school at all.
如果你真的可以学习得特别快，你可能根本就不用去上学。
Now, when I was young, school was sort of
okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning
so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster?
在我小时候，上学还凑合，但我常常发现上学会阻碍学习，因此在心里面我有了这样一个问题：怎样才能学得更快呢？
And this began when I was very, very
young. When I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to
researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is
sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside
your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you're
sleeping, and you're supposed to be learning from this.
(这个想法)在我很小时候已经开始了，大约我11岁的时候，我给前苏联的研究者写了一封关于睡眠学习的信，所谓“睡觉学习”，就是拿一个磁带录音机放在你床边，等你入眠后机器开始播放磁带，(然后)目的是通过这种方式来学习。
A good idea, unfortunately it doesn't
一个好主意，不幸的是它行不通。
But, hypnopaedia did open the doors to
research in other areas and we've had incredible discoveries about
learning that began with that first question.
但睡眠学习确实打开了研究其他领域的大门，并且我们从研究这个问题开始已经有了一些惊人的发现。
I went on from there to become passionate
about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many
ways for the rest of my life up until this point.
从那开始我对心理学充满热情，直到现在我已经投入了几十年的时间从事心理学相关的不同研究和工作。
In 1981 I took myself to China and I
decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two
<font COLOR="#6F年，我来到了中国，并且我决定在两年内我的汉语要达到像中文母语者一样的水平。
Now, you need to understand that in 1981,
everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a
westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get
very good at it.
呐，你需要明白的是在20世纪80年代初，所有人都认为汉语是真的很难学，一个西方人可能学习10年或以上也未必能学好。
And I also went in with a different idea
which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological
research up to that point and applying them to the learning
还有，我带着一种不同的想法，就是把心理学对这个问题研究所得的全部结论运用到我学习的过程当中。
What was really cool was that in six
months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit
longer to get up to native.
特别棒的是我在六个月内能说流利的中文，不久后，我达到了中文母语者的水平。
But I looked around and I saw all of these
people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I
saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other
languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help
a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and
effectively?
但我看到周围那些来自不同国家的人在为学习中文苦苦挣扎，中国人在为学习英文或其他语言苦苦挣扎，因此我的问题便细化到：怎样帮助一位正常的成年人更快、更容易和有效地学会第二门语言。
Now this is a really, really important
question in today's world.
要强调的是，在今天的世界里这是一个非常非常重要的问题。
We have massive challenges with
environment. We have massive challenges with social dislocation,
with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can't communicate
we're really going to have difficulty solving these
我们需要面对大量的(有关)环保问题的挑战，我们需要面对很多社会混乱和战争的挑战，各种各类事情在发生，如果我们不能沟通那我们将难以解决这些问题。
So we need to be able to speak each
other's languages. This is really, really important.
因此，我们需要能够说对方的语言。这真的非常重要。
The question then is how do you do that？
Well, it's actually really easy.
接下来的问题是，怎样做到？这实际上是很容易的。
You look around for people who can already
do it, you look for situations where it's already working and then
you identify the principles and apply them.
看看你周围那些已经做到的人，寻找在什么情况下，它是有效的，识别这些原则后好好利用它们。
It's called modeling and I've been looking
at language learning and modeling language learning for about
fifteen to twenty years now.
这是一种高科技模仿，而我已经用这种方法研究语言学习 大约15到20
And my conclusion, my observation from
this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency
inside six months.
接着多年的观察，我得到的结论是，任何一个成年人能在6个月内把任何外语学得流利。
Now when I say this, most people think I'm
crazy, this is not possible. So let me remind everybody of the
history of human progress, it's all about expanding our
呐，当我说成年人能在6个月内学会任何一种外语，大多数人都认为我疯了，这是不可能的。因此，先让我提醒在座各位关于人类历史的进展，所有人类历史都是在扩展我们的极限。
In 1950 everybody believed that running
one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister
did it in 1956 and from there it's got shorter and
在20世纪50年代，所有人都相信跑出4分钟1英里的成绩是不可能的，后来罗杰·班尼斯特在1965年做到了，而从那开始跑1英里的时间变得越来越短。
<font COLOR="#6F years ago everybody believed that
heavy stuff doesn't fly。
<font COLOR="#6F年前，每个人都相信重的物体不能飞。
Except it does and we all know this. How
does heavy stuff fly?
它不但可以飞，而且我们大家都知道这个事实。那么，重物是怎样飞的呢？
We reorganize the materials using
principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in
this case.
我们观察大自然的原理，在此是鸟飞行的原理，，根据这些我们重新组织材料来使重物可以飞。
And today we've gone ever further, so you
can fly a car. You can buy one of these for a couple hundred
thousand US dollars.
如今，我们甚至走得更远，你可以驾驶一辆会飞的汽车。你可以花几十万美元购买一辆这样的汽车。
We now have cars in the world that can
我们现在有了会飞的汽车了。
And there's a different way to fly that
we've learned from squirrels.
在能飞的松鼠的身上我们学会了另一种不同的方式来飞。
So all you need to do is copy what a
flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you
go, you can fly like a squirrel.
你只要做的是去复制一只飞鼠如何飞的原理，建造一套翼服，你就可以像一只飞鼠那样可以在天空中飞翔。
Now, most people, a lot of people, I
wouldn't say everybody but a lot of people think they can't
那么，大多数人，很多人，我不会说所有人，但很多人认为他们不会画画。
However there are some key principles,
five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can
actually learn to draw in five days.
然而这里有一些重要的原则，5个原则你可以利用来学习画画并且实际上你可以在5天内学会。
So, if you draw like this, you learn these
principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can
draw something like this.
如果你平时画成这样，那么你学习5天这些原则然后应用它们，5天后，你可以画成这样。
Now I know this is true because that was
my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles
that was what I was able to do.
我知道这是真的，因为那是我第一次画的，5天后我应用了这些原则，我可以做到这样。
And I looked at this and I went ‘wow,' so
that's how I look like when I'm concentrating so intensely that my
brain is exploding.
当我看着这个，我“哇”了一声，那就是我非常强烈的，专注到我大脑快要爆炸的样子呀！
So, anybody can learn to draw in five days
and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a
second language in six months.
因此，任何人都能够用5天时间学会画画，同样地，用同样的方式和逻辑，任何人都可以在6个月内学会一门外语。
How: there are five principles and seven
怎么做呢？ 有5个原则和7个行动可以跟随。
There may be a few more but these are
absolutely core.
可能有更多，但这些绝对是核心部分。
And before I get into those I just want to
talk about two myths, dispel two myths.
进入这些点之前我想先说说两个神话并消除它们。
The first is that you need
第一个是你需要有天赋。
Let me tell you about Zoe.
让我跟你们说说关于佐伊的事情。
Zoe came from Australia, went to Holland,
was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally
people were saying: ‘you're completely useless,' ‘you're not
talented,' ‘give up,' ‘you're a waste of time' and she was very,
very depressed.
佐伊是澳大利亚人，她去到荷兰并尝试学习荷兰语。她非常挣扎，最后人们跟她说，“没用的，”“你没有天赋，”“还是放弃吧，”“你根本就是在浪费时间。”她对此感到非常沮丧。
And then she came across these five
principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six
months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn't
后来，她无意中发现了这5个原则，去了巴西，并把这些原则应用到她学习葡萄牙语中，6个月内，她可以说流利的葡萄牙语了。因此，天赋不重要。
People also think that immersion in a new
country is the way to learn a language.
人们还认为学会一门外语最好的方式就是到说该门语言的国家去。
But look around Hong Kong, look at all the
westerners who've been here for ten years, who don't speak a word
of Chinese.
但是看看在香港已经呆了10年的西方人，还是一句中文也不会说。
Look at all the Chinese living in America,
Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years
and they don't speak any English.
看看那些居住在美国、英国、澳大利亚、加拿大10年、20年的中国人，还是不会一句英文。
Immersion per se doesn't not work,
只呆在一个新的国家本身是没有用的。为什么？
Because a drowning man cannot learn to
因为溺水的人是学不会游泳的。
When you don't speak a language you're
like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all
adults talking about stuff over your head, you won't
当你不能说那种语言，你就像一个婴儿，如果你进入一个环境，那里全部都是成年人在叽叽呱呱的说一些你完全听不明白的话，你还是学不会。
So, what are the five principles that you
那么，你需要注意的那5个原则是什么呢？
first: there are four words, attention,
meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very
important ways. Especially when you're talking about
首先，有四个词，注意力、含义、关联和记忆，而这些在很多非常重要的方面是相互连接的，特别在你谈论学习的时候。
Come with me on a journey through a
请跟随我来一趟森林之旅。
You go on a walk through a forest and you
see something like this.
你穿越森林，然后你看到一个像这样的东西。
Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay
attention, maybe you don't.
你可能注意到了树上的这些小标记，可能你没有注意它们。
You go another fifty metres and you see
然后你继续向前走50米，你看到了这个。
You should be paying attention.
你应该要注意了。
Another fifty metres, if you haven't been
paying attention, you see this.
再50米，如果你还没注意的话，你会看到这个。
And at this point, you're paying
attention.
当看到这个的时候，你就会注意了。
And you've just learned that this is
important, it's relevant because it means this, and anything that
is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that
you're going to pay attention to and therefore you're going to
remember it.
你刚刚学习到了这个是重要的，它与你有重要关系，因为它代表这个。任何有关联的东西，任何有关你生存的信息都是值得你注意的，而你给注意力的就会记住的。
If it's related to your personal goals
then you're going to pay attention to it, if it's relevant you're
going to remember it.
如果它关于你个人目标的，那么你就会注意到它，如果它与你是有关联的，你就会记住它。
So, the first rule, the first principle
for learning a language is focus on language content that is
relevant to you.
因此，学习一门语言的第一个原则就是注意那些与你息息相关的语言内容上。
Which brings us to tools.
这就让我们谈到工具。
We master tools by using tools and we
learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us.
我们通过使用工具来掌握工具，而当这些工具与我们息息相关的时候，我们就可以学得很快。
So let me share a story.
先让我分享一个故事。
A keyboard is a tool.
键盘是一个工具。
Typing Chinese a certain way, there are
methods for this. That's a tool.
有不同方法打中文字。这些方法属于工具的一种。
I had a colleague many years ago who went
多年前，我有一位同事，她上夜校学习中文打字。
Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours
each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did
not learn to type Chinese.
每周二、周四晚上，她都用2个小时上课，然后也在家练习，她花了9个月的时间，仍然没学会打中文字。
And one night we had a crisis.
一天晚上，我们有一件紧急的事情。
We had forty eight hours to deliver a
training manual in Chinese.
我们有48个小时来准备用中文发表一本训练手册。
And she got the job, and I can guarantee
you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it
was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a
tool to create value.
她获得了这个任务，并且我可以像你保证，在48个小时内，她学会了用中文打字。因为这是相关的、重要的、有意义的，她在使用一种工具来创造价值。
So the second tool for learning a language
is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day
one. As a kid does.
因此，学习一门语言的第二个工具是从第一天开始，用你的语言作为一种工具来沟通，像一个孩子那样做。
When I first arrived in China I didn't
speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a
train ride overnight.
当我初次来到中国，我一句中文都不会说。第二个星期我乘坐火车过夜。
I spent eight hours sitting in the dining
car talking to one of the guards on the train。He took an interest
in me for some reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and
he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and
facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more
我花了8个小时，坐在餐车，跟一位乘警聊。因为某种原因，他对我很感兴趣。我们在那用中文聊了整夜，随着他画画、比划双手并动用他的面部表情，我逐渐地明白越来越多。
But what was really cool, was two weeks
later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was
understanding some of this and I hadn't even made any effort to
learn that.
但是真正有趣的是，两个星期后，当人们在我周围说中文的时候，我可以明白一些而且我并没有为之付出任何努力。
What had happened
发生了什么？
I'd absorbed it that night on the
在火车的那晚我已经吸收了中文
which brings us to the third
也是我们要说的第三个原则。
When you first understand the message,
then you will acquire the language unconsciously.
当你已经理解沟通的信息含义，接下来你将不知不觉下意识的获得该语言。
And this is really, really well documented
now, it's something called comprehensible input and there's twenty
or thirty years of research on this. Stephen Krashen, a leader in
the field has published all sorts of these different studies and
this is just from one of them.
而且这是有充足的证据证明的，我们把它称之为“可明白输入”，而这个概念被研究了了研究二三十年。此领域的佼佼者史蒂夫·克拉申发布了各类不同的学术研究成果，而这些数据来自他的一个报告。
The purple bars show the scores on
different tests for language.
条形图里面的紫色部分显示不同语言测试的成绩。
The purple people were people who had
learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones
who learned by comprehensible input.
紫色代表那些通过正式学习和学习语法的人，绿色的代表那些通过可明白输入学习的人。
So, comprehension works.
因此，可明白意思的输入是有效的。
Comprehension is key and language learning
is not about accumulating lots of knowledge.
理解是很关键的而学语言本身不仅仅是获取大量的知识。
In many, many ways it's about
physiological training.
在很多方面，更多的是生理的训练。
A woman I know from Taiwan did great at
English at school, she got A grades all the way through, went
through college, A grades, went to the US and found she couldn't
understand what people were saying.
我认识的一位来自台湾的女士，上学时英文成绩很好，大学英语也很优秀。后来，她到了美国，竟然发现自己听不懂别人在说什么。
And people started asking her: ‘are you
然后人们开始问她：“你是聋的吗？”
And she was.
English deaf.
英语聋子。
Because we have filters in our brain that
filter in the sounds that we are familiar with and they filter out
the sounds of languages we're not.
因为在我们大脑里有一些过滤器会帮助我们过滤熟悉的语言声音进入脑子里，而把不熟悉的语言声音过滤出去。
And if you can't hear it, you won't
understand it and if you can't understand it, you're not going to
如果你听不到，你不会明白；你听不明白，你将不能学会它。
So you actually have to be able to hear
these sounds.
因此，你必须能够听到这些声音。
And there are ways to do that but it's
physiological training.
这里有一些方法来做到，但这些是生理上的训练。
Speaking takes muscle.
说话需要用到肌肉。
You've got forty-three muscles in your
face, you have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds
that other people will understand.
在你的脸上有43块肌肉，你必须协调好这些肌肉来发声，让别人明白你的话。
If you've ever done a new sport for a
couple of days, then you know how your body feels. And it
如果你曾经有做过几天新的运动，你会知道你的身体有什么感觉。有点酸疼。
If your face is hurting you're doing it
如果你的面部有这种酸疼的感觉，那就对了。
And the final principle is
最后一个原则是状态。
Psycho-physiological state.
心理生理的状态。
If you're sad, angry, worried, upset,
you're not going to learn.
如果你伤心、生气、担心、沮丧，你将不能学会。
绝对是这样。
If you're happy, relaxed, in an Alpha
brain state, curious, you're going to learn really quickly, and
very specifically you need to be tolerant of ambiguity.
如果你是在一个开心的，放松的，好奇的大脑状态下，你将很快学会，而且，需要明确的一点是，你需要忍受歧义。
If you're one of those people who needs to
understand 100% every word you're hearing, you will go nuts,
because you'll be incredibly upset all the time, because you're not
如果你是那种在听的时候需要百分百听明白别人在说的每一个词儿的人之一，你会因为你无时无刻(的)沮丧感和你的不完美而发疯了。
If you're comfortable with getting some,
not getting some, just paying attention to what you do understand,
you're going to be fine, you'll be relaxed and you'll be learning
如果你对听明白一些、听不明白一些而感到舒服，并把注意力放在你明白的部分，你将会学好，而且你的状态越轻松，你将学得越快。
So based on those five principles, what
are the seven actions that you need to take?
那么在这5个原则上，你还需要哪7个行动呢？
Number one: listen a lot.
第一，多听。
I call it brain soaking。
我把它叫做泡脑子。
You put yourself in a context where you're
hearing tons and tons and tons of a language and it doesn't matter
if you understand it or not。
你把自己置放在听很多很多语言的环境当中，听得明白与否无关重要。
You're listening to the rhythm ,you're
listening to the patterns that repeat, you're listening to things
that stand out。
在听的时候，你是在听它的节奏、听它重复的模式、听凸出来的词语。
So, just soak your brain in
像这个泡泡你的脑子。
The second action: is that you get the
meaning first, even before you get the words.
第二个行动是在获取单词之前先获取它的意思。
You go “Well how do I do
你可能在想，这个我怎么知道的呢？
I don't know the words. Well, you
understand what these different postures mean.
我不知道那些单词！ 但你可以理解那些不同手势代表的含义。
Human communication is body language in
many, many ways, so much body language.
身体语言占领人类交流的一大部分。
From body language you can understand a
lot of communication, therefore, you're understanding, you're
acquiring through comprehensible input.
从身体语言，你可以理解很多对话内容，因此，你通过可明白输入理解、获取它的含义。
And you can also use patterns that you
already know.
你还可以利用你已经知道的模式。
If you're a Chinese speaker of Mandarin
and Cantonese and you go Vietnam, you will understand 60% of what
they say to you in daily conversation, because Vietnamese is about
30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese.
如果你是说国语和粤语，当你去到越南，你可以明白60%的日常用语，因为越南话有30%的国语和30%的粤语。
The third action: start mixing.
第三个行动：开始混合。
You probably have never thought of this
but if you've got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can
say one thousand different things.
你可能之前没有想过这个，但如果你有10个动词，10个名词和10个形容词，你可以说1000句不同的话。
Language is a creative process.
语言是创造的过程。
What do babies do?
孩子是怎么做的呢？
Okay: me, bat(h)， now， okay, that's how
they communicate.
我，澡澡，现在。。。这就是他们说话的方式。
So start mixing, get creative, have fun
with it, it doesn't have to be perfect it just has to
所以现在开始混合、创造并从中获得趣味。你不需要做到完美，你能沟通就好。
And when you're doing this you focus on
而且当你这样做的时候，你把注意力放在核心上。
What does that mean?
这意味着什么？
Well any language has high frequency
任何语言都有它的高频内容。
In English 1000 words covers 85% of
anything you're ever going to say in daily
communication.
英语有1000个高频词覆盖你85%的日常交流。
<font COLOR="#6F words gives you 98% of anything
you're going to say in daily conversation.
而3000个高频词将覆盖98%的日常交流。
You got 3000 words, you're speaking the
你有3000个高频词，你将可以说一门外语。
The rest is icing on the cake.
剩余的是锦上添花。
And when you're just begging with a new
language start with the tool box.
当你开始学习一门外语，从工具箱开始。
Week number one in your new language you
say things like: ‘how do you say that?'
第一周，你会用新语言说一些像这样的话“那个你怎么说？”
‘I don't understand,'
“我不明白，”
‘repeat that please,'
“请重复，”
‘what does that mean,'
“那是什么意思”，
all in your target language.
全都用你的目标语言。
You're using it as a tool, making it
useful to you, it's relevant to learn other things about the
你把它当做工具来用，并且利用好它，这对学习该门语言的其他东西是有重大关系的。
It's by week two that you should be saying
things like: ‘me,' ‘this,' ‘you,' ‘that,' ‘give,' you know, ‘hot,'
simple pronouns, simple nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives,
communicating like a baby.
第二周，你应该会说一些像“我”、“这个”、“你”、“那个”、“给”、“热”，像个孩子一样用这些简单的代词、名词、动词、形容词来沟通。
And by the third or fourth week, you're
getting into what I call glue words.
然后第三或第四周，你会进入我称为“胶水词”的这部分。
‘Although,' ‘but,' ‘therefore,' these are
logical transformers that tie bits of a language together, allowing
you to make more complex meaning。
“虽然”、“但是”、“因此”，这些逻辑工具帮助你把语言的小块紧密地结合在一起，让你制造更多复杂的意思。
At that point you're talking。
在那个阶段，你已经进入说话的阶段了！ 。
And when you're doing that, you should get
yourself a language parent.
当你这样做的时候，你应该给自己找位语言家长。
If you look at how children and parents
interact, you'll understand what this means.
如果你看看孩子和父母之间的互动，你会明白这个什么意思的。
When a child is speaking, it'll be using
simple words, simple combinations, sometimes quite strange,
sometimes very strange pronunciation and other people from outside
the family don't understand it.
当一个孩子说话，它会用简单的词，简单的组合，而有时候会发生奇怪甚至是非常怪的声音，如果不是家里人根本就不懂它在说什么。
But the parents do.
但是父母却知道。
And so the kid has a safe environment,
gets confidence.
因此，孩子有个安全的环境，然后变得有自信。
The parents talk to the children with body
language and with simple language which they know the child
understands.
父母用孩子可以理解的身体语言和简单句子跟他们说话。
So we have a comprehensible input
environment that's safe, we know it works otherwise none of you
would speak your mother tongue.
因此我们有一个很安全的可明白输入的环境。我们知道这个有用，不然的话我们都不会说自己的母语。
So you get yourself a language parent,
who's somebody interested in you as a person who will communicate
with you essentially as an equal, but pay attention to help you
understand the message.
因此你可以给自己找个语言家长，他是对你感兴趣的一个人，可以跟你沟通得上的，也可以是能够帮助你理解的同龄人。
There are four rules of a language
语言家长有四个规则。
Spouses by the way are not very good at
this, okay?
顺便说一下，配偶在这里没有那么好，明白吗？
But the four rules are, first of all, they
will work hard to understand what you mean even when you're way off
那么4条规则是，第一，他们会尽可能地理解你的意思，哪怕你脱离节拍。
Secondly, they will never correct your
第二，他们从来不会纠正你的错误。
Thirdly they will feed back their
understanding of what you are saying so you can respond
appropriately and get that feedback and then they will use words
that you know.
第三，他们会理解你说的话并给出反馈，好让你适当地回应并获得反馈，并且他们也是说你知道的单词。
The sixth thing you have to do, is copy
第六件事你需要做的就是模仿面部表情。
You've got to get the muscles working
right, so you can sound in a way that people will understand
你需要把肌肉部位用得准确，别人才可以听明白你发出的声音。
There's a couple of things you
达到此目的，你需要做几件事情。
One is that you hear how it feels, and
feel how it sounds which means you have a feedback loop operating
in your face, but ideally if you can look at a native speaker and
just observe how they use their face, let your unconscious mind
absorb the rules, then you're going to be able to pick it
第一，听它是什么感觉的并感觉它是怎样发出声音的，从你的脸上获得反馈。如果条件理想的话，你可以看着母语者并观察他们的面部，让你下意识地吸收这些规则，然后你将能够获取到它。
And if you c
an't get a native speaker to look at, you
can use stuff like this: [slides].
如果你没有母语者可以看着学习的话，你可以用像这样的东西。
And the final idea here, the final action
you need to take is something that I call “direct
connect.”
最后一个行动是你需要“直接联系”。
What does this mean?
什么意思呢？
Well most people learning a second
language sort of take the mother tongue words and take the target
words and go over them again and again in their mind to try and
remember them.
大多数人学习外语几乎都是用母语的单词对照目标语言，反复地在心中念并尝试记住它们。
Really inefficient.
这样做效率真的很低。
What you need to do is realize that
everything you know is an image inside your mind, it's
你需要做的是意识到你所知道的事情在你的脑海里都有一个画面和感觉。
if you talk about fire you can smell the
smoke you can hear the crackling, you can see the
如果你说到“火”，你可以闻到那个烟味，你可以听到那燃烧的爆裂声，你可以看到那火焰，
so what you do, is you go into that
imagery and all of that memory and you come out with another
所以你需要做的是进入那些意象和有关的所有的记忆力，然后从另一条通道出来。
So I call it ‘same box, different
我把这叫做“殊途同归”(同一个盒子，不同的路)。
You come out of that pathway, you build it
over time you become more and more skilled at just connecting the
new sounds to those images that you already have, into that
internal representation.
你从那条通道出来，你将建立这种技能并且越来越熟练地把新的声音连接到你心里已经知道的画面去。
And over time you even become naturally
good at that process, that becomes unconscious.
往后你甚至很擅长走这个过程，甚至是无意识的。
So, there are five principles that you
need to work with, seven actions, if you do any of them, you're
going to improve。
因此，你需要运用的那5个原则和7个行动，如果你运用其中任何一个，都将得到进步。
And remember these are things under your
control as the learner.
并且记住，作为学习者，这些事情都在你的掌控之下。
Do them all and you're going to be fluent
in a second language in six months.
如果你做到以上全部，你将会在六个月内学会流利的外语。
Thank you.
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