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第8卷第2期 浙江树人大学学报 Vo1．8．NO．2 2008年 3月 JOURNAL OFZHEJ1ANG SHUREN UNIVERSITY M81"．2008 法律英语的翻译策略 柳亚杰
余重基 1．浙江树人大学 语言学院，浙江 杭州 ．杭州第九中学，浙江 杭州 310020 摘 要 ：法律英语 的中译必须确保准确译语无误地表达源语的真正含义，然而由于法律英语 的特殊 行文方式常常使翻译陷入困境。本文从词、短语到句子上比较分析了法律英语的特殊用法。并在此基础 上提出了部分行之有效的翻译策略，使法律英语的中译更为准确到位。 关键词 ：法律英语 ；源语 ；译语 ；翻译策略 中图分类号 ：H315．9；H310．1
文献标识码 ：A
文章编号 ： 08―05 作为专业英语
ESP 的分支学科之一，法律 性。 从单词层面上看，有些单词在法律英语 中
LegalEnglish 是应用型、功能型英语 。法 有特殊的意义；并且大量使用古英语或 中古英语
律英语 ，在英语 国家中被称为 LegalLanguage或 中的副词 、介词和连接词等以避免重复，防止歧
LanguageoftheLaw，即法律语言，指表述法律科 义 。在短语方面，则有大量固定的法律英语用法。
学概念以及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种 在句子结构上，结构复杂的长句被广泛地使用。
或某一语种的部分用语。… 一 词的特点 法律英语的使用场合，决定其具有独特的结 1．古英语及 中古英语
Archaisms 的使用。
构与固定行文方式，研究这些特点是理解与翻译 法律英语古词是指古英语
OldEnglish 时期
法律英语文本 的前提。法律英语用词准确规范 ，
元450一l100年 和 中古英语
MiddleEnglish 时
包含法律用语 ，而且结构严谨 ，多用长句 ，因此理 期
公元 1l00一l500年 的英语词汇
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文明办网文明上网举报电话： 举报邮箱：&&&&&&&&&&&&法律翻译中常用的词汇
法律翻译中常用的词汇 /
订阅本号：点击配图上方「海商法资讯」→点击「关注」，即可持续接收海商法资讯。本文来源：新浪博客attorneycai 目
录（一）In accordance with/pursuant to（二）in respect of / in connection with / with respect to 就……（三）save…/except (for) /unless 除非……；除……外（四）notwithstanding … 无论……如何规定；尽管有……的规定（五）provided that … 但（前提）是……（六）for the purpose(s) of … 就……而言；在……中（七）otherwise…（八）subject to … 根据……的规定；在不抵触……的前提下（九） without prejudice to … 在不影响……前提下；不影响……（十）where … 如果……；凡……（十一）Say,only（十二）Hereby（十三）thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder（十四）thereof（十五）therein（十六）hereinafter（十七）合同英译时易混淆的词1. abide by与 comply with2. change A to B与 change A into B3. ex与 per4. in与 after5. on/upon与 after6. by与 before
（一）In accordance with/pursuant to例1、The arbitration is to be administered by the American Arbitration Association and is to be conducted in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association.仲裁将由美国仲裁协议主持并将根据该会的商事仲裁规则进行。 例2、After friendly consultations conducted in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit, the Parties have agreed to enter into a sales contract in accordance with Applicable Laws and the provisions of this Contract.各方在平等互利的基础上，经友好协商，一致同意依照相关法律和本合同的规定签订一份销售合同。
（二）in respect of / in connection with / with respect to 就……在其他文体的英语中，要表达与某事物相关这一语意，比较常用的是regarding或concerning. 此外in connection with, in relation to, relating with, with respect to 等也可表示这一含义。但在合同英语中，这些表达的使用频率者不如in respect of高，其原因可能在于语气上不如in respect of 正式、庄重。 例1.Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided, the period of imprisonment, which may be imposed by a magistrate exercising summarizing jurisdiction, in respect of the non-payment of any sum of money adjudged to be paid by a conviction, whether it be a fine or in respect of the property of the subject of the offense, or in respect of the injury done by the offender, or in respect of the default of a sufficient distress to satisfy any such sum, shall be such period as, in the opinion of the magistrate, will satisfy the justice of the case, but shall not exceed in any case the maximum fixed by the following scale …除成文法另有规定外，由治安法官行使简易程序就不支付定罪裁定中要求支付的任何数量金钱（无论系罚金还是犯罪主体的财产）的行为，或者不支付与犯罪嫌疑人所为损害有关的赔偿金的行为，或不为此等金额之给付提供足额抵押的行为所课处的刑期，应该系该治安法官认为能够体现案件公平的刑期，但不得超过下表所列最长刑期…… 例2.The Contract Price does not cover costs and expenses that are for Buyer’s account under this Contract, or any taxes (including but not limited to customs duty and value added tax) payable by Buyer in respect of this Contract.合同总价不含根据本合同应由买方承担的费用和开销，或买方就本合同应支付的税款（包括但不限于关税及增值税）。 （三）save…/except (for) /unless 除非……；除……外例1.Save as otherwise provided in this Contract, each Party shall bear its own legal and other professional costs in relation to the preparation, negotiation and entry into of this Contract.除非本合同另有规定，各方负责自身为准备、谈判和签署合同所花费的律师和其他专业服务费用。 例2.Notwithstanding any other provision of this Contract, [except for breach of confidentiality obligations or infringement of the other Party’s IPR,] neither party shall be liable to the other Party for damages for loss of revenues or profits, loss of goodwill or any indirect or consequential damages in connection with the performance or non-performance of this Contract.无论本合同其他条款有何规定，任何一方均不向另一方承担因本合同的履行或不履行而造成的收入或利润丧失、商誉丧失或任何间接或附带性损失的赔偿责任【但该方有违反保密义务或侵犯知识产权情形的除外】。 例3.Except as provided in Articles 208 and 209 of this Code…除本法第二百零八条和第二百零九条另有规定外…… （四）notwithstanding … 无论……如何规定；尽管有……的规定 例1.Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Parties agree that each Party has the right to seek temporary or permanent injunctive or other similar relief in any court or other authority of competent jurisdiction in respect of any claims of breach of confidentiality or IRP infringement or for an order of specific performance or other injunctive relief as permitted under Applicable Laws.无论本合同前述条款有何规定，双方同意每一方均有权就任何违反保密义务或知识产权侵权的主张向任何一个有管辖权的法院或其他机关寻求临时或永久禁令或其他类似的救济措施，或申请实际履行的执行令或其他相关法律允许的禁令救济。 例2.Notwithstanding any law or practice to the contrary, it shall be lawful for, the court in any proceedings for an offence under Part II to comment on the failure of the accused to give evidence on oath. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap. 201, Prevention of Bribery Ordinance, Art. 26)即使任何法律或惯例有相反规定，在因第II部所定罪行而进行的法律程序中，法庭可就被控人不宣誓作供一事加以评论。 例3.Notwithstanding clauses(a) and (b) of this Article 5.6 above, the Assigning Party may transfer all or part of its amount of the registered capital of the Company to an Affiliate (the “Affiliate Assignee”) of the Assigning Party on the following conditions:尽管有上述5.6条（a）、（b）款的规定，转让方可将持有的合营公司注册资本份额部分或全部按下列条款转让给其某一关联机构（“关联受让方”）： （五）provided that … 但（前提）是…… 普通英文中较少使用的古旧表达方式，合同条款中广泛使用。与if 或but 非常相似，“倘若/如果”或“但”。置于句首时，引导出的是一个条件分句；但如果该表达之前存在一个主句，则它表示的是一个与之前的陈述相反的“例外”，相当于with the exception of ….一般译成“但”或“但是”，所以通常称这类句子为但书（proviso）。例1.The Chairman, following consultation with the Vice Chairman, shall decide on the timing and location of such interim Board meeting, provided that such interim Board meeting shall be held not less than [fifteen (15) days and not more than [forty-five (45)] days following delivery of such request.董事长经与副董事长协商后，应确定此次临时董事会会议的时间和地点，但是举行该临时董事会会议的时间必须在提议提交后十五日到四十五日之间。 例2.In addition, with the prior approval of the Chairman and Vice Chairman, any director may invite any other person to attend all or part of any Board meeting, provided that such guest shall sign non-disclosure agreements in such form as the Chairman and Vice Chairman deem appropriate.此外，经董事长和副董事长事先批准，董事可以邀请其他人士作为嘉宾列席会议的部分或全部，但前提是该嘉宾应按照董事长和副董事长认为适当的格式签署保密协议。 例3.Provided that if any representation and warranty of a Party under Article B.1 is not true and correct in all material respects when made, or if there is a breach of Article E, then there shall be no Cure Period.但是如果一方在第B.1条项下所做的任何陈述和保证在做出时在任何实质方面不真实、不正确，或者违反第E条的规定，则没有补救期。 （六）for the purpose(s) of … 就……而言；在……中其中的purpose 可以是复数也可以是单数。例1.For the purpose of this Section 3.8, Cause is defined as Party B’s gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement (“Default”) and failure to cure such Default within 30 days after receiving written notice of Default from Attorneys.就第3.8条而言，“起因”是指乙方在履行其本协议项下义务时的疏忽大意和故意不法行为（以下称“违约”）以及在收悉律师发出的书面违约通知后三十天（30）内未能补救该“违约”。 例2.FACSIMLE SIGNATURES. The signature on this Agreement of any party that is faxed to the other party, will be deemed an original signature for the purpose of enforcement of this Agreement.传真签名。 通过传真方式发送给另一方的任何一方在本协议上的签署在本协议的实施中将被视为原始签署。 例3.For the purpose of this Agreement, capitalized terms which are used herein and not otherwise defined shall have the meaning given such terms in the Plan of Reorganization and the following terms shall have the meanings specified in this Article 1.就本协议而言，本协议中使用但未另行定义的英文首字母大写术语与重组计划的该等定义含义相同，且下列术语的含义以第1条中规定的为准。
（七）otherwise…Otherwise 有若干种含义和不同搭配用法。法律英语中，otherwise 通常跟unless 引导的子句（让步状语从句）连用或在连词or 之后使用。还有一种用法是跟than 一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。例1.All costs of arbitration (including but not limited to arbitration fees, costs of arbitrators and legal fees and disbursements) shall be borne by the losing party, unless otherwise determined by the arbitration tribunal.所有仲裁费用（包括但不限于仲裁费、仲裁员费用和法定费用和支出）应由败诉方承担，除非仲裁庭另有决定。 例2.Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided, the period of imprisonment, which may be imposed by a magistrate exercising summary jurisdiction, in respect of the non-payment of any sum of money adjudged to be paid by a conviction, whether it be a fine or in respect of the property of the subject of the offense, or in respect of the injury done by the offender, or in respect of the default of a sufficient distress to satisfy any such sum, shall be such period as, in the opinion of the magistrate, will satisfy the justice of the case, but shall not exceed in any case the maximum fixed by the following scale … (Court Interpreters’ Journal, Issue No, 1st Jan, 1995, pp. 12-13)除成文法另有规定外，由治安法官行使简易程序对不支付定罪裁定中要求支付的任何数量金钱（无论系罚金还是犯罪主体的财产）的行为，或者不支付与犯罪嫌疑人所为损害有关的赔偿金的行为，或不为此等金额之给付提供足额抵押的行为所课处的刑期，应当系该治安法官认为能够体现案件公平的刑期，但不得超过下表所列最长刑期…… 例3.A notice under subsection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.201, Prevention of Bribery Ordinance, Art. 14 A [1AA])根据第（1）款发出的通知书，除其中另有订定外，亦适用于通知书内指明的财产收入，一如适用该项财产本身。 （八）subject to … 根据……的规定；在不抵触……的前提下法律英语中，一般和agreement, section, contract等文件名或特定的条款名配合使用。可译成“以……为条件”、“根据……的规定”、“在符合……的情况下”、“除……另有规定外”以及“在不抵触……下”等 。例1.Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection(5).在符合本条规定下，上诉须根据依第（5）款订立的规则内订明的方式提出，并须受该规则所订明的条件限制。 例2.Subject to subsection (4), the information referred to in section 13(2) and in section 14(2) may be required from a legal adviser as from any other person, notwithstanding that the effect of compliance with such a requirement would be to disclose any privileged information or communication.在第（4）款的规定下，可向法律顾问要求提供第13（2）及14（2）条所指数据，一如可向其他人要求，即使遵照该要求办理会造成有特权数据或通讯被披露的后果。 例3.Subject to subsection (3), the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule.除第（3）款另有规定外，仲裁处具备查讯、聆讯及裁决附表内指明的申诉的司法管辖权。 （九） without prejudice to … 在不影响……前提下；不影响……法律英语中，一般译为“在不影响……的情况下”、“……不受影响”、“不妨碍……”、“在不损害……的原则下”、“在不影响……的原则下”，以及“不规限……”。例1.Without prejudice to section 24, the following shall be treated as properly executed …在不影响第24条规定的原则下，以下遗嘱须视为正式签立…… 例2.If upon the hearing of a claim, the claimant does not appear, the Board may strike out the claim, without prejudice, however, to the restoration of such claim by the Board, on the application of the claimant, on such terms as it may think just.如申索人不出席申索聆讯，仲裁处可剔除该宗申索，但此举对仲裁处在申索人提出申请后，按其认为公正的条款恢复该宗申索并无影响。 例3.Without prejudice to your powers and discretions, we hereby authorize you and your agents to take any actions including but not limited to the following : …在不使贵行权力和自行决定受到损害的前提下，本公司兹授权贵行或贵行代理采取包括但不限于下列任何行动：…… 例4.Without prejudice to the rights of the Attorney General every complainant or informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and to have the witness examined and cross-examined by him or by counsel on his behalf.在不损害律政司权利的原则下，每名申索人或告发人可进行其申索或告发，并亲自或由代表律师讯问及盘问证人。 （十）where … 如果……；凡……例1.Where a restraining order has been revoked or varied under this section, notice of such revocation or the order as so varied, as the case maybe, shall be served on the third party to whom it is directed and on the suspected person.凡限制令已经根据本条被撤销或更改，该令所针对的第三者以及受疑人须获送达撤销该令的通知书或经作更改的限制令（视属何情况而定）。 例2.Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap 57, Employment Ordinance, Act. 41 B)凡员工被获准休任何时长之年假的，雇主最迟应于该年假之后首次发放该员工的工资之日支付该员工的该年假薪酬。 例3.Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forth with paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched.凡被告人被判处罚款，但没有随即缴付罚款的，裁判官可命令搜查该被告。 例4.Where a claimant has a claim which exceeds the monetary amount mentioned in the Schedule and which, but for the excess, would be within the jurisdiction of Board, the claimant may abandon the excess, and thereupon the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claim.若只因申索人的申索超过附表所述的款额，以致该申索超过仲裁处的司法管辖权范围，则申索人可放弃追讨超额的款项，而在此情况下，仲裁处有查讯、聆讯及裁决该宗申索的司法管辖权。 （十一）Say,only英文合同为明确金额的数量，小写金额之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，在大写文字前加上“SAY”，意为“大写”；在最后加上“ONLY”．意思为“整”。当然，小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例如： Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$600 (SAY SIX HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY). 聘方须每月付给受聘方美元600元整。 （十二）Hereby英文释义:by means of , by reason of this中文译词:特此,因此,兹用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such…as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款例2：We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件参考译文：特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
（十三）thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder1) thereafter: after that此后；之后2）thereto: to that 随附；附之3）therewith: with that 与此；与之4）therefor: for that 因之；为此5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照 用法: 本节提及的各词，主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。语法：紧接所修饰词之后。 例1：The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction. The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal. 注释：（1）
decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决（2）
the judgment：司法判决（3）
any court having jurisdiction：有管辖权的法院 jurisdiction：管辖权（4）
the parties thereto：合同双方 thereto：to the Contract（5）
in good faith：以良好诚信的态度 参考译文：仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此作出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。 例2：“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto. 注释：（1）Contract Products：合同产品（2）Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2（3）together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto：及其改进发展的产品 thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Products 参考译文：“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。 （十四）thereof英文释义: of that, of it中文译词:由此,其用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。 例1：When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.注释：（1）be entitled to determine：有权确定（2）the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery：提取货物的时间和/或地点（3）the notice thereof：有关这方面的通知 thereof：of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.参考译文：买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和/或地点时，应给卖方有关这方面的通知。 例2The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented. Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.注释：（1）the collection of tax：税收的开征（2）the cessation thereof：税收的停征 thereof：of tax（3）the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid：减税、免税、退税、补税（4）the State Council：国务院（5）to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations：制定的行政法规规定 prepare：制定参考译文：税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税，依照法律的规定执行；法律授权国务院规定的，依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。
（十五）therein英文释义: in that respect中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。 例1“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注释：(1) Temporary Works：临时工程，是指为永久工程服务的工程，永久工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用，按国际FIDIC合同条件规定，应由承包人负责。(2) Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出现的问题，即工程本身存在的问题，而不是因业主使用不当造成的。(3) the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。建造一项工程一般分成两个阶段进行，工程设计、施工、竣工为第一阶段，修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段，因此此句中的第一个and是对的，表示建造工程的两个阶段。参考译文：临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程，但承包人的设备除外。 例2The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by:注释：（1）the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意
注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意（2）assign：转让（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4）otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances:参考译文：没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：
（十六）hereinafter英文释义:later in the same Contract中文译词:以下,在下文语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。 例1：In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between
Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and
Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注释：（1） in accordance with：under 根据（2） Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法（3） Hereinafter：以下（4） articles of association：合营公司章程（条款）（5） hereby：特此（6） formulate：prepare 制订参考译文：根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由
公司（以下称甲方）与
公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。
（十七）合同英译时易混淆的词1. abide by与 comply with　　abide by与 comply with都有“遵守”的意思。但是当主语是“人”时，英译“遵守”须用 abide by。当主语是非人称时，则用comply with英译“遵守”。　　Eg. 双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。　　Both parties shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.2. change A to B与 change A into B　　英译“把 A改为 B”应该用“change A to B”，英译“把 A折合成/兑换成 B”应该用“change A into B”，两者不可混淆。　　Eg. 交货期改为 8月并将美元折合成人民币。　　Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into RMB.3. ex与 per， 源自拉丁语的介词　　ex与 per有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex，由某轮船“运走”的货物用per，而由某轮船“承运”则用by。　　Eg. 由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10月 1日抵达伦敦。　　The last batch per/ex/by S.S. &Victoria& will arrive at London on October 1. (S.S. = Steamship)4. in与 after　　当英译“多少天之后”的时间时，往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天，所以必须用介词 in，而不能用 after，因为介词 after指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。　　Eg. 该货于 11月 10日由“东风”轮运出，41天后抵达鹿特丹港。　　The good shall be shipped per M.V. &Dong Feng& on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 41 days. (M.V.= motor vessel)5. on/upon与 after　　当英译“……到后，就……”时，用介词 on/upon，而不用 after，因为 after表示“之后”的时间不明确。　　Eg. 发票货值须货到付给。　　The invoice value is to be paid on/upon the arrival of the goods.6. by与 before　　当英译终止时间时，比如“在某月某日之前”，如果包括所写日期时，就用介词 by；如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就要用介词 before。　　Eg. 卖方须在 6月 15日前将货交给买方。　　The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15. (or: before June 16，说明含 6月 15日在内。如果不含 6月 15日，就译为 by June 14或者 before June 15。) 完整版请登录.cn/hubeisz查看
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