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日本 《Vogue Wedding》
日本 《Vogue Wedding》
大家都在看Robots aren’t only in the movies or on TV.One “real” robot recent ly married a couple at a wedding ceremony in Tokyo,Japan.Fifty guests stood as the music played and the bride(新娘)walked down towards the groom(新郎).Only one guest stayed seated - the minister(牧师),who happened to be a robot.For this special ceremony,the four-foot tall robot named I-Fairy wore flowers around her head.I-Fairy’s eyes flashed colored lights as she pronounced the couple man-and-wife and asked the groom to kiss the bride.The wedding was the first time a marriage had been led by a robot,according to the company that built I-Fairy.A robot might seem like an unusual choice(选择)to lead a wedding,but if you knew the couple you would think I-Fairy was the perfect choice.That’s because the groom teaches robotics at a university and the bride works for the company that built I-Fairy.The newly married couple hopes their wedding will encourage more uses for robots.They hope their wedding will give people ideas about ways in which they might use robots to do “everyday things” in their lives in the near future.译文：机器人不只是在电影或电视上.一个“真正的”机器人最近结婚的一对夫妇在东京举行的婚礼,日本.五十客人站的音乐和新娘走下向新郎.只有一个客人坐的部长（牧师）,是一个机器人的人发生了.这个特殊的仪式,四英尺高的机器人i-Fairy在她头上戴花命名.i-Fairy的眼睛闪了闪彩灯她说他们为夫妻,让新郎亲吻新娘.婚礼是第一次的婚姻已经由一个机器人,根据建造公司”.一个机器人可能看起来像是一个不寻常的选择领导了一个婚礼,但是如果你知道你想几”是完美的选择.这是因为新郎教机器人在大学和新娘工程建造公司”.这对新婚夫妇希望他们的婚礼将鼓励更多的使用机器人.他们希望他们的婚礼将给人们的想法,他们可能使用机器人来做“日常生活”在他们的生活在不久的将来.是这些题吧~46.The “real” robot is the ________ at the wedding ceremony.A.bride B.groom C.reporter D.minister47.Which is TRUE about the robot?A.It wore flowers around the neck for the ceremonyB.Its eyes flashed colored lights while it was speaking.C.It was built by the I-fairy company.D.It kissed the newly married couple.48.In paragraph(段落)3,“robotics” must be the ________ on how robots are made and used.A.science B.book C.magazine D.cartoon49.We can learn from the last paragraph that________•A.it is very usu al for robots to lead weddingsB.a robot is the perfect choice for everybody’s weddingC.the wedding is expected to encourage people to use robots moreD.people get ideas on how to do everything with robots in the near future50.This passage is a(n) ________.A.novel B.news report C.folk story D.advertisement答案：46.D 47.B 48.A 49.C 50.B
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搞笑热播榜From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see .
This article needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) ()
"Wedding party" redirects here. For the party held after a wedding, see .
"Man of honor" redirects here. For the term used to refer to initiated members of the
or , see .
Wedding practices in different cultures.
A wedding is a
where two people are united in .
and customs vary greatly between , , religions, countries, and . Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of
by the couple, presentation of a gift (offering, ring(s), symbolic item, flowers, money), and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure. Special wedding garments are often worn, and the ceremony is sometimes followed by a . Music, poetry, prayers or readings from
or literature are also commonly incorporated into the ceremony.
Many cultures have adopted the traditional Western custom of the , when the
wears a white
and . Painting by
Some cultures have adopted the traditional Western custom of the , in which a
wears a white
and . This tradition was popularized through the marriage of . Some say Victoria's choice of a white gown may have simply been a sign of extravagance, but may have also been influenced by the values she held which emphasized . Within the modern 'white wedding' tradition, a white dress and veil are unusual choices for a woman's second or subsequent wedding.
The use of a
has long been part of religious weddings in Europe and America, but the origin of the tradition is unclear. One possibility is the Roman belief in the , which was believed to be a blood vessel that ran from the fourth finger (ring finger) directly to the heart, Thus when a couple wore rings on this finger, their hearts were connected. Historian Vicki Howard points out that the belief in the "ancient" quality of the practice is most likely a modern invention. "Double ring" ceremonies are also a modern practice, a groom's wedding band not appearing in the United States until the early 20th century.
The wedding ceremony is often followed by
or a , in which the rituals may include speeches from the groom, best man, father of the bride and possibly the bride, the newlyweds'
as a couple, and the cutting of an elegant .
or , Chinese traditional
and , a garment worn by the
of Indonesia and also by the
of Malaysia
, the traditional garment of Korea
, an embroidered, formal men's garment of the Philippines
, the traditional garments of Japan
/, Indian popular and traditional dress in India
, male garment in South India
, the traditional West African wedding attire
, traditional garments of Vietnam
, often worn by
men on auspicious occasions, such as weddings, another common custom is to wrap bride and
in a blanket
, male garment particular to
, a white robe worn by the groom at an
wedding. The kittel is worn only under the , and is removed before the reception.
, a type of conical headgear traditionally worn by grooms as part of the
wedding ceremony
, western daytime formal dress
("evening dress" in the UK; very formal evening attire)
("dinner jacket" in the UK; often referred to as a "" in the US; traditionally appropriate only for use after 6:00&#160;p.m. (not for weddings), but also seen in daytime, especially in the United States. It is considered inappropriate in Britain)
Non-traditional "tuxedo" variants (colored jackets/ties, "wedding suits")
, a long coat-like garment worn in South Asia
Wedding , worn by Syrian and Greek couples (which are called "τα στ?φανα," which literally means "wreaths") and Scandinavian brides
Wedding veil
, traditional two piece garment worn by unmarried Telugu Hindu women.
Different wedding clothing around the world
A bride and a bridegroom in
A bride and a bridegroom in
Fire rituals at a , India
Crowning during a
On the beach
Japanese bride and bridegroom
Traditional
wedding dress
bride and groom
Chinese traditional wedding dress,
Chinese traditional wedding clothing,
Chinese traditional wedding attire,
Wedding at
Bridegroom, Bangladesh
Bride, Bangladesh
in Indonesia
Main article:
from 's opera
Problems playing this file? See .
played at Western weddings includes a
song for walking down the aisle (ex: wedding march) either before or after the marriage service. An example of such use is reported in the
in 1878. Relevant music includes:
Various works for trumpet and organ, arguably the most famous of which include the
as a processional, the "Trumpet Tune" by
and the "" by
Selections by , perhaps most notably the "Air" from his
as processional and the "Alla Hornpipe" as recessional.
The "" from
by , often used as the processional and commonly known as "Here Comes the Bride". Richard Wagner is said to have been , and as a result, the Bridal Chorus is often not used at Jewish weddings.
is an alternative processional.
The "" from 's
play, , used as a recessional.
The "Toccata" from 's , used as a recessional.
Segments of the , the fourth movement of 's .
Other alternative considerations include various contemporary melodies like Bob Marley's One Love which is often performed by a steel drum band.
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's , as the intro to this section is about marriage, and needs to be rewritten to discuss weddings ceremonies and traditions instead, as does the section on Christian customs. A large amount of info in the section on Jewish customs is commented out and needs to be incorporated. Sections on other religious customs such as Islamic and Shinto weddings would also be helpful. . The
may contain suggestions. (May 2009)
Most religions recognize a lifelong union with established ceremonies and . Some religions permit
marriages or .
Many Christian faiths emphasize the raising of children as a priority in a marriage. In , marriage is so important that remaining unmarried is deemed unnatural.[]
also recomm among other things, it helps in the pursuit of spiritual perfection.[] The
as a foundation of the structure of society, and considers it both a physical and spiritual bond that endures into the .
sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations.[] By contrast,
does not , although it does teach how one might live a happily married life and emphasizes that marital vows are not to be taken lightly[].
Different religions have different beliefs as regards the . For example, the Roman Catholic Church believes that marriage is a
and a valid marriage between two
persons cannot be broken by any other means than death. This means that civil divorcés cannot remarry in a Catholic marriage while their spouse is alive. In the area of , religions and the state often apply different rules. A couple, for example, may begin the process to have their marriage
by the Catholic Church only after they are no longer married in the eyes of the civil authority.
Main article:
A couple exchange vows on the church altar during a ceremony in a .
churches give some form of bl the wedding ceremony typically includes some sort of pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship. A church wedding is a ceremony presided over by a Christian
or pastor. Ceremonies are based on reference to , and are frequently embodied into other church ceremonies such as . Customs may vary widely between denominations. In the Roman Catholic Church "Holy Matrimony" is considered to be one of , in this case one that the spouses bestow upon each other in front of a priest and members of the community as witnesses. As with all sacraments, it is seen as having been instituted by
himself (see
§). In the , it is one of the , and is seen as an ordination and a martyrdom. The wedding ceremony of , an ethnoreligious group of Christians in India incorporate elements from Hindu,
and Christian weddings.
ceremony in a
meeting is similar to any other , and therefore often very different from the experience expected by non-Friends.
Main article:
A girl with traditional gift of Gaye holud.
Bridegroom arrives on horseback at a
Hindu ceremonies are usually conducted totally or at least partially in , the language of the . The wedding celebrations may last for several days and they can be extremely diverse, depending upon the region, denomination and .
ceremony is a traditional ritual in Hindu weddings, where
application takes place on bride's hands and legs, before the wedding. On the wedding day, the bride and the bridegroom garland each other in front of the guests. Most guests witness only this short ceremony and then socialize, have food and leave. The religious part (if applicable) comes hours later, witnessed by close friends and relatives. In cases where a religious ceremony is present, a
(Hindu priest) arranges a sacred
(fire-sacrifice), and the sacred fire () is considered the prime witness () of the marriage. He chants
and subsidiary texts while the couple are seated before the fire. The most important step is
or saat phere, wherein the bride and the groom, hand-in-hand, encircle the sacred fire seven times, each circle representing a matrimonial vow. Then the groom marks the bride's hair parting with
() and puts a gold necklace () around her neck. Several other rituals may precede or follow these afore-mentioned rites. Then the bride formally departs from her blood-relatives to join the groom's family.
Jewish wedding
Main articles:
A traditional Jewish wedding usually follows this format:
Before the ceremony, the couple formalize a written
(marriage contract), specifying the obligations of husband to the wife and contingencies in case of divorce. The ketubah is signed by two witnesses and later read under the .
The couple is married under a wedding canopy (chuppah), signifying their new home together. The chuppah can be made from a piece of cloth or other material attached to four poles, or a prayer shawl () held over the couple by four family members or friends.
The couple is accompanied to the chuppah by both sets of parents, and stands under the chuppah along with other family members if desired.
Seven blessings are recited, blessing the bride and groom and their new home.
The couple sip from a glass of wine.
The groom will step on the glass to crush it, usually with his right foot, ostensibly in remembrance of the destruction of the Second Temple.
At some weddings the couple may declare that each is sanctified to the other, and/or repeat other vows, and exchange rings.
In Orthodox and traditional Jewish weddings, the bride does not speak under the chuppah and only she receives a ring. The groom recites "Harei at mekudeshet li k'dat Moshe V'Yisrael"- "behold you are [thus] sanctified to me by the
and Israel" as he places the ring on the bride's right index finger. The bride's silence and acceptance of the ring signify her agreement to the marriage. This part of the ceremony is called . The groom's giving an object of value to the bride is necessary for the wedding to be valid.
In more egalitarian weddings, the bride responds verbally, often giving the groom a ring in return. A common response is "ani l'dodi, v'dodi li" (I am my beloved's, my beloved is mine)
In some Orthodox weddings, the groom then says:
"If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill.
May my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth.
If I do not remember you,
if I do not consider Jerusalem in my highest joy."
The ceremony ends with the groom breaking a glass underfoot.
The couple spend their first moments as man and wife in seclusion (apart from the wedding guests, and with no other person present). This cheder yichud - "the room of seclusion (or 'oneness')"
strengthens the marriage bond, since Jews are traditionally forbidden to be secluded with an unrelated person of the opposite sex.
The ceremony is followed by a , the wedding meal, as well as music and dancing.
At the conclusion of the wedding meal,
(Grace After Meals) is recited, as well as the seven wedding blessings.
In more observant communities, the couple will celebrate for seven more days, called the
(seven blessings) during which the seven wedding blessings are recited at every large gathering during this time.
Main articles:
Bridal Portrait
Henna on the hands of a bride in
A wedding is typically a happy time for families to celebrate. In the , there are colorful, cultural variations from place to place.
Two male witnesses who are the members of family in most cases, are required for Nikah. According to the , a married
couple, both husband and wife act as each other’s protector and comforter and therefore only meant "for each other".
All Muslim marriages have to be declared publicly and are never to be undertaken in secret. For many Muslims, it is the ceremony that counts as the actual wedding alongside a confirmation of that wedding in a registry office according to , in Islam a wedding is also viewed as
particularly in Islamic jurisprudences. However, most Muslim cultures separate both the institutions of the
and marriage, no religious official is necessary, but very often an
presides and performs the ceremony, he may deliver a short sermon. Celebrations may differ from country to country depending on their culture but the main ceremony is followed by a
(the marriage banquet).
is allowed with certain religious restrictions, despite that an overwhelming majority of Muslims traditionally practice .
It is forbidden in
for parents or anyone else: to
either man or woman into a marriage that is contrary to the individual will of any one of the couple. It is also necessary for all marriages commence with the best of intentions.
In traditional Chinese wedding ceremonies, bride arrives in a
is the equivalent of an exchange of vows at a Western wedding ceremony. This ritual is still practiced widely among rural Chinese, however young people in larger cities, as well as in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, tend to practice a combination of Western style of marriage together with the Tea Ceremony.
When the bride leaves her home with the groom to his house, a "Good Luck Woman" will hold a red umbrella over her head, meaning "raise the bark, spread the leaves." This "good luck woman" should be someone who is blessed with a good marriage, healthy children and husband and living parents. Other relatives will scatter rice, red bean and green bean in front of her. The red umbrella protects the bride from evil spirit, and the rice and beans are to attract the attention of the gold chicken.[]
Newlyweds kneel in front of parents presenting tea. A Good Luck Woman making the tea says auspicious phrases to bless the family. Newlyweds also present tea to each other, raising the tea cups high to show respect before presenting to each other.
Those who receive the tea usually give the bride gifts such as jewelry or .
Tea Ceremony is an official ritual to introduce the newlyweds to each other's family, and it's a way for newlyweds to show respect and appreciation to their parents. The newlyweds kneel in front of their parents, serving tea to both side of parents, as well as elder close relatives. Parents give their words of blessing and gifts to the newlyweds. During tea presentation, a "Good Luck Woman" would say auspicious phrases to bless the newlyweds and the parents. These auspicious words of blessing are designed to bless and amuse the family and make the occasion filled with fun and joy.
Many traditions and rituals have origins in religions and are still performed by religious leaders. Those having a secular wedding often want to maintain the symbolic meaning of some customs since they have become an essential part of the culture independent of religion. In order to satisfy these needs, secular ceremonies have started to be carried out by
worldwide. Since the early 1980s, the
(HSS) has been carrying out secular ceremonies in the country. In 1987, the BBC Scotland TV series “High Spirits” for the first time aired a humanist wedding on national TV. The demand for humanist wedding has been growing since then and in 2005 HSS won a legal battle and their ceremonies are now authorized by the Registrar General of Scotland.
Humanist wedding ceremonies are carried out in a variety of countries like the ,
and recently , having legal status in only a few of these countries. Humanist celebrants are able to perform valid civil marriages and civil partnerships in the .
A 2004 California wedding between a Filipina bride and a Nigerian groom.
A civil wedding is a ceremony presided over by a local , such as an elected or appointed ,
of a locality. Civil wedding ceremonies may use references to God or a
(except in UK law where readings and music are also restricted), but generally no references to a particular religion or . They can be either elaborate or simple. Many civil wedding ceremonies take place in local town or city halls or courthouses in judges' chambers.
Not to be confused with an elopement, a destination wedding is one in which a wedding is hosted, often in a vacation-like setting, at a location to which most of the invited guests must travel and often stay for several days. This could be a beach ceremony in the tropics, a lavish event in a metropolitan resort, or a simple ceremony at the home of a geographically distant friend or relative. During the recession of 2009, destination weddings continued to see growth compared to traditional weddings, as the typically smaller size results in lower costs.
Weddings held a prestigious venues such as castles or stately homes have become increasingly popular in the 21st century particularly in European countries such as the UK, France and Germany.
A double wedding is a double ceremony where two
couples rendezvous for two simultaneous or consecutive weddings. Typically, a fiancé with a
who is also engaged, or four close friends in which both couples within the friendship are engaged might plan a double wedding where both couples legally marry.
is the act of getting married, often unexpectedly, without inviting guests to the wedding. In some cases, a small group of family and/or friends may be present, while in others, the engaged couple may marry without the consent and/or knowledge of parents or others. While the couple may or may not be widely known to be engaged prior to the elopement, the wedding itself is generally a surprise to those who are later informed of its occurrence.
A handfasting is an old Pagan custom, dating back to the time of the ancient Celts. A handfasting was originally more like an engagement period, where two people would declare a binding union between themselves for a year and a day. The original handfasting was a trial marriage.
The groom and one other in the wedding party wear a
and long tie.
A Highland or Scottish wedding has the groom, with some or all of the groom's men wear a . The bride may wear a sash or other tartan clothing. The Scottish basket sword is used for any .
is a single ceremony where numerous couples are married simultaneously.
in 1955, Argentinian Naval Officer in
A military wedding is a ceremony conducted in a military chapel and may involve a . In most military weddings the bride, groom or both will wear a
in lieu of civilian formal wear. Some retired military personnel who marry after their service has ended may opt for a military wedding.
is a ceremony in which a married couple renews or reaffirms their wedding vows. Typically, this ceremony is held to commemorate a milestone wedding anniversary. It may also be held to recreate the marriage ceremony in the presence of family and friends, especially in the case of an earlier .
Taiwanese couple after wedding ceremony.
is a ceremony in which two people of the same sex are married. This event may be legally documented as a marriage or another legally recognized partnership such as a . Where such partnerships are not legally recognized, the wedding may be a religious or symbolic ceremony designed to provide an opportunity to make the same public declarations and celebration with friends and family that any other type of wedding may afford. These are often referred to as commitment ceremonies. Same-sex weddings are not legally recognized in most countries. The first laws enabling same-sex marriage in modern times were enacted during the first decade of the 21st century. As of 1 January 2016, nineteen countries of 206 total states (, , , , , , , , , the , , , , , , , the , the
and ) and certain sub-national jurisdictions (parts of ) allow same-sex couples to marry. Polls show rising support for legally recognizing same-sex marriage in the Americas and in parts of Europe.
Officiants at same-sex weddings may be religiously ordained. Some religions and branches of religions, including , , , , ,
and , the , the , and Buddhist organizations like
perform and recognize same-sex marriages, even if the governments of the states where they live may not.
Wedding ceremonies for gay couples are internally very diverse, with some patterned closely after traditional opposite-sex weddings and others created ex nihilo.
is a wedding in which the groom is reluctant to marry the bride, however, is strongly encouraged to do so to avoid family, social or legal repercussions. In many cases, the bride is pregnant before the wedding and the family of the bride, most commonly the bride's father, insists that the groom marry the bride before the pregnancy becomes obvious.
A weekend wedding is a wedding in which couples and their guests celebrate over the course of an entire weekend. Special activities, such as spa treatments and golf tournaments may be scheduled into the wedding itinerary. Lodging usually is at the same facility as the wedding and couples often host a Sunday brunch for the weekend's finale.
White wedding
Main article:
A white wedding is a term for a traditional formal or semi-formal Western wedding. This term refers to the color of the wedding dress, which became popular after Queen Victoria wore a pure white gown when she married
and many were quick to copy her choice. At the time, the color white symbolized both extravagance and sexual purity to many and had become the color for use by girls of the royal court.
A peasant wedding is a
custom. Not everywhere in
is a boerenbruiloft (peasant's wedding) part of the carnaval. Especially in the northern and central part of Limburg and eastern part of North Brabant is the boerenbruiloft very often held during the carnaval and is an important part of the carnaval culture. Each carnaval association has its own tradition concerning choosing the spouse for a wedding. Often the bride and groom are chosen by the council of eleven or by the couple that was married the year before.
It is not necessary that the newlyweds are a couple in real life. It is also not necessary that the bride and groom are single. Both the bride and groom, however, should be in love during the carnaval and they need to transfer their love to all the people who celebrate their wedding along with them. The highlight of the festival of the peasant wedding is the wedding and feast of the onecht (not-marriage) of the bride and groom. There are many aspects that can be found in a real-life marriage. First the
will be announced just as if it would be an officially marriage. And both the families should learn to know each other very well in organizing the party and the ceremony, like a normal wedding. The two families prepare a piece of entertainment for the wedding. And just like a real wedding, a
and a feast is organized where guests are asked to wear appropriate clothing. The bride and groom will often dress in wedding clothing from before 1940. The bride for example will often wear a , which is a traditional Brabantian headdress.
The first mention of a "boerenbruiloft" ( wedding) was in 1582, when the
and his wife during a large ritual ceremony d'n onech (the not-marriage). It was not a real wedding and the to-be spouse were also not real peasants, but rather the nobility. The real peasants were given the role of . It was a reversal ritual, in which the roles were deliberately reversed. This role reversal was intended to avoid the attraction of the
. Within the noble circles it was believed that it was the eye of the god which at the beginning of the spring focused on them because of their failure in the past year. They thought they could escape this danger by dressing during this wedding celebrations and to behave as peasants, and thus appear to be the people at the bottom of the social ladder. They believed the consequence was that the peasants dressed as nobleman would be harmed by their god instead of the nobles themselves.
Waiting for the bride. From left: priest, groom and ushers in Scotland wearing kilts.
A wedding party in 1918
Wedding ceremony participants, also referred to as the wedding party, are the people that participate directly in the wedding ceremony itself.
Depending on the location, religion, and style of the wedding, this group may include only the individual people that are marrying, or it may include one or more brides, grooms (or bridegrooms), persons of honor, bridespersons, best persons, groomsmen, flower girls, pages and ringbearers.
A woman’s wedding party consists of only those on her side of the wedding party. Those on a groom’s side are called his groom’s party.
: A woman/women about to be married.
Bridegroom or : A man/men about to be married.
: the person who officiates at the wedding, validating the wedding from a legal and/or religious standpoint. This person may be a , , or a member of . In Hindu marriages, the marriage officiant is called a pandit or Brahmin.
: The chief assistant to a bridegroom at a wedding, typically a sibling or friend of special significance in his life. Often holds the
until their exchange.
Mother of the Bride or Groom: The mother of either the bride or groom.
: The title and position held by a bride's chief attendant, typically her closest friend or sibling.
: The female attendants to a bride. Males in this role may be called honor attendants or sometimes , but that term has a different traditional meaning.
or Ushers: The attendants, usually male, to a bridegroom in a wedding ceremony. Female attendants, such as a sister of the groom, are typically called honor attendants.
(s): Young attendants may carry the bride’s train. In a formal wedding, the ring bearer is a special page who carries the rings down the aisle. The coin bearer is similar page who marches on the wedding aisle to bring the .
(s): In some traditions, one or more children carry bouquets or drop rose petals in front of the bride in the wedding procession.
The global wedding industry was worth $300 billion as of 2016. The
alone was estimated to be worth $60 billion as of the same year. In the United States, the wedding industry employs over one million people throughout 600,000 businesses, and grows 2% each year. The industry has undergone a transition due to the increased use of technology. Bridal websites, blogs, and social media accounts have driven spending up and created new trends and traditions.
(a.k.a. eco-friendly wedding)
Excluding the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
Excluding Aruba, Cura?ao and St Maarten.
Excluding Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands.
Excluding Northern Ireland and territories outside the four , such as the .
Otnes, Cele & Pleck, Elizabeth (2003). Cinderella Dreams: the Allure of the Lavish Wedding, p. 31. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Howard, Vicky (2006). Brides Inc.: American Weddings and the Business of Tradition, p. 34. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Howard, Vicky (2006). Brides Inc.: American Weddings and the Business of Tradition, p. 61. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
August 14, 2012, at the .
. Scotsman. . Archived from
. Visit Scotland.
Jim Murdoch. . Scotsmart.
. . NSW. 14 August 1878. p.&#160;1 2013.
Cooke, Deryck V. . .
Smith, Peter (2000). "Marriage". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp.&#160;232–233. &#160;.
. Web.archive.org. . Archived from
on December 16, 2008.
. Archived from
Dodge, Christine Huda. .
. Humanism-scotland.org.uk. .
"England and Wales",
(article), Wedding Music Designer (Simon Jordan)
Gavira, Juan. .
Parsons, Claudia (). . Reuters.
. Handfastings.org.
Newport, Frank. .
. Houseplantation.
. Vastelaovendinlimburg.nl. .
A person who do all the rituals at Temples and also act as a Marriage officiant in Hindu culture.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for .
The dictionary definition of
at Wiktionary
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