虚拟语气 知识讲解 虚拟语气的构成是什么？（北京四中网校－〉名师答疑－〉初二－〉英语）　
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　　虚拟语气 知识讲解 虚拟语气的构成是什么？
虚拟语气的构成是什么？
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　　虚拟语气
　　答：& & & 1.(If++)(+shouldwouldcould+)If&1&were&you, 1&would take&a&small&present.& If&I&won&a&million&dollars, I&would&travel&around&the&world.& 2.(If++had+)(+shouldwould+have+)If&you&had&been&carefulyou&would&not&have&broken&it. ()& bewereIf&she&were&not&so&busyshe&would&come&here&with&me.& 3.(If++should+were&to+)(+wouldshouldcould+)& If&he&came&tomorrow, would&you&welcome&him??()& If&it&should&rain&this&afternoon, what&would&you&do??& If it&were&to&rain&tomorrow, I&should&stay&at&home.& & wishthat& 1.(bewere)& I&wish&I&knew&the&answer&to&the&question.()& I&wish&it&were&spring&in&my&hometown&all&the year&around.()& 2.had+& I&wish(that)I&hadn’t&wasted&so&much&time.()& He&wishes(wished)he&hadn’t&lost&the&chance.()& 3.wouldshouldcouldmight+.()& I&wish&it&would&stop&raining.& I&wish&you&would&be&quiet.& & & hopewishI&wish&I&can&fly&to&the&moon&one&day. wishI&wish&I&could&fly&to&the&moon&one&day.& hope+()& I&hope&it&is&true.()& I&wish&it&were&true.()& &
f7_xmjiang虚拟语气的的三种情况下主句从句各用什么时态并写一个例句_百度知道
虚拟语气的的三种情况下主句从句各用什么时态并写一个例句
虚拟语气的的三种情况下主句从句各用什么时态并写一个例句...
虚拟语气的的三种情况下主句从句各用什么时态并写一个例句
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虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一.虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测.Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气&⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式.① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形,例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如：If you had followed what the doctor said,you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高.④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的.⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大.一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的.If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形,例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题）&⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had ,should,were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面.这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday,we could have played tennis.⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来.例如：We didn't know
otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气.⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的.Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气&⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气.（wish后的that 常省略）,根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如：How she wished his family could go with him.⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire,demand,advice,insist,require,suggest,propose,order,recommend,decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用(should) +动词原形.值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后.例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式&① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.⒊ would （had）rather ,would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如：I would rather he went right now.
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。虚拟语气: 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
虚拟语气: 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a.　同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 ： 条件从句　　　　　主句
　　　　一般过去时　　　should( would) +动词原形
If they were here, they would help you.
If places _____ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
A. being B. are C. be D. were
如果各地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。（Ｄ）
b.　 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句　　　　　 主句　　　　　
　　　过去完成时　　　 should(would) have+ 过去分词
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.　
If the policeman had arrived earlier, he would have seen the accident.
If better material had been used, the efficiency of the machine would have been much increased.
如果使用更好的材料，机器的效率会大大提高。
c.　 表示对将来的假想
　句型：　 条件从句　　　　　　 主句
　　　　 were+ 不定式　　　　 would + 动词原形
　　　　 should+ 动词原形
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
If it should rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the picnic.
Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job, she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
A) has to get B) were to get
C) had got D) could have got
吉不想立刻工作，因为她想：如果她得到一份工作，她就不能经常去看她的朋友了。(B)
2.2 混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
　 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
　　If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell , you ____ now.
A) wouldn't be smiling B) couldn't have smiled
C) won't smile D) didn't smile
你掉下来的时候，如果我没有站在梯子下面看着你，你现在就不会笑了。 (A)
2.3 虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
My cat wouldn't have bitten the toy fish _____ it was made of rubber.
A) if she has known B) if she knew
C) she should have know D) had she known
如果我那只猫知道那条玩具鱼是用橡胶制作的，她就不会去咬它了。 (D）
____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.
A) Not being B) Had it not been
C. Without being D) Not having been
如果不是我病了,我本来是会帮助他的。（B)
____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive
C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive
如果我们后天走之前他们到达的话，我们就举行一次丰盛的宴会。 (D）
____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.
A) Would she leave B) If she leave
C) Were she to leave C) If she had left
如果她立刻就走,她就能在星期天到达那里。(C)
Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams.
A) must have got through B) would have got through
C) would get though D) could get through
如果他学习更努力些，本来是可以通过考试的。(B)
2.5 与表示命令、建议、要求的动词连用的虚拟语气
在表示命令、建议、要求的动词(如move, intend, order, request, require, suggest, propose, command , desire, prefer, insist, urge, recommend, beg, ask, advise, decide)之后的宾语从句，或名词（如suggestion, motion， proposal, order, recommendation）之后的表语从句和同位语从句，以及it is desired, it is suggested, it is ordered 等结构之后的主语从句，谓语用动词原形或“should＋动词原形”，前者在新闻文字、外交文件、提案及口语中更为常见，美国人也较爱用前一种形式。注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响。如：
Our teacher recommends that we _____ as attentive as possible when visit the museum.
A. are B. shall C. were D. be
老师劝我们在参观博物馆时尽可能地聚精会神。 (D)
We desire that the tour leader us immediately of any change in plans.
A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed
如果计划有变动，希望导游立即通知我们。（A）
He suggested to tomorrow's exhibition together.
A. us go B. we went C. we shall D. we go
他建议我们明天一起去参观展览。（Ｄ）
My father didn't go to New York, the doctor suggested that he ____ there.
A. not to go B. not go
B. C. hadn't gone D. wouldn’t go
我父亲没去纽约，医生建议他不要去那儿。(B)
We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.
A) be put off B) was put off
C) should put off D) is to put off
我们都赞成你的建议，把讨论推迟。(A)
It was proposed that the matter discussed at the next meeting.
A. will be B. was C. would D. be
有人建议这个问题在下一次会议上讨论。（Ｄ）
It is recommended that the project ____ until all the preparations have been made.
A) is not started B) will not be started
C) not be started D) is not to be started
有人提议：让所有的准备工作做好后该工程才动工。(C)
2.6 在important等形容词之后的that从句
在important, vital, essential, necessary, strange , incredible，advisable, preferable, urgent 等形容词之后的that从句，谓语用动词原形或“ should＋动词原形”：
It was essential that the application forms back before the deadline.
A. must be sent B. would be sent
C. be sent D. were sent
申请表务请在截止日期前送回。（Ｃ)
It is necessary the dictionary immediately.
A. that he will return B. that he returned
C. that he return D. that he had to return
他必须立即还那本词典。（C）
I don't think it advisable that Tim ___ to the job since he has no experience.
A) in assigned B) will be assigned
C) be assigned D) has been assigned
我认为把这工作分配给Tim是不明智的，因为他没有经验。(C)
It is vital that enough money ____ to fund the subject.
A) be collected B) must be collected
C) is collected D) can be collected
筹集足够的钱为该项目提供资金，这点至关重要。(A)
2.7 would rather, would prefer, would sooner, would (just) as soon 也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句，谓语用过去式
would rather, would sooner 也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句，谓语用过去式：
I'd rather you those important documents with you.
A. didn't take B. won't take
C. didn't take D. not take
我宁愿你身上不带那些重要文件。(C)
I'd sooner you didn't hurt Jim so much. He is still very depressed.
吉姆还很沮丧，你就不要那样伤他的心了。
To be frank, I'd rather you ____ in the case.
A) will not be involved B. not involved
c) not to be involved D. were not involved
坦诚地说,我宁愿你不要卷入这个案子。(D)
You don't have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you ___on business first.
A) would go B) will go
C) went D) have gone
你不必如此匆忙，我宁愿你先做生意。(C)
I'd rather you ___ make any comment on the issue for the time being。
A) don't B) wouldn't C) didn't D) shouldn't
我宁愿你对这个问题暂时不要发表意见。(C)
Frankly speaking, I'd rather you ____ anything about it for the time being.
A) didn't do B) haven't done
C) don't do D) have done
坦诚地说，关于这，我宁愿你目前不要做任何事情。(A)
特别需要注意的是，如果would rather, would (just) as soon 后面不接宾语从句，而是直接和动词连用，则后面接动词原型。
I would rather go there tomorrow.
He would rather not stay at home tonight.
另，It is (high) time that It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
　 It is time that the children went to bed.
　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.
2.8 在wish之后的宾语从句，if only 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气
在wish之后的宾语从句，if only 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如：
He didn't go to the party, but he does wish he _____there.
A) had been B) has been
C) would have been D) would be
他没有去参加聚会，但他的确希望他去了那里。（Ａ)
I wish I ___ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A) could have slept B) slept
C) might have slept D) have slept
今天早上我能睡得更久些就好了，可惜我得起床去上课。(A)
Look at the situation I'm in! If only I ___ your advice.
A) follow B) had followed
C) would follow D) have followed
瞧！我的处境多么糟糕，要是我听了你的忠告就好了。(B)
If only the committee ____ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
A) approve B) will approve
C) can approve D) would approve
要是委员会能通过这些规定并使之尽快生效就好了。（D）
2.9 在as if/though引导的状语从句中，谓语可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气，要看句子的意义而定
（1）在as if引导的状语从句中，谓语可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气，要看句子的意义而定。如：
That tree looked as if it _____ for a long time.
A) hasn't watered B) didn't water
C) hadn't been watered D) wasn't watered
（Ｃ,那棵树看上去好像很久没人给它浇水了。（虚拟语气）
It looks as if it is going to rain.
好象要下雨了。（陈述语气）
（2）表示与现在事实相反或对现在事实有所怀疑，谓语用过去时；表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时。
He talks to me as if he were my brother.
He told us his early experience in New York as if he had really been a millionaire there.
They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends for years.
It seems as if it was (were) spring today.
He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.虚拟时态的用法？_百度知道
虚拟时态的用法？
不要百度上的，...
不要百度上的，
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动词的语气——虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类：(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式，should + 动词原形，主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了&If you had wanted to&)(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在&It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…&这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构，表示某事是&重要&、&奇怪&、&自然&、&必要&等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用&had+过去分词&。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为&would+动词原形&。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他都去办公室。(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在&It is time (that) …&句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是&该干某事的时候了&。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示&祝愿&、&但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
“would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。1. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。2. Without your help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。“could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。请看相关知识点：一、 “must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句。1. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。2. You must have been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。二、 “can't+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。1. Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。2. Mary can't have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。三、 “can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”。1. There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？2. There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？四、 “could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。五、 “may+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，用于肯定句中。—What has happened to George?—I don't know. He may have got lost.—乔治发生了什么事？——我不知道，他可能迷路了。六、 “might+have+done”表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。1. He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. 他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙。2. She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩。七、 “would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。1. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。2. Without your help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。八、 “should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。” “shouldn't+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含意。1. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。2. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldn't have been so harsh on him. 看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。九、 “ought to+have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成“理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。与“should+have+done”用法基本一样。I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。十、 “need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做。“needn't+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。He need have hurried to the station. In that case, be wouldn't have missed the train. 他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。would like to have done sth 本打算做某事I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.would rather +have done 当时宁愿做了 或没做I would rather have refuse his offer
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